Clinical digital photography is an important tool in orthodontics for diagnosis, treatment planning, and documentation. The advent of digital photography has increased its relevance due to lower costs and ease of use compared to film.
Proper clinical photographs require a digital SLR camera, macro lens, ring flash, and cheek retractors. Extraoral photos should include full face relaxed, full face smiling, right profile relaxed, and 3/4 profile smiling views. Intraoral photos include upper occlusal, lower occlusal, right buccal, left buccal, and frontal smiling views. Clinical photos provide important soft tissue and dental information to evaluate patients and monitor their treatment.
A research about dental photography was done by me ( Laith Tahir Al Radi) when I was a fifth year student as a graduation project for operative department in Baghdad university/ dentistry College and supervised by dr. Noor Salman.
Digital photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses dental photography, including its uses in dentistry, necessary equipment, camera components and settings, and techniques. Specifically, it outlines that dental photography is important for legal documentation, communication with labs, and marketing. It also describes the basic components of a DSLR camera and lenses, important settings like aperture, shutter speed and ISO, and tools used for intraoral photography like retractors, mirrors, and contrastors.
Introduction
Clinical application of images
+ Case documentation
+ Laboratory communication
+ Patient education
+ Dental education
Dental photography
Preoperative photography
+ Extraoral photography
# Full face- front and profile
# Dentofacial smile
# Close-up lip photographs
Intraoral photography
# Occlusal photographs
# Full dentition retracted view (Front & Lateral)
- Teeth slightly open & in occlusion
# Maxillary Anterior teeth
Postoperative photography
Features of camera
+ Lenses
# Close-Up photography lenses (Macro lenses)
# Alternatives to Macro lenses
+ Focal length
+ Working distance
+ Magnification ratio
Principle-based photography concepts
+ Exposure control
# Factors affecting exposure control
# Exposure modes
+ White balance
+ Depth of field
Camera system equipment
+ Classification of camera based on a recording of the image
+ Most common types of camera currently available
# Digital Single-lens reflex camera (DSLR)
# Pocket-sized cameras
# Portable electronic devices
How to select a camera
Important features in choosing an SLR camera
+ Lenses
+ Number of pixels
+ Functions
+ Available cameras for dental photography
Understanding lighting
+ Flashes
# Ring flash versus Point source flash
+ Accessories for Smartphone
+ How to modify the light system?
+ F-Stop and Flash setting
Accessories for Intraoral photography
+ Retractors
+ Photographic mirror
+ Contrasters
Basic general photographic technique
Technical problems area
+ Camera
+ Film
+ Developing
Image management
+ File format and compression
Summery
Conclusion
References
This document discusses orthodontic record taking and photography. It notes that the basic records include study models, radiographs, and clinical photographs. While models and radiographs were traditionally emphasized, there is now more focus on clinical photographs for purposes like treatment planning, patient education, and documentation. It reviews techniques for extraoral and intraoral photography, including types of views, positioning, lighting, cameras, and accessories like retractors and mirrors. Proper technique aims to produce reproducible, diagnostic photos with good exposure and depth of field.
Clinical photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the importance of dental photography and provides guidance on techniques and equipment. It begins by explaining that dental photography is valuable for documentation, patient education, and self-education. It then covers key aspects of dental photography including camera settings like ISO, shutter speed, and aperture. Types of lenses, flashes, and backgrounds are also reviewed. Guidelines are provided for a standard set of photos for treatment planning. Methods for shade selection and analyzing color features are also outlined. The conclusion emphasizes that mastering these techniques allows for more advanced documentation and treatment planning.
A research about dental photography was done by me ( Laith Tahir Al Radi) when I was a fifth year student as a graduation project for operative department in Baghdad university/ dentistry College and supervised by dr. Noor Salman.
Digital photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses dental photography, including its uses in dentistry, necessary equipment, camera components and settings, and techniques. Specifically, it outlines that dental photography is important for legal documentation, communication with labs, and marketing. It also describes the basic components of a DSLR camera and lenses, important settings like aperture, shutter speed and ISO, and tools used for intraoral photography like retractors, mirrors, and contrastors.
Introduction
Clinical application of images
+ Case documentation
+ Laboratory communication
+ Patient education
+ Dental education
Dental photography
Preoperative photography
+ Extraoral photography
# Full face- front and profile
# Dentofacial smile
# Close-up lip photographs
Intraoral photography
# Occlusal photographs
# Full dentition retracted view (Front & Lateral)
- Teeth slightly open & in occlusion
# Maxillary Anterior teeth
Postoperative photography
Features of camera
+ Lenses
# Close-Up photography lenses (Macro lenses)
# Alternatives to Macro lenses
+ Focal length
+ Working distance
+ Magnification ratio
Principle-based photography concepts
+ Exposure control
# Factors affecting exposure control
# Exposure modes
+ White balance
+ Depth of field
Camera system equipment
+ Classification of camera based on a recording of the image
+ Most common types of camera currently available
# Digital Single-lens reflex camera (DSLR)
# Pocket-sized cameras
# Portable electronic devices
How to select a camera
Important features in choosing an SLR camera
+ Lenses
+ Number of pixels
+ Functions
+ Available cameras for dental photography
Understanding lighting
+ Flashes
# Ring flash versus Point source flash
+ Accessories for Smartphone
+ How to modify the light system?
