Efficient and Secure Single Sign on Mechanism for Distributed NetworkIJERA Editor
Distributed network act as core part to access the various services which are available in the network. But the security related to distributed network is main concern. In this paper single sign-on SSO mechanism is introduced which gives access to all services by allowing to sign on only once by users. In this mechanism once user logs in to the Trusted Authority Center TAC then application or services which are register to trusted center will automatically verifies the user’s credentials details and these credentials like password or digital signature will be only one for all applications or services. Unlike all other previous mechanisms where in, if user wants to have access multiple services then for every service distinct user credentials (username, password) must be required. SSO act as single authentication window to user for admittance multiple service providers in networks. Previously introduced technique based SSO technology proved to be secure over well-designed SSO system, but fails to provide security during communication. So here emphasis is given on authentication as open problem and on to refining the already proposed SSO process. And to do this along with RSA algorithm which was used in previous SSO process, we will be using MAC algorithm, which is intended to provide secured pathway for communication over distributed network.TAC i.e. Trusted Authority Center is used for sending token integrated with private and shared public key to user.
6.1 Identify correct descriptions or statements about the security issues:
Authentication
authorization
Data integrity
Auditing
Malicious code
Website attacks
6.2 Identify the deployment descriptor element names, and their structure, that declare the following:
A security constraint
A web resource
The login configuration
A security role
6.3 Given authentication type: BASIC, DIGEST, FORM, and CLIENT-CERT, identify the correct definition of its mechanism.
7.1 Identify which attribute scopes are thread-safe:
Local variables
Instance variables
Class variables
Request attributes
Session attributes
Context attributes
7.2 Identify correct statements about differences between the multithreaded and single-threaded servlet models.
7.3 Identify the interface used to declare that a servlet must use the single thread model.
The cloud is rapidly becoming the de-facto standard for deploying enterprise applications. Microservices are at the core of building cloud-native applications due to its proven advantages such as granularity, cloud-native deployment, and scalability. With the exponential growth of the consumer base of these service offerings, enforcing microservice/API security has become one of the biggest challenges to overcome.
In this deck, we discuss:
- The need for API/Microservices Security
- The importance of delegating security enforcement to an API Gateway
- API Authentication and Authorization methodologies
- OAuth2 - The de-facto standard of API Authentication
- Protection against cyber attacks and anomalies
- Security aspects to consider when designing Single Page Applications (SPAs)
Watch the webinar on-demand here - https://wso2.com/library/webinars/2019/11/api-security-in-a-cloud-native-era/
This presentation will give you short and not very technical overview about claims-based authentication.
The claims-based authentication will be the way to almost all Microsoft web-based platforms around. It is more complex than old username-password method but also more secure and general.
The OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2016 is a list of security techniques that should be included in every software development project. They are ordered by order of importance, with control #1 being the most important. This presentation is the second part which contains control #5 to #10 in the following controls
C5: Implement Identity and Authentication Controls
C6: Implement Appropriate Access Controls
C7: Protect Data
C8: Implement Logging and Intrusion Detection
C9: Leverage Security Frameworks and Libraries
C10: Error and Exception Handling
This presentation talks about various access management topics in IAM domain like authentication, authorization, MFA, Password less authentication, certificate based authentication SSO protocols like SAML, OIDC.
Efficient and Secure Single Sign on Mechanism for Distributed NetworkIJERA Editor
Distributed network act as core part to access the various services which are available in the network. But the security related to distributed network is main concern. In this paper single sign-on SSO mechanism is introduced which gives access to all services by allowing to sign on only once by users. In this mechanism once user logs in to the Trusted Authority Center TAC then application or services which are register to trusted center will automatically verifies the user’s credentials details and these credentials like password or digital signature will be only one for all applications or services. Unlike all other previous mechanisms where in, if user wants to have access multiple services then for every service distinct user credentials (username, password) must be required. SSO act as single authentication window to user for admittance multiple service providers in networks. Previously introduced technique based SSO technology proved to be secure over well-designed SSO system, but fails to provide security during communication. So here emphasis is given on authentication as open problem and on to refining the already proposed SSO process. And to do this along with RSA algorithm which was used in previous SSO process, we will be using MAC algorithm, which is intended to provide secured pathway for communication over distributed network.TAC i.e. Trusted Authority Center is used for sending token integrated with private and shared public key to user.
6.1 Identify correct descriptions or statements about the security issues:
Authentication
authorization
Data integrity
Auditing
Malicious code
Website attacks
6.2 Identify the deployment descriptor element names, and their structure, that declare the following:
A security constraint
A web resource
The login configuration
A security role
6.3 Given authentication type: BASIC, DIGEST, FORM, and CLIENT-CERT, identify the correct definition of its mechanism.
7.1 Identify which attribute scopes are thread-safe:
Local variables
Instance variables
Class variables
Request attributes
Session attributes
Context attributes
7.2 Identify correct statements about differences between the multithreaded and single-threaded servlet models.
7.3 Identify the interface used to declare that a servlet must use the single thread model.
The cloud is rapidly becoming the de-facto standard for deploying enterprise applications. Microservices are at the core of building cloud-native applications due to its proven advantages such as granularity, cloud-native deployment, and scalability. With the exponential growth of the consumer base of these service offerings, enforcing microservice/API security has become one of the biggest challenges to overcome.
