Clinical neuroanatomy
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1) Language function is primarily located in the left hemisphere, with Broca's area responsible for speech production and Wernick's area in the superior temporal lobe responsible for speech comprehension. 2) Injuries to the upper motor neurons can cause distal muscles to be weaker than proximal muscles and extensors to be weaker than flexors. 3) The primary motor cortex is located in the pre-central gyrus and projects to the corticospinal tract which decussates at the pyramidal decussation before synapsing with lower motor neurons.
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Dorsal column medial leminiscus
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, and pain senses. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system, and how lesions in different pathways impact sensations.
peripheral nerve lesions
This document discusses peripheral nerve injuries, including anatomy, types of injuries (acute vs chronic), clinical signs, pathophysiology, and examples of specific nerve injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome and radial nerve palsy. Treatment options are also summarized, including conservative treatment with medications for mild cases and surgical indications like nerve repair, grafting, or release surgery for severe or failed conservative cases.
Dorsal column pathway
The dorsal column pathway carries sensations of highly localized touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. It involves the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus spinal tracts. First order sensory neurons carry information from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors and synapse with second order neurons in the dorsal horn or medullary nuclei. These second order neurons transmit impulses to the thalamus. Third order neurons then project this information to the primary somatosensory cortex.
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The radial nerve anatomy and injuries document describes the anatomy and treatment of radial nerve injuries. It summarizes that the radial nerve provides motor innervation to key muscles for wrist, finger, and thumb extension. For severe radial nerve injuries, early tendon transfers can restore lost functions like wrist extension, while allowing for potential nerve recovery. The principles of tendon transfers include preventing contractures, ensuring adequate strength transfer with a straight line of pull and synergistic functions. Common procedures described include transferring the palmaris longus tendon to the extensor pollicis longus and flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor digitorum communis.
Median nerve injuries
This document discusses the anatomy and clinical evaluation of median nerve injuries as well as various management strategies. It describes the anatomy of the median nerve and its branches that innervate different muscle groups in the arm and hand. Clinical presentations of high and low median nerve palsies are outlined. Surgical techniques for restoring function are proposed, including nerve transfers to regain opposition, sensation, flexion and pronation. Tendon transfers are also mentioned to help with opposition and finger flexion.
Anatomy of radial nerve and wrist drop
The radial nerve originates from the brachial plexus and supplies the posterior compartment of the upper limb. It is susceptible to injury which can result in wrist drop. Non-operative treatment involves splinting while surgery may involve nerve repair, neurolysis or tendon transfers to restore function. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on protecting tendon transfers while regaining range of motion.
Upper and lower motor neuron lesions by DR.IFRA
Upper motor neurons originate in the brain and convey signals for voluntary movement through descending pathways to lower motor neurons. Lower motor neurons originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly innervate skeletal muscles. An upper motor neuron lesion causes spastic weakness without atrophy while a lower motor neuron lesion causes flaccid paralysis with atrophy.
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Radial nerve injury
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Dorsal column medial leminiscus
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, and pain senses. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system, and how lesions in different pathways impact sensations.
peripheral nerve lesions
This document discusses peripheral nerve injuries, including anatomy, types of injuries (acute vs chronic), clinical signs, pathophysiology, and examples of specific nerve injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome and radial nerve palsy. Treatment options are also summarized, including conservative treatment with medications for mild cases and surgical indications like nerve repair, grafting, or release surgery for severe or failed conservative cases.
Dorsal column pathway
The dorsal column pathway carries sensations of highly localized touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. It involves the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus spinal tracts. First order sensory neurons carry information from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors and synapse with second order neurons in the dorsal horn or medullary nuclei. These second order neurons transmit impulses to the thalamus. Third order neurons then project this information to the primary somatosensory cortex.
Radial nerve
The radial nerve anatomy and injuries document describes the anatomy and treatment of radial nerve injuries. It summarizes that the radial nerve provides motor innervation to key muscles for wrist, finger, and thumb extension. For severe radial nerve injuries, early tendon transfers can restore lost functions like wrist extension, while allowing for potential nerve recovery. The principles of tendon transfers include preventing contractures, ensuring adequate strength transfer with a straight line of pull and synergistic functions. Common procedures described include transferring the palmaris longus tendon to the extensor pollicis longus and flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor digitorum communis.
