The presentation by Maj Gen Nilendra Kumar discusses the dangers posed by explosive remnants of war (ERW), including various types of unexploded munitions and their impact on civilian populations, particularly children. It emphasizes the importance of legal principles such as distinction and proportionality in armed conflict, as well as the need for precautions to safeguard civilians. The document also highlights international conventions aimed at reducing civilian casualties and addressing the socio-economic consequences of ERW.

2. A Presentation by
Maj Gen Nilendra Kumar
Director
Lex Consilium Foundation

3. Lecture to PG Diploma course in Human
Rights International Humanitarian Law and
Refugee Law at Indian Society of
International Law

4. Artillery shells, hand grenade, motor shells, cluster
bombs, submunition, air dropped bombs, missiles and
other similar weapons

5. 1. Duds
2. Mines
a) Land mines
i. Anti- tanks
ii. Anti- personnel
b) Sea mine
3. Booby traps
4. Abandoned ammunition dumps and caches, dumping of unwanted munitions
(often in sea or in lakes)
5. Abandoned vehicles, sunken ships or downed aircrafts.

6. More than 82 countries affected worldwide.

8. These remains hidden in former theaters of war and claim
countless innocent victims, often children.

9.  Distinction
 Proportionality
 Precaution

10.  Civilian and combatants
 Military objective and civilian objectives
 Lawful and unlawful combatants

11. With regard to legal use of force in an armed conflict,
proportionality and distinction are important factors in
assessing military necessity.

12. The parties to the conflict must take all feasible
precautions to protect the civilian population and civilian
objects under their control against the affects of attacks

13. Convention on prohibition or restriction on the use of certain
conventional weapon which may be deemed to cause
unnecessary suffering or to have indiscriminate effects (CCW),
October, 1980.
Protocol on ERW annexed to CCW, adopted on 28th November
2003.
The instrument aims to reduce the civilian casualties and
minimize the socio- economic consequences caused by ERW.

14. Widespread adoption of munitions that automatically
become deactivatedafter their intended hostile purpose.

15. Universal adherence to the Inhuman Weapons
Conventions of 1981.

16.  Identification or establishment of a relevant
information and training center
 Protocol V to the 1980 Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons, 1980.

17.  Explosive ordinance
 Unexploded ordinance
 Abandoned explosive ordinance
 Explosive remnants of war
 Existing explosive remnants of war

18.  Clearance, removal or destruction of explosive remnants of
war.
 Recording, retaining and transmission of information.
 Other precautions for the protection of the civilian,
population, individual civilians and civilian objects from
the risks and effects of ERW.
 Assistance with respect to existing ERW.
 Cooperation and assistance
 Generic preventive measures
 Consultation of high contracting parties
 Compliances

19.  Recording, storage and release of information for UXO
and AXO
 Warning, risk education, marking, fencing and
monitoring together with best practice element.

20. Securing implementation and compliance among non-
state actors after the end of non international armed
conflicts

21.  Explosive remnants of war, mitigating the environmental
effects by Arthur H.Westing, Tyler and Francis, 1985
 The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law by OUP.

22. THANK YOU