+ F-Stop and Flash setting
Accessories for Intraoral photography
+ Retractors
+ Photographic mirror
+ Contrasters
Basic general photographic technique
Technical problems area
+ Camera
+ Film
+ Developing
Image management
+ File format and compression
Summery
Conclusion
References
This document discusses orthodontic record taking and photography. It notes that the basic records include study models, radiographs, and clinical photographs. While models and radiographs were traditionally emphasized, there is now more focus on clinical photographs for purposes like treatment planning, patient education, and documentation. It reviews techniques for extraoral and intraoral photography, including types of views, positioning, lighting, cameras, and accessories like retractors and mirrors. Proper technique aims to produce reproducible, diagnostic photos with good exposure and depth of field.
Clinical photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the importance of dental photography and provides guidance on techniques and equipment. It begins by explaining that dental photography is valuable for documentation, patient education, and self-education. It then covers key aspects of dental photography including camera settings like ISO, shutter speed, and aperture. Types of lenses, flashes, and backgrounds are also reviewed. Guidelines are provided for a standard set of photos for treatment planning. Methods for shade selection and analyzing color features are also outlined. The conclusion emphasizes that mastering these techniques allows for more advanced documentation and treatment planning.
This document discusses recommendations and tips for dental photography. It recommends using a ring flash for even illumination and plastic retractors to hold back cheeks without allowing them to cave in. Key tips include positioning the lens close to the subject, centering and focusing on the main object, using mirrors for buccal surfaces, and using solid backgrounds for extraoral shots. The goal is to clearly document procedures and conditions for treatment planning and records.
This document provides guidance on clinical photography for orthodontic treatment. It discusses the benefits of clinical photos, basic camera terms, and requirements for good orthodontic photos. Key points include:
- A minimum of 9 photos is recommended, including 4 extra-oral and 5 intra-oral shots
- A macro lens and ring flash are essential camera accessories for good intra-oral images
- Photos should be properly edited and organized after capture, including cropping, color/brightness adjustments, and saving in an appropriate file format
- Clinical photos provide documentation for treatment planning, research, and medico-legal purposes by capturing the patient's facial esthetics and dental alignment over time
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Camera for Dentistry- Should I Invest One in My Dental ClinicPremiereDental
As the world of dentistry continues to evolve, taking pictures for documentation and treatment purposes has evolved greatly from merely clicking a camera at a patient’s teeth, to getting accurate visual information on everything that goes on in a patient’s mouth, be it the different contours of the centra incisors to the angle of an impacted wisdom tooth.
Acquiring such information from a picture however requires a camera that allows such precise details to be highlighted. With the ever improving technology in dental photography, clinics should consider the following before purchasing a dental camera.
Clinical photography 01 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Importance of Digital Dental Photography in the Practice of Dentistrydentalid
SUMMARY
Digital photography has today, quite sure, penetrated into all segments of life, providing new facts and perceptions in the field of science, medicine, industry, fashion design, communications and arts.
The aim of this paperwork was to, based of the observations from literature and clinical experience, inform and assist the physician-practitioner in having insight into the overall importance from the domain of digital dental photography and make in this way the everyday practice easier, more comprehensive and of better quality. Numerous statements in technical literature and reports in everyday practice point to its great significance in contemporary dentistry, both from the aspect of its role in documenting dental treatment, communication in the relation dentist-patient-dental technician, self-checking (control) of one’s own results, illustration of lectures and publications, and the aspect of conceptualizing efficient marketing and accomplishing electronic teledental system of connections. Digital photography has multilevel significance and represents the synonym of contemporary dentistry. It’s application in dental practice is simple, fast and utterly useful in documenting procedures of work, effectuating the education of patients and pursuing clinical investigations, thus securing many benefits to dentists and patients.
Key words: digital dental photography, digital documentation, teledentistry
Clinical photography/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document is a business plan presentation for an intern dentist on intraoral photography. It outlines the importance of intraoral photography for documentation, communication, marketing, treatment planning, shade documentation, self-assessment, research, and medico-legal purposes. It discusses basic photography terms like resolution, focal length, aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. It describes the instruments used like DSLR cameras, macro lenses, ring flashes, and cheek retractors. It provides details on taking facial views, right and left lateral views, and upper and lower occlusal views through various camera angles and patient positioning.
Magnification is an important tool in dentistry that improves visualization of small structures. While loupes provide 2-5x magnification, microscopes allow for higher magnification of 6-40x as well as enhanced lighting. The key components of a microscope include the supporting structure, body with eyepieces, magnification changers, objective lens, and light source. Microscopes provide superior magnification, illumination, depth of field, and allow for documentation compared to loupes. Accessories like filters, cameras, and assistant scopes further enhance the utility of microscopes for dental procedures.
The slideshare gives an overview of the different and recent advancements in the fields of digital imaging and throws a light on the clinical applications.
This document discusses cataracts and presbyopia, as well as treatment options performed by Dr. Helga Fuenfhausen Pizio. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens that causes vision problems and is common in older adults. Symptoms include blurry or faded vision. Surgery is the only treatment and involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. For presbyopia, which causes near vision issues, multifocal lenses can provide both near and distance vision after cataract surgery without glasses. Dr. Pizio performs cataract surgery using small incisions and ultrasound and was the first in Nevada to implant a new multifocal lens.
This document discusses various types of lenses and coatings used in eyeglasses. It describes unifocal lenses that provide single vision correction and multifocal lenses like bifocals and trifocals that correct for both distance and near vision. Progressive lenses provide a seamless transition between vision corrections. Hi-index and lightweight lenses reduce thickness. Photochromic lenses darken in sunlight and clear in low light. Polarized and tinted lenses reduce glare. Polycarbonate lenses are impact resistant. Anti-reflective coatings improve vision clarity and comfort.
Magnetic resonance imaging /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on contact lenses, including their indications, contraindications, types, fitting procedures, parameters, complications, and special considerations. It discusses rigid gas permeable, soft, therapeutic, extended wear, disposable, and cosmetic contact lenses. Key details include the materials used to manufacture different contact lens types, advantages and disadvantages, fitting considerations like base curve and power, and potential post-fitting complications.