Median nerve injuries
This document discusses the anatomy and clinical evaluation of median nerve injuries as well as various management strategies. It describes the anatomy of the median nerve and its branches that innervate different muscle groups in the arm and hand. Clinical presentations of high and low median nerve palsies are outlined. Surgical techniques for restoring function are proposed, including nerve transfers to regain opposition, sensation, flexion and pronation. Tendon transfers are also mentioned to help with opposition and finger flexion.
Anatomy of radial nerve and wrist drop
The radial nerve originates from the brachial plexus and supplies the posterior compartment of the upper limb. It is susceptible to injury which can result in wrist drop. Non-operative treatment involves splinting while surgery may involve nerve repair, neurolysis or tendon transfers to restore function. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on protecting tendon transfers while regaining range of motion.
Upper and lower motor neuron lesions by DR.IFRA
Upper motor neurons originate in the brain and convey signals for voluntary movement through descending pathways to lower motor neurons. Lower motor neurons originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly innervate skeletal muscles. An upper motor neuron lesion causes spastic weakness without atrophy while a lower motor neuron lesion causes flaccid paralysis with atrophy.
Ulnar nerve
The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots and provides sensation and motor function to parts of the forearm, hand, and fingers. It is susceptible to entrapment or injury at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome) and wrist (Guyon's canal syndrome). Damage to the ulnar nerve results in sensory loss and weakness of hand muscles, potentially leading to clawing of the fingers. Treatment involves reducing nerve compression non-surgically or surgically, along with physiotherapy including bracing, nerve gliding exercises, and preventing stiffness.
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This document summarizes the nerve supply of the muscles of the upper limb. It describes that the musculocutaneous nerve supplies all muscles of the front of the arm except the medial 11⁄2 heads of the triceps. The median nerve supplies muscles of the front of the forearm and all muscles of the hand except the hypothenar muscles and one muscle of the thenar eminence which are supplied by the ulnar nerve. It also describes injuries to the ulnar, median and radial nerves and the clinical presentations they cause including claw hand, ape hand and wrist and finger drop respectively.
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The document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentations of radial nerve palsy. It begins by describing the course and branches of the radial nerve from its origin in the brachial plexus through the arm and forearm. Common sites of injury include the spiral groove of the humerus and the posterior interosseous nerve in the forearm. Clinical findings of radial nerve palsy include wrist and finger drop with sensory loss over the back of the hand. Electrodiagnostic studies including nerve conduction studies and electromyography can help localize the lesion and distinguish between axonal loss and demyelination.
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Applied anatomy sciatic nerve injury
After completion of this session, students should be able to discuss, identify, and describe:
The anatomical factors predisposing to nerve injuries.
The anatomy of deformity, weakness and sensory loss following the nerve injury.
The applied anatomy of clinical examination for specific nerves.
Surgical anatomy of treating nerve injuries.
Median nerve injuries and mangement
This document provides an overview of median nerve injuries, including anatomy, types of injuries, clinical examination findings, and management principles. It describes the anatomy of the median nerve from its origins in the brachial plexus through the arm, forearm, and hand. It discusses high and low median nerve injuries. Key examination techniques are outlined, including tests for specific muscle function. Surgical management principles include nerve repair, decompression, and tendon transfers. Common compression neuropathies like carpal tunnel syndrome and pronator teres syndrome are also summarized, including their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
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1) The radial nerve is a mixed nerve that arises from the brachial plexus and provides motor innervation to muscles in the posterior arm and extensor compartment of the forearm as well as sensory innervation to the posterior arm and dorsal hand.
2) Radial nerve palsy presents with weakness of wrist and finger extension as well as loss of sensation over the dorsal hand; compression of the radial nerve can occur at various locations along its course.
3) Diagnosis involves detailed neurological examination to localize the site of injury and determine the functional deficit as well as electrodiagnostic testing to confirm the diagnosis.
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The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots and descends down the medial side of the upper arm. It enters the cubital tunnel at the elbow and gives sensation to the forearm. In the forearm, it innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus muscles. It passes through Guyon's canal at the wrist and innervates hand muscles like the hypothenar muscles and interossei, as well as providing sensation to the palmar side of the small and ring fingers. Recording and stimulation sites are described for sensory and motor nerve conduction studies of the ulnar nerve.