In this deck, we discuss:
- The need for API/Microservices Security
- The importance of delegating security enforcement to an API Gateway
- API Authentication and Authorization methodologies
- OAuth2 - The de-facto standard of API Authentication
- Protection against cyber attacks and anomalies
- Security aspects to consider when designing Single Page Applications (SPAs)
Watch the webinar on-demand here - https://wso2.com/library/webinars/2019/11/api-security-in-a-cloud-native-era/
This presentation will give you short and not very technical overview about claims-based authentication.
The claims-based authentication will be the way to almost all Microsoft web-based platforms around. It is more complex than old username-password method but also more secure and general.
The OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2016 is a list of security techniques that should be included in every software development project. They are ordered by order of importance, with control #1 being the most important. This presentation is the second part which contains control #5 to #10 in the following controls
C5: Implement Identity and Authentication Controls
C6: Implement Appropriate Access Controls
C7: Protect Data
C8: Implement Logging and Intrusion Detection
C9: Leverage Security Frameworks and Libraries
C10: Error and Exception Handling
This presentation talks about various access management topics in IAM domain like authentication, authorization, MFA, Password less authentication, certificate based authentication SSO protocols like SAML, OIDC.
Advanced mechanism for single sign on for distributed computer networkseSAT Journals
Abstract A distributed computer networks could be a special form of the network that facilitates the purchasers to use completely different network services that is provided by the service suppliers. Within the distributed computer networks, user verification is a crucial method for the protection. Within the verification, the choice is taken whether the user is legal or not and then enabled the users to access the service. In general users are using multiple usernames and passwords for to access different applications on a distributed computer network. This increase the burden of the user and organization administrator as each and every account of the organization is going to be handled with their explicit username and credential. A new certification plan that is named as single sign-on mechanism that facilitates the users with one identity token to be verified by multiple service suppliers. Single sign-on is one of user authentication method that allows a user to enter one name and identity token so as to access multiple applications. The method authenticates the user for all the applications they have been offered access to and eliminates additional prompts after they switch applications throughout a specific session. However, existing approaches which are utilizing single sign-on scheme have some drawbacks relating to security needs. Thus, through this paper, we will discuss regarding the event of security from earlier stage to present stage. And clearly discuss regarding the authentication steps between user and service supplier. Keywords — single sign-on, authentication token , mutual authentication
Web Component Development Using Servlet & JSP Technologies (EE6) - Chapter 1...WebStackAcademy
Security Implementation Mechanisms
The characteristics of an application should be considered when deciding the layer and type of security to be provided for applications. The following sections discuss the characteristics of the common mechanisms that can be used to secure Java EE applications. Each of these mechanisms can be used individually or with others to provide protection layers based on the specific needs of your implementation.
Java SE Security Implementation Mechanisms
Java SE provides support for a variety of security features and mechanisms, including:
Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS): JAAS is a set of APIs that enable services to authenticate and enforce access controls upon users. JAAS provides a pluggable and extensible framework for programmatic user authentication and authorization. JAAS is a core Java SE API and is an underlying technology for Java EE security mechanisms.
Java Generic Security Services (Java GSS-API): Java GSS-API is a token-based API used to securely exchange messages between communicating applications. The GSS-API offers application programmers uniform access to security services atop a variety of underlying security mechanisms, including Kerberos.
Java Cryptography Extension (JCE): JCE provides a framework and implementations for encryption, key generation and key agreement, and Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms. Support for encryption includes symmetric, asymmetric, block, and stream ciphers. Block ciphers operate on groups of bytes while stream ciphers operate on one byte at a time. The software also supports secure streams and sealed objects.
Java Secure Sockets Extension (JSSE): JSSE provides a framework and an implementation for a Java version of the SSL and TLS protocols and includes functionality for data encryption, server authentication, message integrity, and optional client authentication to enable secure Internet communications.
Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL): SASL is an Internet standard (RFC 2222) that specifies a protocol for authentication and optional establishment of a security layer between client and server applications. SASL defines how authentication data is to be exchanged but does not itself specify the contents of that data. It is a framework into which specific authentication mechanisms that specify the contents and semantics of the authentication data can fit.
OAuth 2.0 - The fundamentals, the good , the bad, technical primer and commo...Good Dog Labs, Inc.
OAuth 2.0 seems to be a comprehensive framework for authorizing access to protected resources, but is it really? We can argue that OpenID Connect will make it enterprise ready, but level of adoption in the enterprise is yet to be seen. This primer describes the framework fundamentals,the good, the bad, and common OAuth 2.0 flows.
Empirical Study of a Key Authentication Scheme in Public Key CryptographyIJERA Editor
Public key cryptosystem plays major role in many online business applications. In public key cryptosystem, public key need not be protected for confidentiality, but the authenticity of public key is needed. Earlier, many key authentication schemes are developed based on discrete logarithms. Each scheme has its own drawbacks. We developed a secure key authentication scheme based on discrete logarithms to avoid the drawbacks of earlier schemes. In this paper, we illustrate the empirical study to show the experimental proof of our scheme.
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoftshyamraj55
Learn about the basics of OAuth 2.0 and the different OAuth flows in this introductory video. Understand how OAuth works and the various authorization mechanisms involved.
2022 APIsecure_Why Assertion-based Access Token is preferred to Handle-based ...APIsecure_ Official
APIsecure - April 6 & 7, 2022
APIsecure is the world’s first conference dedicated to API threat management; bringing together breakers, defenders, and solutions in API security.
Why Assertion-based Access Token is preferred to a Handle-based one?
Yoshiyuki Tabata, Software Engineer at Hitachi
Securing ap is oauth and fine grained access controlAaronLieberman5
API security is always a major consideration, but most API developers feel like they are not equipped with the skills necessary to properly secure an API.