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.
This document outlines the steps involved in fitting soft contact lenses. It discusses factors that affect lens fit like modulus of elasticity and water content. The fitting process involves an eye exam, keratometry, measuring the horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), and selecting an initial trial lens based on the base curve, power, diameter, and lens type. The fit of the trial lens is then evaluated based on patient comfort, corneal coverage, centration, movement, push-up test results, lens lag, edge alignment, and over-refraction results. The lens parameters may be altered to improve fit, and a final contact lens order is placed specifying details like base curve, power, diameter, water content, and manufacturer.
Clinical digital photography in orthodonticsFaizan Ali
This document discusses photographic records for orthodontic treatment. It provides information on the types of photographs needed, including extra-oral and intra-oral views. Extra-oral photos should include frontal at rest, frontal smiling, right profile at rest, and oblique smiling views. Intra-oral views include frontal occlusion, bilateral buccal occlusion, and upper and lower occlusal views using mirrors. Digital photography provides advantages over film such as immediate viewing and editing. Proper equipment, techniques and minimum of 9 photos are recommended for comprehensive records.
This document discusses recommendations and tips for dental photography. It recommends using a ring flash for even illumination and plastic retractors to hold back cheeks without allowing them to cave in. Key tips include positioning the lens close to the subject, centering and focusing on the main object, using mirrors for buccal surfaces, and using solid backgrounds for extraoral shots. The goal is to clearly document procedures and conditions for treatment planning and records.
This document provides guidance on clinical photography for orthodontic treatment. It discusses the benefits of clinical photos, basic camera terms, and requirements for good orthodontic photos. Key points include:
- A minimum of 9 photos is recommended, including 4 extra-oral and 5 intra-oral shots
- A macro lens and ring flash are essential camera accessories for good intra-oral images
- Photos should be properly edited and organized after capture, including cropping, color/brightness adjustments, and saving in an appropriate file format
- Clinical photos provide documentation for treatment planning, research, and medico-legal purposes by capturing the patient's facial esthetics and dental alignment over time
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Camera for Dentistry- Should I Invest One in My Dental ClinicPremiereDental
As the world of dentistry continues to evolve, taking pictures for documentation and treatment purposes has evolved greatly from merely clicking a camera at a patient’s teeth, to getting accurate visual information on everything that goes on in a patient’s mouth, be it the different contours of the centra incisors to the angle of an impacted wisdom tooth.
Acquiring such information from a picture however requires a camera that allows such precise details to be highlighted. With the ever improving technology in dental photography, clinics should consider the following before purchasing a dental camera.
Clinical photography 01 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Importance of Digital Dental Photography in the Practice of Dentistrydentalid
SUMMARY
Digital photography has today, quite sure, penetrated into all segments of life, providing new facts and perceptions in the field of science, medicine, industry, fashion design, communications and arts.
The aim of this paperwork was to, based of the observations from literature and clinical experience, inform and assist the physician-practitioner in having insight into the overall importance from the domain of digital dental photography and make in this way the everyday practice easier, more comprehensive and of better quality. Numerous statements in technical literature and reports in everyday practice point to its great significance in contemporary dentistry, both from the aspect of its role in documenting dental treatment, communication in the relation dentist-patient-dental technician, self-checking (control) of one’s own results, illustration of lectures and publications, and the aspect of conceptualizing efficient marketing and accomplishing electronic teledental system of connections. Digital photography has multilevel significance and represents the synonym of contemporary dentistry. It’s application in dental practice is simple, fast and utterly useful in documenting procedures of work, effectuating the education of patients and pursuing clinical investigations, thus securing many benefits to dentists and patients.
Key words: digital dental photography, digital documentation, teledentistry
Clinical photography/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document is a business plan presentation for an intern dentist on intraoral photography. It outlines the importance of intraoral photography for documentation, communication, marketing, treatment planning, shade documentation, self-assessment, research, and medico-legal purposes. It discusses basic photography terms like resolution, focal length, aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. It describes the instruments used like DSLR cameras, macro lenses, ring flashes, and cheek retractors. It provides details on taking facial views, right and left lateral views, and upper and lower occlusal views through various camera angles and patient positioning.
Magnification is an important tool in dentistry that improves visualization of small structures. While loupes provide 2-5x magnification, microscopes allow for higher magnification of 6-40x as well as enhanced lighting. The key components of a microscope include the supporting structure, body with eyepieces, magnification changers, objective lens, and light source. Microscopes provide superior magnification, illumination, depth of field, and allow for documentation compared to loupes. Accessories like filters, cameras, and assistant scopes further enhance the utility of microscopes for dental procedures.
The slideshare gives an overview of the different and recent advancements in the fields of digital imaging and throws a light on the clinical applications.
This document discusses cataracts and presbyopia, as well as treatment options performed by Dr. Helga Fuenfhausen Pizio. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens that causes vision problems and is common in older adults. Symptoms include blurry or faded vision. Surgery is the only treatment and involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. For presbyopia, which causes near vision issues, multifocal lenses can provide both near and distance vision after cataract surgery without glasses. Dr. Pizio performs cataract surgery using small incisions and ultrasound and was the first in Nevada to implant a new multifocal lens.
This document discusses various types of lenses and coatings used in eyeglasses. It describes unifocal lenses that provide single vision correction and multifocal lenses like bifocals and trifocals that correct for both distance and near vision. Progressive lenses provide a seamless transition between vision corrections. Hi-index and lightweight lenses reduce thickness. Photochromic lenses darken in sunlight and clear in low light. Polarized and tinted lenses reduce glare. Polycarbonate lenses are impact resistant. Anti-reflective coatings improve vision clarity and comfort.