The Nervous System
The document discusses the nervous system and defines two medical suffixes: -plegia and -esthesia. -Plegia refers to paralysis, such as monoplegia which is paralysis of one limb, or paraplegia which is paralysis of the lower body and legs. -Esthesia refers to sensation, such as paresthesia which is an abnormal sensation like tingling, or hyperesthesia which is an excessive sensation that may involve feeling things that are not present. The nervous system coordinates all body activities by sending and receiving information.
Wrist drop
The radial nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the forearm and hand. Damage to the radial nerve causes wrist drop where the patient is unable to extend the wrist and fingers, impairing grasping. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness of hand grip and drooping of the wrist and fingers. Diagnosis involves assessing range of motion, imaging tests and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, injections, bracing and physical therapy.
Anatomy of median nerve
The median nerve originates from the brachial plexus and provides sensation and motor function to parts of the arm, forearm, and hand. It is susceptible to compression as it passes through the carpal tunnel at the wrist, which can cause carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms include pain, tingling, and numbness in the hand. Diagnosis involves physical exams like Tinel's sign and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment begins with splinting and anti-inflammatories, while surgery may be needed for persistent or severe symptoms. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy.
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As the name suggests, the ascending tracts of the spinal cord ascend from the spinal cord and connect it to the brain. These tracts are named based on their origin and termination. They are found running along the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns of the white matter.
DERMATOMES AND MYOTOMES
Dermatomes:- the sensory distribution of each nerve root is called the dermatomes.
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Nervous system
The nervous system controls and regulates all activities of the body. It is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which contain governing centers that receive sensory input and issue motor commands. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, allowing it to receive sensory information and direct motor functions in organs, muscles and glands. Together, the nervous system allows the body to respond to its external environment and maintain internal stability.
Peripheral nerve injury
This document discusses peripheral nerve injuries, including their classification, clinical features, and treatment principles. It describes the structure of nerves and the process of nerve regeneration. There are three main types of nerve injuries: neuropraxia (mild nerve stretch or contusion), axonotmesis (more severe injury with axon disruption but intact nerve sheaths), and neurotmesis (complete nerve injury or transaction). The classification is based on the extent of nerve damage and prognosis varies accordingly. Clinical assessment involves determining the affected nerve, injury level, cause, and signs of recovery. Management principles involve exploration of open injuries, nerve repair techniques like suturing or grafting, and conservative measures like splinting and physiotherapy
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The document summarizes the ascending tracts in the spinal cord that convey sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. It describes the three neuron chain involved in sensory pathways and outlines the major ascending tracts, including the lateral spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature, anterior spinothalamic tract for touch and pressure, and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus for proprioception, vibration, and discriminative touch. It provides examples of clinical presentations that would result from lesions to different ascending tracts.
Anatomy of ascending and descending tracts
The document summarizes ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord that transmit sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and brain. It describes the three neuron chain of ascending tracts that transmit exteroceptive, interoceptive, and proprioceptive sensory information from the peripheral receptors to the brain. It outlines the major ascending tracts - lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain/temperature and touch/pressure, and the posterior white column and cuneate and gracilis fasciculi for proprioception. It also summarizes the descending motor tracts including the corticospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and tectospinal tracts that
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Ulnar nerve
The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots and provides sensation and motor function to parts of the forearm, hand, and fingers. It is susceptible to entrapment or injury at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome) and wrist (Guyon's canal syndrome). Damage to the ulnar nerve results in sensory loss and weakness of hand muscles, potentially leading to clawing of the fingers. Treatment involves reducing nerve compression non-surgically or surgically, along with physiotherapy including bracing, nerve gliding exercises, and preventing stiffness.
Mnalla tkun steph
The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the sensory and motor innervation of the cremasteric reflex. It arises from two tendons - the anterior tendon from the anterior inferior iliac spine and the posterior tendon from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum. The adductor magnus muscle consists of two parts that originate from different areas of the pelvis.
RADIAL NERVE PALSY AND TENDON TRANSFER
This document discusses radial nerve palsy and tendon transfers to restore function after radial nerve injury. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the radial nerve. Radial nerve palsy results in loss of wrist, finger, and thumb extension. Tendon transfers can restore this function, such as using the palmaris longus tendon to restore thumb extension via transfer to the extensor pollicis longus. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on protecting the tendon transfers during early mobilization and strengthening exercises.