In this presentation, we will talk about how some common API gateway security mechanisms can work effectively to secure a MuleSoft API. We will start with key concepts of API security such as zero trust, OAuth 2.0, and access control. Then, we will demonstrate a secure method to protect your APIs using OAuth 2.0 and token introspection to achieve access control on a MuleSoft API. The solution will demonstrate how to use the combination of MuleSoft security policies and a powerful identity provider in PingFederate by Ping Identity to achieve API security on MuleSoft APIs.
No API security session is complete without discussing different methods of API security and lessons learned from working through the demo so we will close with discussing various options that can be used to achieve similar results for API security and what the benefits or downfalls are of each option.
APIsecure 2023 - OAuth, OIDC and protecting third-party credentials, Ed Olson...apidays
APIsecure 2023 - The world's first and only API security conference
March 14 & 15, 2023
OAuth, OIDC and protecting third-party credentials
Edmund Olson-Morgan, Core API and Innovation Lead at Marsh McLennan
------
Check out our conferences at https://www.apidays.global/
Do you want to sponsor or talk at one of our conferences?
https://apidays.typeform.com/to/ILJeAaV8
Learn more on APIscene, the global media made by the community for the community:
https://www.apiscene.io
Explore the API ecosystem with the API Landscape:
https://apilandscape.apiscene.io/
ADAPTIVE AUTHENTICATION: A CASE STUDY FOR UNIFIED AUTHENTICATION PLATFORM csandit
Adaptive authentication is a risk-based authentication that identifies high-risk and suspicious
illegitimate login attempts. User past login records which implicitly contains attribute factors
context information are used to establish user behavior profile. Later if the user logins under
different environmental context from that established profile, the identity of the user may be
questioned. The system may challenge the user to present additional authentication method to
get authenticated. We implemented such adaptive authentication system in our production
server and collected user login records for more than six months. In this paper, we presents the
analysis of the user login profile with regards to attribute factors such as geographical location
and time of login. We also developed testbed system that uses the collected real data to evaluate
the system for different ratio threshold values.
apidays Helsinki & North 2023 - API authorization with Open Policy Agent, And...apidays
apidays Helsinki & North 2023
API Ecosystems - Connecting Physical and Digital
June 5 & 6, 2023
API authorization with Open Policy Agent
Anders Eknert, Developer Advocate at Styra
------
Check out our conferences at https://www.apidays.global/
Do you want to sponsor or talk at one of our conferences?
https://apidays.typeform.com/to/ILJeAaV8
Learn more on APIscene, the global media made by the community for the community:
https://www.apiscene.io
Explore the API ecosystem with the API Landscape:
https://apilandscape.apiscene.io/
Design and Implementation of an IP based authentication mechanism for Open So...WilliamJohn41
Proxy servers are being increasingly deployed at organizations for performance benefits; however,
there still exists drawbacks in ease of client authentication in interception proxy mode mainly for Open
Source Proxy Servers.
Technically, an interception mode is not designed for client authentication, but implementation in
certain organizations does require this feature. In this paper, we focus on the World Wide Web, highlight
the existing transparent proxy authentication mechanisms, its drawbacks and propose an authentication
scheme for transparent proxy users by using external scripts based on the clients Internet Protocol
Address. This authentication mechanism has been implemented and verified on Squid-one of the most
widely used HTTP Open Source Proxy Server.
OAuth2 Implementation Presentation (Java)Knoldus Inc.
The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework is a protocol that allows a user to grant a third-party web site or application access to the user's protected resources, without necessarily revealing their long-term credentials or even their identity. It is commonly used in scenarios such as user authentication in web and mobile applications and enables a more secure and user-friendly authorization process.
Advanced mechanism for single sign on for distributed computer networkseSAT Journals
Abstract A distributed computer networks could be a special form of the network that facilitates the purchasers to use completely different network services that is provided by the service suppliers. Within the distributed computer networks, user verification is a crucial method for the protection. Within the verification, the choice is taken whether the user is legal or not and then enabled the users to access the service. In general users are using multiple usernames and passwords for to access different applications on a distributed computer network. This increase the burden of the user and organization administrator as each and every account of the organization is going to be handled with their explicit username and credential. A new certification plan that is named as single sign-on mechanism that facilitates the users with one identity token to be verified by multiple service suppliers. Single sign-on is one of user authentication method that allows a user to enter one name and identity token so as to access multiple applications. The method authenticates the user for all the applications they have been offered access to and eliminates additional prompts after they switch applications throughout a specific session. However, existing approaches which are utilizing single sign-on scheme have some drawbacks relating to security needs. Thus, through this paper, we will discuss regarding the event of security from earlier stage to present stage. And clearly discuss regarding the authentication steps between user and service supplier. Keywords — single sign-on, authentication token , mutual authentication
Web Component Development Using Servlet & JSP Technologies (EE6) - Chapter 1...WebStackAcademy
Security Implementation Mechanisms
The characteristics of an application should be considered when deciding the layer and type of security to be provided for applications. The following sections discuss the characteristics of the common mechanisms that can be used to secure Java EE applications. Each of these mechanisms can be used individually or with others to provide protection layers based on the specific needs of your implementation.
Java SE Security Implementation Mechanisms
Java SE provides support for a variety of security features and mechanisms, including:
Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS): JAAS is a set of APIs that enable services to authenticate and enforce access controls upon users. JAAS provides a pluggable and extensible framework for programmatic user authentication and authorization. JAAS is a core Java SE API and is an underlying technology for Java EE security mechanisms.