Magnetic resonance imaging /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on contact lenses, including their indications, contraindications, types, fitting procedures, parameters, complications, and special considerations. It discusses rigid gas permeable, soft, therapeutic, extended wear, disposable, and cosmetic contact lenses. Key details include the materials used to manufacture different contact lens types, advantages and disadvantages, fitting considerations like base curve and power, and potential post-fitting complications.
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.
This document outlines the steps involved in fitting soft contact lenses. It discusses factors that affect lens fit like modulus of elasticity and water content. The fitting process involves an eye exam, keratometry, measuring the horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), and selecting an initial trial lens based on the base curve, power, diameter, and lens type. The fit of the trial lens is then evaluated based on patient comfort, corneal coverage, centration, movement, push-up test results, lens lag, edge alignment, and over-refraction results. The lens parameters may be altered to improve fit, and a final contact lens order is placed specifying details like base curve, power, diameter, water content, and manufacturer.
Clinical digital photography in orthodonticsFaizan Ali
This document discusses photographic records for orthodontic treatment. It provides information on the types of photographs needed, including extra-oral and intra-oral views. Extra-oral photos should include frontal at rest, frontal smiling, right profile at rest, and oblique smiling views. Intra-oral views include frontal occlusion, bilateral buccal occlusion, and upper and lower occlusal views using mirrors. Digital photography provides advantages over film such as immediate viewing and editing. Proper equipment, techniques and minimum of 9 photos are recommended for comprehensive records.
This document discusses photography in orthodontics, including intraoral and extraoral photography. It outlines the importance of photography for treatment planning, case discussions, aiding treatment, and marketing. Recent developments in digital cameras have made photography more convenient due to ease of use, ability to edit photos, and cost effectiveness. The document provides guidelines for various intraoral and extraoral photo techniques, including the use of retractors, mirrors, and flashes. It recommends a Dental Eye III camera system and describes proper patient positioning and angles for different standard orthodontic photos.
Photography 102 - Master Your DSLR - San Diego Photography Classes Jason Kirby
This is the presentation from Photography 102, Mastering your DSLR. This is taught by Jason Kirby of San Diego Photography Classes and The Right Light Photography. Jason is a San Diego Photographer who believes in making sure his students truly feel comfortable with their varies functions of their camera. Learn more at http://www.sandiegophotographyclass.com
Jeffrey Luke is a medical photographer who documents graphic surgical procedures. The six photos presented focus on life and death situations where doctors are working to save patients. The photographer captures intense moments of concentration and the medical tools used from varied camera angles. He uses black and white film to give the images a timeless quality and blur corners of some frames to direct the viewer's focus. While the varied angles are a strength, overuse of the black and white effect is a potential weakness.
This photographer, Jeffrey Luke, focuses on capturing calm and respectful images of medical operations and care. His black and white photographs show doctors and medical equipment at work but avoid graphic or exposed shots of actual operations. He uses varied camera angles, such as shots looking up from below, to give viewers a sense of observing the operations without being invasive. The dramatic black and white theme allows the images to be viewed holistically rather than drawing attention to any one area.
Pacific Northwest Dental Conference - Dr. Stoverbluecollar01
The document provides information about the 2009 Pacific Northwest Dental Conference. It welcomes attendees and provides logistical information such as downloading lecture materials online, turning off phones, no photography during presentations, and how to obtain CDE verification forms. It also encourages attendees to visit the exhibit hall, enter drawings, and support exhibitors. The document concludes by thanking attendees.
The document summarizes information from a meeting of medical professionals on May 19, 2010. It discusses an organization founded in 1973 with over 8,000 members that advocates for alternative transportation in New York City. The organization's mission is to promote bicycling, walking and public transit over automobile use. It also highlights data showing the health benefits of increasing active transportation and reducing private vehicle trips and traffic speeds in NYC.
The document discusses the potential for using essential oils in conjunction with traditional antiseptic solutions to more effectively eliminate microbes. It summarizes studies that found using essential oils like eucalyptus oil with chlorhexidine increased the penetration and antimicrobial efficacy of the chlorhexidine. One study detected chlorhexidine 1050 micrometers into skin tissue when combined with essential oils, compared to usual depths of 50-100 micrometers. A clinical trial found applying essential oils and antibiotics to cancer patients' infected ulcers improved healing and quality of life by eliminating foul odors and infections. The document concludes that essential oils show promise in evidence-based practice when used with antiseptic substances but further research is still needed.
Clinical photography (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses recent advances in dental photography, with a focus on digital photography. It describes the basics of digital photography, including pixels, resolution, image sensors, and factors to consider when selecting a digital camera. Common errors in clinical photography are outlined, such as inappropriate equipment choice and improper subject positioning. The gold standard for orthodontic photography is said to be 9 pre-treatment and 9 post-treatment photographs, with mid-treatment photos taken with each archwire change, up to a total of 36 photos to fully document a case.
Digital photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Clinical photography 02 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cephalometric analysis has evolved from traditional 2D radiographs to 3D digital techniques. Broadbent is considered the father of radiographic cephalometry for developing the technique in 1937. While conventional cephalometry is useful for diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation, it has disadvantages like errors and manual processing. Photocephalometry introduced in 1970s allowed measuring soft tissue changes but was complex. Digital cephalometry since 1980s has advantages like dose reduction and storage. 3D modeling using CT, stereophotogrammetry and laser scans now allows accurate anatomical models for pre-operative simulation and custom implants. Stereolithography is used to produce 3D printed models but has limitations of cost and radiation dose. 3D navigation during
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides information about photography in orthodontics, including:
1) Photographs are an essential part of clinical documentation in orthodontics, with full sets taken at the beginning and end of treatment, and some mid-treatment.