Nerve Lesions of Upper Limb .Prof. Laila M.Aboul Mahasen Morsy
This document summarizes the nerve supply of the muscles of the upper limb. It describes that the musculocutaneous nerve supplies all muscles of the front of the arm except the medial 11⁄2 heads of the triceps. The median nerve supplies muscles of the front of the forearm and all muscles of the hand except the hypothenar muscles and one muscle of the thenar eminence which are supplied by the ulnar nerve. It also describes injuries to the ulnar, median and radial nerves and the clinical presentations they cause including claw hand, ape hand and wrist and finger drop respectively.
classification and diagnostic methods of peripheral nerve injury
This document discusses peripheral nerve injury, including classifications, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes the anatomy of nerves and the cellular components. There are two main types of peripheral nerve injuries - primary injuries resulting from trauma and secondary injuries from complications like infections. Two classifications of nerve injuries are described: Seddon classification divides injuries into neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis. Sunderland classification further divides injuries into 5 degrees based on severity. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and electrodiagnostic tests like nerve conduction studies and electromyography.
Brachial plexus Dr.N.Mugunthan
The document discusses the brachial plexus, which is the network of nerves that supplies the upper limb. It describes the brachial plexus's formation from the cervical and thoracic spinal nerve roots, and its organization into trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. Examples of injuries to different parts of the brachial plexus are provided, along with the nerves involved, muscles paralyzed, clinical findings, and disabilities associated with each type of injury.
Radial neuropathy and electrophysiology
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentations of radial nerve palsy. It begins by describing the course and branches of the radial nerve from its origin in the brachial plexus through the arm and forearm. Common sites of injury include the spiral groove of the humerus and the posterior interosseous nerve in the forearm. Clinical findings of radial nerve palsy include wrist and finger drop with sensory loss over the back of the hand. Electrodiagnostic studies including nerve conduction studies and electromyography can help localize the lesion and distinguish between axonal loss and demyelination.
Pulley system
The document discusses the pulley system of the hand, which consists of long flexor tendons and associated synovial sheaths, as well as cruciate and oblique pulleys associated with each finger and thumb. Any interruption to these pulleys or digital tendon sheaths can impair muscle function. The flexor tendon pulley system maintains the flexor tendons close to the joint axis of motion and prevents bowstringing. It has several components, including annular pulleys A1-A5 associated with each joint, cruciate pulleys C1-C3 that cross between the annular pulleys, and a palmar aponeurosis pulley formed from fascicular bands in the palm.
The nervous system, parts, function, illness and diseases
The nervous system is the body's information gatherer, storage center and control system. It collects information from inside and outside the body and sends it to the brain for analysis, then sends signals to initiate responses. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to the rest of the body). The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and autonomic system for involuntary functions like heart rate. The autonomic system has the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions that work in opposition to regulate normal and stress responses. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's, which causes dementia, and Parkinson's, characterized by movement issues from dopamine neuron loss.
Applied anatomy sciatic nerve injury
After completion of this session, students should be able to discuss, identify, and describe:
The anatomical factors predisposing to nerve injuries.
The anatomy of deformity, weakness and sensory loss following the nerve injury.
The applied anatomy of clinical examination for specific nerves.
Surgical anatomy of treating nerve injuries.
Median nerve injuries and mangement
This document provides an overview of median nerve injuries, including anatomy, types of injuries, clinical examination findings, and management principles. It describes the anatomy of the median nerve from its origins in the brachial plexus through the arm, forearm, and hand. It discusses high and low median nerve injuries. Key examination techniques are outlined, including tests for specific muscle function. Surgical management principles include nerve repair, decompression, and tendon transfers. Common compression neuropathies like carpal tunnel syndrome and pronator teres syndrome are also summarized, including their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Radial nerve palsy clinical features and diagnosis
1) The radial nerve is a mixed nerve that arises from the brachial plexus and provides motor innervation to muscles in the posterior arm and extensor compartment of the forearm as well as sensory innervation to the posterior arm and dorsal hand.
2) Radial nerve palsy presents with weakness of wrist and finger extension as well as loss of sensation over the dorsal hand; compression of the radial nerve can occur at various locations along its course.