Java Generic Security Services (Java GSS-API): Java GSS-API is a token-based API used to securely exchange messages between communicating applications. The GSS-API offers application programmers uniform access to security services atop a variety of underlying security mechanisms, including Kerberos.
Java Cryptography Extension (JCE): JCE provides a framework and implementations for encryption, key generation and key agreement, and Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms. Support for encryption includes symmetric, asymmetric, block, and stream ciphers. Block ciphers operate on groups of bytes while stream ciphers operate on one byte at a time. The software also supports secure streams and sealed objects.
Java Secure Sockets Extension (JSSE): JSSE provides a framework and an implementation for a Java version of the SSL and TLS protocols and includes functionality for data encryption, server authentication, message integrity, and optional client authentication to enable secure Internet communications.
Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL): SASL is an Internet standard (RFC 2222) that specifies a protocol for authentication and optional establishment of a security layer between client and server applications. SASL defines how authentication data is to be exchanged but does not itself specify the contents of that data. It is a framework into which specific authentication mechanisms that specify the contents and semantics of the authentication data can fit.
OAuth 2.0 - The fundamentals, the good , the bad, technical primer and commo...Good Dog Labs, Inc.
OAuth 2.0 seems to be a comprehensive framework for authorizing access to protected resources, but is it really? We can argue that OpenID Connect will make it enterprise ready, but level of adoption in the enterprise is yet to be seen. This primer describes the framework fundamentals,the good, the bad, and common OAuth 2.0 flows.
Empirical Study of a Key Authentication Scheme in Public Key CryptographyIJERA Editor
Public key cryptosystem plays major role in many online business applications. In public key cryptosystem, public key need not be protected for confidentiality, but the authenticity of public key is needed. Earlier, many key authentication schemes are developed based on discrete logarithms. Each scheme has its own drawbacks. We developed a secure key authentication scheme based on discrete logarithms to avoid the drawbacks of earlier schemes. In this paper, we illustrate the empirical study to show the experimental proof of our scheme.
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoftshyamraj55
Learn about the basics of OAuth 2.0 and the different OAuth flows in this introductory video. Understand how OAuth works and the various authorization mechanisms involved.
2022 APIsecure_Why Assertion-based Access Token is preferred to Handle-based ...APIsecure_ Official
APIsecure - April 6 & 7, 2022
APIsecure is the world’s first conference dedicated to API threat management; bringing together breakers, defenders, and solutions in API security.
Why Assertion-based Access Token is preferred to a Handle-based one?
Yoshiyuki Tabata, Software Engineer at Hitachi
Securing ap is oauth and fine grained access controlAaronLieberman5
API security is always a major consideration, but most API developers feel like they are not equipped with the skills necessary to properly secure an API.
In this presentation, we will talk about how some common API gateway security mechanisms can work effectively to secure a MuleSoft API. We will start with key concepts of API security such as zero trust, OAuth 2.0, and access control. Then, we will demonstrate a secure method to protect your APIs using OAuth 2.0 and token introspection to achieve access control on a MuleSoft API. The solution will demonstrate how to use the combination of MuleSoft security policies and a powerful identity provider in PingFederate by Ping Identity to achieve API security on MuleSoft APIs.
No API security session is complete without discussing different methods of API security and lessons learned from working through the demo so we will close with discussing various options that can be used to achieve similar results for API security and what the benefits or downfalls are of each option.
APIsecure 2023 - OAuth, OIDC and protecting third-party credentials, Ed Olson...apidays
APIsecure 2023 - The world's first and only API security conference
March 14 & 15, 2023
OAuth, OIDC and protecting third-party credentials
Edmund Olson-Morgan, Core API and Innovation Lead at Marsh McLennan
------
Check out our conferences at https://www.apidays.global/
Do you want to sponsor or talk at one of our conferences?
https://apidays.typeform.com/to/ILJeAaV8
Learn more on APIscene, the global media made by the community for the community:
https://www.apiscene.io
Explore the API ecosystem with the API Landscape:
https://apilandscape.apiscene.io/
ADAPTIVE AUTHENTICATION: A CASE STUDY FOR UNIFIED AUTHENTICATION PLATFORM csandit
Adaptive authentication is a risk-based authentication that identifies high-risk and suspicious
illegitimate login attempts. User past login records which implicitly contains attribute factors
context information are used to establish user behavior profile. Later if the user logins under
different environmental context from that established profile, the identity of the user may be
questioned. The system may challenge the user to present additional authentication method to
get authenticated. We implemented such adaptive authentication system in our production
server and collected user login records for more than six months. In this paper, we presents the
analysis of the user login profile with regards to attribute factors such as geographical location
and time of login. We also developed testbed system that uses the collected real data to evaluate
the system for different ratio threshold values.
apidays Helsinki & North 2023 - API authorization with Open Policy Agent, And...apidays
apidays Helsinki & North 2023
API Ecosystems - Connecting Physical and Digital
June 5 & 6, 2023
API authorization with Open Policy Agent
Anders Eknert, Developer Advocate at Styra
------
Check out our conferences at https://www.apidays.global/
Do you want to sponsor or talk at one of our conferences?
https://apidays.typeform.com/to/ILJeAaV8
Learn more on APIscene, the global media made by the community for the community:
https://www.apiscene.io
Explore the API ecosystem with the API Landscape:
https://apilandscape.apiscene.io/
Design and Implementation of an IP based authentication mechanism for Open So...WilliamJohn41
Proxy servers are being increasingly deployed at organizations for performance benefits; however,
there still exists drawbacks in ease of client authentication in interception proxy mode mainly for Open
Source Proxy Servers.