2) Digital photography has replaced film and allows immediate viewing, editing, and sharing of images.
3) Professional digital SLR cameras provide the best image quality for orthodontic photography when used with macro lenses and appropriate exposure settings.
4) Photography requires specialized equipment like retractor mirrors, and adequate lighting and background to capture diagnostic quality intraoral and extraoral images.
This document discusses two articles about digital dental photography. It provides an overview of different types of cameras that can be used for dental photography based on image quality needs. It also discusses various purposes and uses of dental photography, including documentation for examination/diagnosis, monitoring treatment progress, assessing outcomes, communication with patients/staff, and marketing a dental practice. Confidentiality is important when taking patient photos.
2. Photography in orthodontics and its importance.kotharisdental
This document discusses photography in orthodontics and provides guidance on clinical photography. It begins by outlining the benefits of clinical photographs for treatment planning and monitoring. It then discusses the transition to digital photography and basic digital camera terminology. The document provides recommendations on the number and types of intraoral and extraoral photographs needed. It offers instructions on proper positioning and techniques for different photo types. Common errors in clinical photography are also reviewed. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of clinical photographs for documentation and establishing standardized methods and equipment for high quality orthodontic photography.
Digital photography in Dentistry, is a fast demanding procedure now a days, have some brief description on it. this presentation is made from British journal articles.
This document compares digital and standard radiographs in dentistry. It discusses that while new technologies are generally improvements, dental professionals must critically analyze them. Digital radiographs have benefits like lower radiation exposure for patients and the ability to adjust settings after exposure. However, they also have higher acquisition costs. Standard radiographs produce waste from used materials. Overall, both methods have advantages and disadvantages, so dental professionals should consider the specific needs of their practice and patients when deciding.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This is a story I wrote about the SPOT autorefractor for the AOANews. It features the staff at Lyons Family Eye Care and several others who are involved in its use and development.
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Today, photography has reached a level where basic digital cameras are being replaced by high end Digital SLR cameras. The experiment designed and executed will help the aspiring photographers and the general population that use these cameras, by giving them a brief idea & description about the various parameters that come under consideration while clicking photographs and also an overview of the outcomes.
Adaptive lenses can solve key issues preventing virtual and augmented reality from reaching their potential by changing focus like the human eye. They allow VR and XR experiences to be more immersive and comfortable by resolving the vergence-accommodation conflict. Adaptive lenses paired with eye tracking could also create autofocus glasses that automatically adjust focus for the user. Adaptive lenses are needed to fully realize the market potential of AR/VR estimated at over $50 billion by allowing content to be viewed comfortably at close distances.
The document discusses strategies for improving rigid gas permeable (RGP) lens fitting practices. It notes declining RGP prescription rates and argues they remain a good option for many patients. It provides tips for practitioners, including improving RGP knowledge, using correct terminology with patients, starting difficult cases with RGPs, using anesthetic at fittings, ensuring proper edge shape and fit, charging appropriate fees, and not prejudging patients' ability to adapt to RGPs. The overall aim is to remind practitioners why RGPs are valuable and give ways to improve RGP prescription rates.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A viewfinder is what photographers look through to compose and focus pictures. Optical viewfinders display around 90-95% of the image but LCD screens have advantages like convenience in bright light. Despite LCD benefits, pro photographers prefer viewfinders for steady shots without glare or drained batteries. A lens gathers and focuses light, with different types for purposes like wide angles, telephotos, and macros. An image sensor detects and conveys image information by converting light waves into electronic signals. Common sensor types are CCD, CMOS, and LiveMOS. The aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens that controls how much light reaches the image sensor.
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Various laser lenses have been introduced following Goldmann 3- mirror and Goldmann fundus contact lens for retinal photocoagulation.
Below described some of the time-tested lenses in widespread use. Precise knowledge of these lenses is necessary for safe retinal photocoagulation.
Small overview of the startups involved in healthcare artificial intelligence, the OCT market, investments, patent and IP issues and FDA regulation.
Alternative download link: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/6757026/slideShare/retinalAI_landscape.pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics Shadi Samawi - JDJ; Vol18-2012
1. JDJ
Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics:
Professional Photographic Records in Daily Practice.
Shadi S. Samawi BDS, MMedSci (Orth), MOrthRCSED
* Specialist Orthodontist
* Private Practice - Amman, Jordan.
Correspondence:
Dr. Shadi Samawi
E-mail: info@sdoc.jo
Abstract
In recent years, Clinical Photography has grown to become a very important aid and requirement for
proper clinical diagnosis, treatment planning and case documentation in Orthodontics and Dentistry
in general. The advent of mainstream digital photography a little over a decade ago with its widespread appeal, cost-effectiveness and relative ease of use, along with an increased emphasis on smile
esthetics and overall facial harmony - particularly in Orthodontics - has largely contributed to its
increased relevance to every-day practice.
This article will present an overview of the significance of clinical digital photography in every-day
orthodontic practice, a general description of some relevant equipment as well as present an outline
of requirements and best-practices for achieving proper high quality photographic records in a clinical
setup.
Keywords: photography, digital photography, clinical photography, orthodontics, records.