3) Diagnosis involves detailed neurological examination to localize the site of injury and determine the functional deficit as well as electrodiagnostic testing to confirm the diagnosis.
Ulnar nerve antomy and recording techniques
The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots and descends down the medial side of the upper arm. It enters the cubital tunnel at the elbow and gives sensation to the forearm. In the forearm, it innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus muscles. It passes through Guyon's canal at the wrist and innervates hand muscles like the hypothenar muscles and interossei, as well as providing sensation to the palmar side of the small and ring fingers. Recording and stimulation sites are described for sensory and motor nerve conduction studies of the ulnar nerve.
The Nervous System
The document discusses the nervous system and defines two medical suffixes: -plegia and -esthesia. -Plegia refers to paralysis, such as monoplegia which is paralysis of one limb, or paraplegia which is paralysis of the lower body and legs. -Esthesia refers to sensation, such as paresthesia which is an abnormal sensation like tingling, or hyperesthesia which is an excessive sensation that may involve feeling things that are not present. The nervous system coordinates all body activities by sending and receiving information.
Wrist drop
The radial nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the forearm and hand. Damage to the radial nerve causes wrist drop where the patient is unable to extend the wrist and fingers, impairing grasping. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness of hand grip and drooping of the wrist and fingers. Diagnosis involves assessing range of motion, imaging tests and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, injections, bracing and physical therapy.
Anatomy of median nerve
The median nerve originates from the brachial plexus and provides sensation and motor function to parts of the arm, forearm, and hand. It is susceptible to compression as it passes through the carpal tunnel at the wrist, which can cause carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms include pain, tingling, and numbness in the hand. Diagnosis involves physical exams like Tinel's sign and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment begins with splinting and anti-inflammatories, while surgery may be needed for persistent or severe symptoms. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy.
Functions and ascending tract of spinal cord
As the name suggests, the ascending tracts of the spinal cord ascend from the spinal cord and connect it to the brain. These tracts are named based on their origin and termination. They are found running along the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns of the white matter.
DERMATOMES AND MYOTOMES
Dermatomes:- the sensory distribution of each nerve root is called the dermatomes.
The area of the skin supplied by a single nerve root
Nervous system
The nervous system controls and regulates all activities of the body. It is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which contain governing centers that receive sensory input and issue motor commands. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, allowing it to receive sensory information and direct motor functions in organs, muscles and glands. Together, the nervous system allows the body to respond to its external environment and maintain internal stability.
Peripheral nerve injury
This document discusses peripheral nerve injuries, including their classification, clinical features, and treatment principles. It describes the structure of nerves and the process of nerve regeneration. There are three main types of nerve injuries: neuropraxia (mild nerve stretch or contusion), axonotmesis (more severe injury with axon disruption but intact nerve sheaths), and neurotmesis (complete nerve injury or transaction). The classification is based on the extent of nerve damage and prognosis varies accordingly. Clinical assessment involves determining the affected nerve, injury level, cause, and signs of recovery. Management principles involve exploration of open injuries, nerve repair techniques like suturing or grafting, and conservative measures like splinting and physiotherapy
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Nerve Lesions of Upper Limb .Prof. Laila M.Aboul Mahasen Morsy
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The document summarizes the ascending tracts in the spinal cord that convey sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. It describes the three neuron chain involved in sensory pathways and outlines the major ascending tracts, including the lateral spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature, anterior spinothalamic tract for touch and pressure, and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus for proprioception, vibration, and discriminative touch. It provides examples of clinical presentations that would result from lesions to different ascending tracts.
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The document summarizes ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord that transmit sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and brain. It describes the three neuron chain of ascending tracts that transmit exteroceptive, interoceptive, and proprioceptive sensory information from the peripheral receptors to the brain. It outlines the major ascending tracts - lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain/temperature and touch/pressure, and the posterior white column and cuneate and gracilis fasciculi for proprioception. It also summarizes the descending motor tracts including the corticospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and tectospinal tracts that
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Sensory system L3-4.pdf
1. The somatosensory system provides perception of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception from receptors throughout the body.
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Pain pathway gate control theory
Pain management
An unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to CNS where it is interpreted as such.