Technically, an interception mode is not designed for client authentication, but implementation in
certain organizations does require this feature. In this paper, we focus on the World Wide Web, highlight
the existing transparent proxy authentication mechanisms, its drawbacks and propose an authentication
scheme for transparent proxy users by using external scripts based on the clients Internet Protocol
Address. This authentication mechanism has been implemented and verified on Squid-one of the most
widely used HTTP Open Source Proxy Server.
OAuth2 Implementation Presentation (Java)Knoldus Inc.
The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework is a protocol that allows a user to grant a third-party web site or application access to the user's protected resources, without necessarily revealing their long-term credentials or even their identity. It is commonly used in scenarios such as user authentication in web and mobile applications and enables a more secure and user-friendly authorization process.
Evaluating Teaching: SECTIONS.
Check out:
Bates, A. W., & Poole, G. (2003). Effective Teaching with Technology in Higher Education: Foundations for Success. Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley. 10475 Crosspoint Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46256.
Evaluating Teaching: Anstey and Watson Rubric
Check out:
Lauren M. Anstey & Gavan P.L. Watson. (2018), Rubric for eLearning Tool Evaluation. Centre for Teaching and Learning, Western University,
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-n c-sa/4.0/
Designing Teaching: ASSURE
Check out:
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., & Russell, J. D., (1993). Instructional Media and The New
Technologies of Instruction. New York: Macmillan
Designing Teaching: Laurilliard's Learning TypesDamian T. Gordon
Designing Teaching: Laurilliard's Learning Types
Check out:
Laurillard, D., 2013. Teaching as a design science: Building pedagogical patterns for learning and technology. Routledge.
Designing Teaching: Elaboration Theory
Check out:
Reigeluth, C. & Stein, F. (1983). The elaboration theory of instruction. In C. Reigeluth (ed.), Instructional Design Theories and Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Identity Management
● The term identity management describes the process of managing
individuals, entities or group authentication, authorisation, roles, privileges,
etc across the enterprise information systems suite
● The majority of enterprise applications will require the identity of their users
and entities to be verified and to restrict what actions particular users and
entities can carry out within them
● A typical enterprise user will need to access and use dozens of different
applications all of which will have this authentication and authorisation
requirement
● Same issue arises with cloud services
3. Centralised
● Intuitively, it makes sense that identity management would be largely
centralised within the Enterprise/Cloud for at least three compelling reasons
● The presumed tradeoff here the that the benefit of the increased complexity
and inflexibility of a centralised approach outweighs the downsides of a
looser, distributed autonomous approach
● Identity - The same user or entity (having a single identity everywhere) can be
managed and tracked across all of their application accesses and
● Security - Centralisation enforces consistency as to how privileges are applied and
standards are maintained across the enterprise IS suite; In addition, it is easier to
take remedial action in the event of a security breach
● Cost Control - Centralisation allows for the reduction or elimination of duplication
which should be more cost effective
4. Cloud Vendor Identity Management Systems
● All of the large providers offer, as a packaged service, some kind of identity
management tier which can be used to mediate access to cloud resources
● But cloud-based applications need to support some identity management
system at the application layer which may or may not be able to leverage the
vendor’s offering
● And anyway, there’s the lock-in consideration
● We’ll focus here on the application-layer building blocks as they pertain to
cloud-hosted application services in the enterprise context
5. Activation
● User identities are created using a process often known as activation
● This is a one-time event where a user is created within the identity
management system and assigned the appropriate privileges
● For example, onboarding a new employee or creating a materials supplier
account
● In the following discussion, we will assume that users are already activated
and have been provided their credentials and privileges
6. Authentication
● The term authenticate means to establish and verify the identity of some user
● Activated users authenticated through credentials usually comprising a
publicly-known part and one or more secrets, known only to the user
● The base assumption is that the activated user who can successfully pass a
credentials check is authenticated
● The authenticated user then assumes some preassigned identity within the
application(s) for subsequent access and actions
7. Authentication Strength
● Security is second only to correctness in enterprise information systems
because of the sensitivity of the data being managed and processed
● As authentication is the first line of defence of the access network and the
application software itself, enterprises increasingly employ ever more
sophisticated credential schemes to make them harder to compromise
● In general, the more secrets that are required, the more secure the scheme
will be
● Multi-factor authentication implies two or more secrets are needed
● Something you know and something you have
● Includes a so-called air-gap
8. Credentials Distribution
● The chicken and egg problem for authentication systems is how the would-be
authenticating user has possession of their credentials before they need to
use them (e.g. a shared secret or two-factor device)
● This is typically solved by using some out-of-band distribution mechanism, i.e.