Received: March 2013, Published: May 2013
Introduction
need for proper clinical photographic records of
the orthodontic patient has become even more
The Significance of Clinical Photography
essential for proper treatment-planning and
follow-up.1
With more and more emphasis from the
orthodontic community on the achievement of
Clinical photographs allow the orthodontist to
balanced facial harmony and smile esthetics for
carefully evaluate the existing patient's soft-
our patients - in addition to the traditional goals
tissue patterns during the treatment planning
of a well-aligned and functional dentition - the
stage.2 Lip morphology and tonicity, the smile arc
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and the degree of incisal show upon smiling and
suitable digital camera setup, one or two high
overall smile esthetics can all be assessed from
capacity memory cards, and a computer with a
various angles at any time. Thus, they allow us to
reasonably-sized hard disk setup for processing,
study the patient in a so called “social” setting,
storage and back-up purposes.
and all without the patient ever being present.
Such information greatly aids the orthodontist in
One of the main advantages of digital
formulating the best possible treatment plan for
photography is the ability to enhance, or “post-
each patient, and monitoring any changes in
process” your images. Even if some images are
subsequent follow-ups.
still not suitably aligned, rotated, or the color,
brightness or saturation etc. is not up to
Needless to say, the need for photographic
standard, it is usually relatively easy to adjust
records for purposes of research and publication,
those using a suitable image-editing software on
lecturing and for teaching presentations has
your computer, before saving the images in the
always been present. In addition, the growing
patient’s file. 1,5
importance for the need for such records for
medico-legal reasons cannot be ignored.2,3
However, it is vital not to overlook the ethical
issues raised by such enhancement procedures
Going for a digital camera is the obvious choice
and as such, any photo manipulation beyond the
in this digital age. One of the major reasons is the
basic general improvement of the properties of
relative ease of use of such cameras, along with
the original image as described in this article is
the ability to repeat or delete unsuitable images
not advised and is considered - by all means -
on the spot. There is no need to wait until the
ethically and professionally unacceptable, and
film is developed to check your photos. Any
may ultimately lead to legal ramifications.
problems can be easily rectified immediately.
Another important advantage is the issue of
Recommended Equipment
“running cost”; Digital camera setups are costeffective; eliminating the cost of photographic
There are several types of digital cameras
film, developing costs and hassles, as well as
available on the market today. Most compact
solving the issue of “physical storage” of slides
cameras i.e “Point and Shoot” cameras available
and photographs of large numbers of patients.3,4
today have sufficient image quality and
All that is required is a one-time investment in a
sophistication to produce reasonable clinical
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Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
dental photographs, although at the expense of
build quality and thus would be a solid long-term
proper illumination of the scene due to
investment for the practice. Many DSLRs now
limitations of their built-in Single-point Flash
come with High Definition (HD) video recording
units. However, their results are often
capabilities as well, that may prove useful in
inconsistent and require too much time and trial
certain clinical situations. An entry-level DSLR
and error to get the desired outcome. The ideal
camera is recommended for clinical photography,
camera setup that is best-suited and
as it will produce the highest quality results while
recommended for clinical photography is a
being a more cost-effective option than other
Digital Single Lens Reflex camera setup (DSLR)
high-end DSLRs.
with a suitable Ring Flash unit.3,6,7 The minimum
accepted image resolution that would provide us
B. The Lens
with high quality photos for screen presentation
or 4x6 prints - if desired - would be around 4
Although zoom lenses can generally be used for
Megapixels. However, current cameras can
clinical photography, the recommended lens to
produce much higher-resolution photos than this
use is a dedicated Macro lens e.g. a 100mm focal
minimum requirement, therefore it can be
length Macro lens.
generally determined that any current camera
with a resolution of 8 Megapixels or higher
Macro Lens vs Macro Function
would be more than adequate for orthodontic
record-taking purposes. This setup is described
Macro photography refers to close-up
in more detail in the following sections.
photography; the classical definition that the
image projected on the "film plane" (i.e film or a
A. The Digital Camera
digital sensor) is the same size as the subject.
Most Point-&-Shoot digital cameras have a built-
A DSLR provides full manual control over all
in Macro function that is actually very good for
exposure parameters in photography, in addition
dental photography purposes. However, a
to the usual automatic and semi-automatic
dedicated Macro lens attached to a DSLR camera
programs available on most cameras today.
provides even better close-up photos usually with
Therefore, they allow maximum flexibility and
higher definition and better focus, and is by far
customization for producing the highest possible
the superior choice.8
quality of digital images.7 They are of a superior
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JDJ
C. The Flash
Ring Flash vs Point Flash
The Single Point Flash built into most compact
digital cameras and some DSLR may occasionally
produce fairly good light distribution when used
for clinical photographs, but the results are very
inconsistent and largely depend on camera
orientation and pre-existing lighting conditions
in the clinic. Dark distracting shadows, which
Figure 1 Canon MR-14EX TTL Macro Ring Lite Flash
(Canon USA)
may obstruct important details frequently occur.
These are often irreparable even by using image
editing software, and will detract from the final
quality of the image, and possibly the
information gained from it. In contrast, A
dedicated Ring Flash - eliminates almost all
shadows by providing a more even distribution of
light during extra and intra-oral photographs
(Figure 1), and thus the quality of the image is
enhanced due to overall better illumination.
Ring Flash for orthodontic photography.1,3,4,7
Figure 2 Large and Small Double-ended Cheek
Retractors and Medium-sized, Front-silver coated Dental
Mirror.
D. Retractors
There are two sets of double-ended retractors;
Therefore, it is highly recommended to use a
one set with a regular and small size either end.
The recommended cheek retractors to be used
These are mainly used for intra-oral occlusal
for best results in clinical photography are two
shots (mirror shots). The other set has a narrow
pairs of variable-size double-ended retractors
end and a wide end on the other. These are used
shown (Figure 2).1,3
for intra-oral frontal and buccal shots.