1. Exteroceptors: arising from receptors from skin & mucosa. sensed at conscious level
E.g. Merkel corpuscles : Tactile receptors.
Free Nerve ending :Perceive superficial pain.
2. Proprioceptors : From musculoskeletal structures.
The presence , positions & movement of body. below conscious levels.
E.g. 1) Muscle spindles : Skeletal muscle fibers. Mechanoreceptors.
2) Free nerve ending : Perceive deep somatic pain & other sensations.
3. Interoceptors : From viscera of body below conscious level.
E.g. Pacinian corpuscles : perception of touch-pressure.
Free nerve ending : Perceive visceral pain & other sensations.
Neurological Disorders-1.pptx disorder ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of pain pathways and nociception. It discusses the types and causes of pain, the different pain receptors, and their locations. It describes the anterolateral pain pathway, including its subdivisions and functions. It also discusses central processing of somatosensory information in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus, sensory modalities, stimulus discrimination, and the functions of nociceptors.
Spinal cord tracts
This presentation is related to neurosurgery training program in Ibne Sina Emergency Hospital, Kabul-Afghanistan
Spinal cord disorders Anatomical Approach
This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and disorders. It describes the spinal cord's location and functions, including conduction of information between the brain and body, control of locomotion, and reflexes. Anatomically, it details the spinal cord's segments, gray and white matter structures, vascular supply, and coverings. Regarding disorders, it notes that compressive myelopathies can be extradural or intradural, and intrinsic lesions can be intramedullary. Clinical features of spinal cord disorders include patterns of motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction depending on the level and nature of the lesion.
21 spinal cord tracts iby prc
The nervous system consists of sensory, motor, and higher functional parts. There is continuous information flow between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves via sensory and motor pathways. The main pathways that carry sensory information are the posterior column pathway, anterolateral pathway, and spinocerebellar pathway. The posterior column pathway carries fine touch, proprioception, vibration and stereognosis sensations via the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract. The anterolateral pathway carries pain and temperature sensations via the spinothalamic tracts. The spinocerebellar pathway relays proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.
Neuroanatomy spinal cord
The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, meninges, and some clinical correlations regarding spinal cord injuries.
Anatomy of spinal cord
The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, clinical correlations, and applications related to injuries and diseases of the spinal cord.
Tracts spinal cord dr bikal
The document summarizes the ascending and descending spinal tracts. There are ascending tracts that conduct sensory information from the body to the brain, including the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain and temperature, and the posterior white columns for proprioception. There are also descending tracts that convey motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord to control skeletal muscles, such as the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. In addition, there are tracts connecting the spinal cord and cerebellum that are important for motor coordination.
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Clinical neuroanatomy
- 1. Clinical Neuroanatomy language function 95% in left hemisphere Broca's area injury causes inability to speak Wernick's area (superior temporal lobe) injury causes inability to comprehend upper motor neuron injury distal muscles are weaker than the proximal muscles extensors muscles are weaker than the flexors muscles pre-central gyrus primary motor cortex corticospinal tract sends axons through posterior limb of internal capsule injury here involves face, arm and leg (just like a lesion of the whole precentral gyrus) goes through the brainstem cross at pyramidal decussation (right before spinal cord) goes through spinal cord synapses with lower motor neuron post-central gyrus primary sensory cortex 2 parallel systems mediation sensation from the body thalamus injury involves both systems, just like a lesion of the whole postcentral gyrus posterior or dorsal column pathway vibration and proprioception 1st neuron goes through spinal cord and synapses in the brain stem 2nd neuron crosses and goes to the thalamus where it synapses again 3rd neuron projects to postcentral gyrus spinotalhamic pathway temperature and pain 1st neuron immediately synapse at spinal cord 2nd neuron crosses at spinal cord and ascends up the brain stem to the thalamaus where it synapses 3rd neuron projects to the postcentral cortex primary visual cortex right occipital lobe see the left side of the world and vice-versa sends optic radiations to the eyeballs ocular motor neurons left hemisphere starts drives the eyes to the right and vice-versa this is acomplished by frontal eye fields (distinct areas of brain) injury causes deviations to the side of the lesion vascular supply to the brain 2 carotid arteries supplies the interior 2/3 of the brain 2 vertebral arteries supplies the posterior portion of the brain