over some other interface which is not the API itself
● Credentials distribution can be a complex problem and is the concern of the
wider identify management system itself
● We will assume, for our discussion, that the user already has somehow
obtained the necessary credentials prior to authentication
9. Authenticating Authority
● We will also assume the existence of some authenticating authority that we
can programmatically consult to authenticate a user
● In the context of a SOA, we can imagine this authority is just another service
that exposes a secure API allowing the users credentials to be presented and
a response as to whether that user is authenticated
● The authentication authority is itself an abstraction of the underlying identity
management system’s security mechanism and policy framework
10. Authenticating API Requests
● In SOA application stacks, each service makes requests of some other
service to carry out some function on its behalf
● In reality, a service request is typically carried out on behalf of some identity
(ultimately a user) which, in most cases, will require the request to be
authenticated and authorised before being executed
● There are two approaches for authenticating API requests, namely:
● In both approaches, the requesting service must possess the identity
credentials (shared secret) in advance by some out-of-band means
1. Authenticate each and every service request at request time
2. Preauthenticate in advance and use some temporary access token for each
subsequent request verified at request time
11. API Authentication Independence
● It is generally good practice to decouple the API authentication specification
from the API specification itself
● The principal advantage is that different mechanisms (or none) can used with
the same API in different contexts
● By implication, the API call syntax is therefore not directly polluted with
authentication syntax but rather as a wrapper around API messages
● In context of HTTP-based API like REST, the authentication data would
generally be carried in one or more specialised header fields
Auth Data
API Data
12. Authentication Methods
● We mentioned already, that there are two approaches for authenticating API
requests, namely:
● (1) is usually done using Hashing, and (2) is usually done with tokens (that
may or may not be encrypted.
1. Authenticate each and every service request at request time
2. Preauthenticate in advance and use some temporary access
token for each subsequent request verified at request time
14. Pre-authentication
● JSON web tokens (JWTs) are an example of a pre-authentication and token
scheme
● In pre-authentication schemes, the API caller performs the authentication
steps in advance and then uses some issued token to make subsequent API
requests
● The issued token, usually temporary in nature, acts as a cheaper-to-
implement proxy for having to authenticate each request separately
● In addition to being less resource-intensive, JWT pre-authentication, being
stateless, can also be easier to distribute, allowing for better performance and
scalability characteristics of the API system
15. How JWTs Work
● JWT is a simple idea which is based on secure message signing
1. The client issues an authentication request which includes the requester
credentials, called claims
2. The server verifies the claims for the requester with the authenticating authority
3. Assuming verified, the server then builds a BASE64-encoded token, which includes
caller identity information and an expiry timestamp
4. The token is then signed using a secure MAC by the authenticating authority using
its secret private key
5. The server responds to the client with the signed token to indicate success
6. In subsequent API requests, the client includes this token (called a bearer token) in
the request header
7. The server verifies the token signature using the public key and un-bundles the
token information to determine the user identity and token expiry timestamp
8. If successful, the server allows the request forward for further verification and
processing
16. ● The logical view of JWT authentication looks like something like this:
JWT Authentication
Authenticating
Authority
API Server
Client Tier
Public Key
Private Key
17. RFC 7519
● At the time of writing the JWT authentication scheme is covered by an RFC
proposed standard which sets out the format of messages and the expected
behaviour of participating parties
● The standard describes the format of a token as follows (dot-separated)
Header Payload Signature
{
"typ": "JWT",
"alg": "HS256"
}
{
"sub": "user:12345",
"iat": "1300819380",
"exp": "1300829380"
}
Hashed and signed over the
previous parts:
● Header
● Payload
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsI
nR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...
eyJleHAiOjE0ODgxMzMzMjcsImlhdCI
6MTQ4Nzg3NDEyNywic3ViIj...
03f329983b86f7d9a9f5fef853
05880101d5e302afaf...
base64
18. Signing Method
● The JWT specification allows for different crypto technologies to be used in
the signing process
● The authenticating authority can include a field in the token specifying which
hashing and encryption algorithm was used to create the token signature (e.g.
HMAC-SHA256 or RSA-SHA256)
● If symmetric key signing is used, then both the issuer and the verifier need to
possess the same shared secret
● If asymmetric key signing is used, then the issuer can hold the private key
and the verifiers can use the public key
19. JWT Security Properties
● Operationally, it should be noted that the cryptography described in the RFC
7519 mechanism is used for signing tokens which establishes two important
facts about a token
● Importantly, RFC 7519 does not provide for token encryption so it is expected
that services using JWTs would independently implement some token or
transmission encryption system such as TLS
● The token must not be publicly divulged as an attacker could gain the same
access as the compromised user
1. The issuer’s identity because of the secret key in its possession
2. The token’s integrity (i.e. that it has not been altered in any way)
20. Javascript API
● Install crypto packages and tools with NPM
● Example usage in JS
npm install jsonwebtoken
var jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
// sign with RSA SHA256 (i.e. using HMAC256 hashing)
var cert = fs.readFileSync('private.key'); // get private key from
disk
var token = jwt.sign({
sub: 'user:12345',
iat: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)
}, cert, { algorithm: 'RS256'});
21. Bearer Token
● Once created, signed and distributed by the server, the token can then be
used by the client to authenticate a particular identity (i.e. user)
● The client does this by including the token in each API request in a header
field
Authorization: BEARER
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJleHAiOjE0ODg0NjQ5NTAsImlhdCI6MTQ4ODIwNTc1MC
wic3ViIjoiOWJhNGRlYWItMDdiMy00NTVjLTk1YTMtMDhkYmQ4MGFkMmUwIn0.NShG3qC2I_LBxZoKX-
8UBz_kFkWKSzJs6JrgDc27P9Lbd-OR9nIsV35Jk2uNvspJH2VyZ7bHS3RR-
8CtTexRqcsozrkZsicBWbauX4ph3DULGST5ju3tVNXi-NsQoFHij-
4BPGNMjjr4DftwnKmJeGA0dI4exZ0Q33AHJVjXNAEVA16x9FOBMkBfXXDQFKIyJtg46GB3hd7IX8Di4WB8i
V-
99bsb911UmSb1FKrZQ32zhpFQ0ybms2RGxN1MeMfYeZLjB4c3BpkrV84ucl3VoXd6qxWzuvWF9r6EyGa9kK
xgtGIDOZB0kYCSLLKef9i2EDxyTCRmOK8HJvYwNdH-Vg
22. Expiry and Revocation
● It is common and a good practice to set some expiry time for server-issued
tokens to force the API client to periodically reauthenticate
● This can be done including an expiry timestamp in the token which the client
is free to read
● In other circumstances, the server may want to revoke a token altogether
which can happen if:
● To implement revocation, the server (authenticating authority) must keep
track of issued tokens and their status - less flexible and less scalable in
practice
● The token is only intended to be user a fixed number of times (e.g. once)
● The associated identity credentials have been changed since the token was issued
24. Authenticate Every Request
● An alternative to pre-authentication (and tokens) is to authenticate each
request individually
● Ideally we’d like to be able do this without having to incur any additional API
calls
● The context here is that the API calls are being made on behalf of some
identity which needs to be authenticated
● And we assume that client and server possess identity credentials (including
a shared secret) distributed in advance by some out-of-band means
25. A Note on Hashing
● A hash function is any function that can be used
to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values
● Use of hash functions relies on statistical
properties of key and function interaction: worst-
case behaviour is intolerably bad with a
vanishingly small probability, and average-case
behaviour can be nearly optimal (minimal
collision).