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Although other types of retractors are available
resulting in haziness or a “Double-Image”. Also,
on the market, it is accepted by many that this
light reflection is not on par with the front-
selection presents an ideal set to be used for
silvered mirrors, leading to a dimmed, darkened
clinical photography, as they greatly facilitate
image as an end-result. Therefore front-coated
taking almost any kind of intra-oral photographs
silvered mirrors are highly recommended over
with clarity and with the largest possible field of
other types (Figure 2).1,3
vision. Smaller one-piece orthodontic bonding
retractors are generally not a good choice for
It is generally preferred to use long-handled
orthodontic purposes, especially for buccal and
mirrors (see Image) as they allow better control
occlusal shots, as their retraction potential is very
and handling by the clinician during the occlusal
limited, and it can often prove to be a “painful
shots. Different sizes can be found for use with
experience” for the patient.9
different patients depending on age and mouthopening size, with medium-sized mirrors
It is a wise long-term investment to buy good
generally being fit for use with most patients.
quality retractors to ensure durability and
reliability, with recurrent disinfection
Mirrors with no handles may also be used
procedures.
successfully but are trickier to handle, especially
when juggling an expensive digital camera in the
E. Dental Photography Mirrors
other hand.
Many types of mirrors may be used for clinical
It is important to mention that the previously
photography, ranging from front-silvered
mentioned equipment are not - by any means -
mirrors to highly polished Stainless Steel mirrors
the only recommended equipment for the
of various shapes and sizes. Many authorities in
purposes of clinical photography, nor are they
the field recommend front-coated silvered
necessarily the best for all clinicians, and should
mirrors as they offer the best image quality and
be considered as a basic recommendation that -
light distribution over other types of mirrors.
in the author’s personal opinion and experience -
With front-silvered mirrors, no “ghost” image, or
represents the simplest, most cost-effective and
“double-layering” occurs. In contrast, when using
easy-to-use setup that will produce the highest
glass or rear-coated silvered mirrors, “ghosting”
quality professional results in a consistent
can severely affect the quality of the image,
fashion.
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6. Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
How Many Photographs Do We Need?
JDJ
exposure as it determines the other variables
automatically. The aperture (F number) is best
There is no “standard” set of clinical photographs
set to f22 or higher; this will ensure a high depth
that is universally approved as a rule of thumb.
of field and focus throughout the various extra
However, it can generally be accepted - based on
and intra-oral photographs.1,2,3 The use of a Ring
many practitioners’ opinions - that a complete
flash is essential in this case to ensure proper
“Clinical Photographic Set” for any orthodontic
lighting and illumination of the scene. Clinicians
patient at any stage of treatment, that would
with a good understanding of photographic
enable the clinician to obtain maximum benefit
exposure principles may choose to use the Full
and information, should include a minimum of
Manual setting (M) and control all the exposure
nine photographs; four extra-oral, and five
variables themselves as they see fit.8
intraoral photographs per set, with a minimum
of two sets; Pre and Post-treatment sets.
It is important to note that these are only general
recommendations and some trial and error may
However, a clinician may also choose to take
additional views, as needed to document the
still be required depending on the existing
clinical lighting and situation.
entire case in further detail.
Extra-oral Clinical Photographs
Clinical Photographic Technique
They are usually the first and simplest
General Camera Settings
photographs to take. They require proper
positioning of the patient and clinician in
As mentioned earlier, DSLRs allow maximum
control and customization of camera settings to
achieve the best possible results. In most cases, it
is recommended to set the camera dial to
Aperture Priority Mode (A or Av, depending on
front of a suitable plain background; in
addition to the digital camera setup itself. It
is recommended to use a plain-white or darkblue background or alternatively a large wall-
camera brand). Aperture Priority mode allows
mounted light box behind the patient’s head,
the photographer to control the aperture
in order to maintain the best definition of the
dimension, through which light enters the lens,
soft tissue profile of the patient with no
while leaving the camera to balance the best
distractions in the background.3,7
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Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
Standardizing extra-oral photographs by
head in the Natural Head Position, eyes
maintaining a fixed distance between the
looking straight at the camera and the teeth
patient and the camera is preferred as it
and lips relaxed in the rest position. The
would provide a consistent magnification
whole of the patient’s face should be clearly
factor and add a professional appearance to
visible. Ensuring that the inter-pupillary line
the photos. This may be done by using a
is horizontally leveled is vital (Figure 3).
tripod set at a fixed marked distance from the
background and marking a line on the floor
The camera should be held in the vertical
at a certain distance from the background
portrait orientation for this and all extra-oral
where patients should consistently stand
photographs and the photograph taken at 90
while being photographed.
degrees to the facial midline for best results,
while ensuring proper framing of the entire
Extra-oral photos consist of the following
head and neck.
four photographs, taken in the following
sequence:
2. Face-Frontal (Smiling)
1. Face-Frontal (lips relaxed).
The same principles apply as in the first
2. Face-Frontal (Smiling).
photograph with the important exception
3. Profile (Lips relaxed).
that the patient should be smiling in a natural
4. (45 °) Profile (also known as 3/4 Profile -
relaxed manner with the anterior teeth
Smiling).
clearly visible, in order to properly showcase
overall smile esthetics from the front (Figure
These four shots provide the clinician with
4).
maximum possible information about the
patient’s facial and soft tissue features,
3. Profile (Lips relaxed)
proportions, and overall smile esthetics.
The profile view has an extremely high
diagnostic value for the orthodontist. The
1. Face-Frontal (lips relaxed)
patient is required to turn to bodily to their
The patient should stand at the marked
left thus having their right profile visible to
distance form the background with their
the clinician. Ideally, the whole of the right
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Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
Figure 3:
Full-face
Frontal - Lips
at Rest.