● A hashed value cannot be de-hashed, it’s a one-
way operation, unlike encryption.
26. Message Authentication
● A simple scheme which allows API calls to be authenticated with more extra
messages is to securely authenticate each request using the shared key
which works as follows:
1. The client generate a secure signature using on a HMAC (symmetric key) over the
API message contents
2. This signature is sent along with the API request and a unique key to identify which
user is making the request
3. On message receipt, the server, which also knows the shared secret key, generates
the signature for the API call and compares it with the one being sent
4. If they match, then the server can assume that the client was in possession of the
secret for the associated user (unique key) and is therefore authenticated
27. Security Properties
● It is assumed the the shared secret key is known only to the client and server
and would be “hard” to guess (e.g. 320 bits)
● The signature is based on a known-secure hashing algorithm with a
extremely low probability of collisions (e.g. SHA256)
● The hash is encrypted using a shared key symmetric-key algorithm (e.g.
HMAC-SHA256)
● It is impossible for an attacker to generate the MAC of message and a secret
key without knowing the secret key
● The message cannot be altered by an attacker and also pass the message
integrity and signature check
28. Security Guidelines
● There is no standard which dictates how hash-based message authentication
should be implemented but there are some good practice guidelines:
● In practice, enterprise solutions will provide for bespoke application-specific
implementations of these guidelines
1. Use known-secure crypto algorithms (hashing and encryption for signature)
2. Include the message body (if any), the query parameters (if any), the resource path
(assuming REST) and the unique key in the bytes block to be hashed
3. Randomise the request message signature to guard against replay attacks by, for
example, including a variable component such as a timestamp
4. Independently encrypt the message (e.g. TLS) for transmission
5. Periodically reissue new secret keys and invalidate old ones
29. HTTP Message Authentication
● Let’s consider an HTTP-based API request (e.g. REST) being authenticated
using HMAC-SHA256
● Keeping with the principle of separating authentication metadata from API
message data, we would see the authentication data being placed into a
HTTP header field as in the following example:
● The encoding can be implementation specific - (e.g. could use base64
instead of hexadecimal)
Authorization: HMAC-SHA256 Key=7e96106333af9110bc50d4f3cbfc806b76cf1a3a
Signature=d44869e9bb60c5696dc72199388f96d89739a800891242509fbb827b9fee6
40988eafc7db540283d
30. Considerations
● Hash-based message authentication (when done properly) is secure and
provides a high degree of confidence for authentication
● In theory, the per-request checking steps are no more expensive than pre-
authentication and token verification schemes
● However, the HMAC verification may need to consult the authenticating
authority each time so this can be more expensive and be less flexible and
scalable in practice - (i.e. only the authority has a copy of the shared secret
key)
● Generating signatures for API requests is non-trivial (a complex computation)
and this adds some logical complexity to the client-side in terms of signing
and solution testing
32. Authorization
● The term authorise will means to grant or reject access to specific operations
on behalf of an API requester
● A prerequisite for authorisation (usually) is that the requester identity has
already been verified, that is the requester has been authenticated
● By operation, we mean a query or an update of one or more service-managed
resources
● Authorisation asks the question “does this identity have rights to carry out this
operation on this resource?”
● For example, can a specific user add a new product to a catalog or change
the attribute value of a product item?
33. Authorisation Authority
● In the context of an enterprise application stack, the authorisation checking
would likely be carried out centrally within some component of the overall
identity management system
● The benefit of centralisation of authorisation is similar to the benefit of
centralised management of the authentication function, namely:
● Identity - The same user or entity (having a single identity everywhere) can be
managed and tracked across all of their application accesses
● Security - Centralisation enforces consistency as to how privileges are applied and
standards are maintained across the enterprise IS suite; In addition, it is easier to
take remedial action in the event of a security breach
● Cost Control - Centralisation allows for the reduction or elimination of duplication
which should be more cost effective
34. Granularity and Control
● At a high level, authorization is a mechanism for protecting assets from
unauthorised access or modification
● Depending on the application, some assets may be open for reading and
writing by anyone whereas others would be restricted to a small number of
privileged users
● Authorisation schemes are characterised by the level of granularity and
control they offer
● These range from crude CRUD-level checking to specific named operations
on specific attributes of a resource
35. Granularity Illustration
● Suppose there exists a products table describing items for sale
● Users could be authorised at the level of creating new products, reading
product descriptions, changing product descriptions or removing products
● Or alternatively, the authorisation could go down to the level of authorisation
reads and update to a specific product attribute or could include rights to carry
out other operations on the resource such as commenting on a product or
sharing the product with a third-party
● In general, the more sophisticated the sets of operations support on a
resource, the more granularity and control that is required
36. Rights and Privileges
● Rights (or privileges) are what determine what allowed to be carried out on a
resource
● An authorisation is essentially a conferral of zero or more rights (associated
with a resource) to a particular identity
● Resource rights can be granted or revoked and the managing services are
expected to honour these rights contracts in their API implementations
37. Role-Based Access Control
● A popular way to model and implement authorisation schemes is to control
access to resources and operations through a role abstraction
● A role is a convenience grouping of set of rights associated with an identity
● An identity may be assigned one or more roles
● The benefit of a role-based approach is that it simplifies the mapping of rights
to identities
● Roles recognise the reality that many of the same kinds of users will want
similar rights so the role acts as a convenience shorthand, albeit at the cost of
an extra level of indirection
38. Authorisation Failures
● From an API perspective there is a question as to how to handle authorisation
failures, i.e. requests for which the caller has insufficient rights to carry out,
including, say, read operations
● There are two popular approaches each with different security characteristics
1. Return an “not authorised” status code to the caller (e.g. HTTP 403). This has the
side-effect of validating the existence of the resource(s) but reporting that the
attempted operation is not allowed
2. Return a “not found” status code to the caller (e.g. HTTP 404). This has the
benefit of not leaking confirmation of the existence or non-existance of the
resource(s) but is indistinguishable from either
39. The Good, the Bad, and
the Interesting of
Identity Management
41. Identity Management: The Benefits
● Peace of mind
● The primary benefit of implementing it is simply
peace of mind.
● When the relevant people know precisely who
can access a business’s data, when they can
access it, and how much of it they can access, a
great sense of security is achieved.
42. Identity Management: The Benefits
● Boost in productivity
● By simply implementing IAM into any business,
productivity trends upwards by a fairly significant
amount. This can be traced back to IAM’s ability
to simplify sign-ins, signups, or processes related
to user management for end-users, systems
administrators, and app owners themselves.
43. Identity Management: The Benefits
● Reduced IT costs
● By utilizing IAM to free up time spent on role changes
or employee onboarding/offboarding, businesses can
slash costs by a surprising amount. Not only this, with
the inclusion of SSO (Single Sign-On), IT resources
are freed up due to a reduction in help desk calls and
service tickets.
44. Identity Management: The Benefits
● Information or data sharing
● By providing a platform for any information related to
access and ID management, businesses are able to
apply preset, customized security policies across all
the company’s devices, which ensures no
differentiation arises from one to the other (unless of
course the business wants this).
45. Identity Management: The Benefits
● Remote access
● As the possibilities of remote work among
businesses become more common,
employees and/or clients need access to
certain information, databases, webpages,
etc., regardless of their physical location.
SSO is a key feature in making this happen.
47. Identity Management: The Weaknesses
● Cloud security breaches
● If a business is committed to the cloud, access
management and user identities must be secure
to ensure minimal risk to the company’s and
clients’ data. If a company’s IAM is unsecure, it
has the potential to result in serious damage,
which could be detrimental to the business.
48. Identity Management: The Weaknesses
● Infrequent audits
● While IAM makes business policy implementation a
simple, streamline process, we need to update audit
practices so they pertain to the access policies
currently in place. It’s advised that businesses
continue to schedule regular audits to allow for the
potential discovery of vulnerabilities as well as for
defining what can and should be automated.
49. Identity Management: The Weaknesses
● Business scaling issues
● With the possibility of new technologies, staff, policies, or
other elements businesses may add as they grow, the IAM
framework must scale to keep up with any of these changes.
IAM, in some scenarios, can limit how these implementations
scale. This is not always the case, but for many businesses
that wish to scale as fast as possible, this is certainly
something to consider.
50. Identity Management: The Weaknesses
● Incorrect definition of roles or attributes
● With somewhat of a vague idea of what access is
required for certain user groups, many businesses
often include too many users in a single group. Based
on how permissions are defined, whether it’s by roles
or attributes, business leaders must take into account
why a person needs access to a particular resource.
51. Identity Management: The Weaknesses
● Offboarding of staff
● Believe it or not, offboarding employees can, at times,
pose serious threats to a business in the long run.
Though this is rarely a concern and only in some
cases amounts to anything serious, the chance for a
former employee to utilize their old business
permissions with malicious intent always exists.
53. Identity Management: Interesting
● Single sign-on capabilities are a must since
having too many passwords tends to lead to
insecure password management practices.
Recent research reported by Dark Reading
shows that 61% of people use the same
password for multiple accounts and
applications.
54. Identity Management: Interesting
● Installing an IAM solution in place helps the
organization to cease manual privileges and
permission settings that can sometimes lead
to errors. Because of IAM, the IT team does
not have to manage access rights to user or
employee accounts manually – the process
will be automated.
55. Identity Management: Interesting
● Security tools like IAM solutions come
with modern technologies like machine
learning (ML) algorithms to identify the
internal threats and notify the security
professionals for prompt actions.
56. Identity Management: Interesting
● Security tools like IAM solutions come
with modern technologies like machine
learning (ML) algorithms to identify the
internal threats and notify the security
professionals for prompt actions.