Figure 4:
Full-face
Frontal Smiling.
Figure 5:
Right Profile
View - Lips at
Rest.
Figure 6:
3/4 Profile Smiling View.
side of the face should be clearly visible with
here is particularly important, as it will
no obstructions such as hair, hats or scarfs.
eliminate any shadowing of the border of the
The head should be in the Natural Head
patient’s profile onto the background, which
Position, with their eyes fixed horizontally -
can very distracting and considerably
preferably at a specific point at eye-level, or
compromise the quality of the photo and the
at the reflection of their own pupils in a
information gained from it.
mirror (Figure 5). The use of a Ring flash
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Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
4. (45 °) Profile (also known as 3/4
There are five essential intra-oral
Profile - Smiling)
photographs - taken in the following
From the Profile photo position, the patient
sequence:
is asked to turn their heads slightly to their
1. Frontal - in occlusion
right - about 3/4 of the way, hence the name -
2. Right Buccal (in occlusion)
while keeping their body still in the previous
3. Left Buccal (in occlusion)
“Profile Shot” position i.e. Facing forward.
4. Upper Occlusal (mirror)
They are then instructed to look into the
5. Lower Occlusal (mirror)
camera, and then smile. It is essential that
the patient’s teeth show clearly when smiling,
1. Frontal (in occlusion)
otherwise the photograph would be of
The patient is seated in the dental chair with
minimum benefit (Figure 6).
head raised to the clinician’s elbow level. The
dental assistant stands behind the patient
This shot conveys the patient as if in “social
and uses the larger set of retractors from
interaction”, and can provide valuable
their wider ends to retract the patient's lips
information regarding the smile esthetics’
sideways and outward, away from the teeth
changes pre and post-treatment.
and gingivae. Maximum field of view is
required for visualization of all teeth and
Intra-oral Clinical Photographs
associated tissues. The photo should be taken
90° to the facial mid-line & central incisors.
Intra-oral photos require the proper cheek
With the occlusal plane properly leveled
retractors, dental photography mirrors, as
according to the patient’s existing occlusion.
well as a well-trained assistant if possible - in
The Ring-Flash will greatly aid in producing a
addition to the camera setup. They require
quality photograph by ensuring the best
more attention to detail to produce excellent
possible illumination with no shadows,
results.
especially in the deeper parts of the oral
cavity and buccal vestibules (Figure 7).
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2. Right Buccal (in occlusion)
molar is visible if possible, while the assistant
Here, the assistant flips the right retractor to
maintains hold of the left retractor, without
the narrower side, while the left retractor
undue stretching. Again, the shot is taken 90°
remains in place as for the previous frontal
to the canine-premolar area for best
shot. The patient is asked to turn their head
visualization of the buccal segment
to their left so their right side will be facing
relationship, as this is very important in
the clinician (Figure 8).
orthodontic assessment. A useful tip would
be for the clinician to fully stretch the right
The clinician holds the right retractor and
retractor just before taking the shot to
stretches it to the extent that the last present
minimize any discomfort for the patient, and
Figure 7
Figure 8
Frontal View - In Occlusion.
Right Buccal View - In Occlusion.
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Figure 9 Left Buccal View - In Occlusion.
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Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
Figure 11
Figure 10
Upper Occlusal View - Mirror.
achieve maximum visibility of the last
present molar, if possible.
3. Left Buccal (in occlusion)
The assistant now switches the retractors
with the narrow end on the photo side
(patient’s left) and the wide end on the other
(patient’s right). The same principles as for
the right buccal shot apply. The clinician
should move their body slightly to the right
while holding the retractor on the photo side,
to ensure the photo is taken at 90 degrees to
the canine-premolar area, while the patient
turns their head all the way to their right
(Figure 9).
Lower Occlusal View - Mirror.
4. Upper Occlusal (mirror)
The assistant now switches to the smaller
retractor set and with the patient’s mouth
held open, the retractors are inserted in a “V”
shape to retract the upper lips sideways and
away from the teeth. The clinician inserts the
mirror with its wider end inwards to capture
maximum width of the arch posteriorly, and
pulls it slightly downwards so that the whole
upper arch is visible to the last present molar
(Figure 10).
The shot must be taken 90° to the plane of
the mirror for best visibility and no visual
distortion. The mid-palatal raphe is used as a
guide to level the palate in the photo.
Minimal retractor visibility in the image is
recommended, and no fingers should be
visible in the final photo, if possible.
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12. JDJ
Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
5. Lower Occlusal (mirror)
esthetics, or a close-up view of the overjet
The assistant now lowers the smaller
from one side may be taken to demonstrate
retractors into a Reverse “V” shape to retract
the amount of incisor overjet and overbite
the lower lips sideways and away from the
present. Close-ups focusing on certain
teeth. The clinician would now lift the mirror
aspects of existing appliances, brackets or
upwards so he/she may visualize the
arch-wires and associated auxiliaries may be
reflection of the lower arch, while the patient
individually taken as needed, although many
is be asked to “lift their chin up” slightly.
clinicians prefer to crop the necessary details
Ideally, the shot should be taken 90° to the
out of the complete photographic set
plane of the mirror, with the last molar
described earlier, provided that they are
present visible. An important issue here
taken using a high resolution setting, to avoid
would be the tongue position of the patient
any deterioration in image quality upon
while taking the photo. It is best to ask the
cropping.10
patient to “roll back” their tongue behind the
mirror so that it won’t interfere with the
Helpful Tips for Best Results
visibility of any teeth, particularly in the
posterior area (Figure 11).
It is recommended that all photographic
records be taken before impression-taking, to
Additional Photographic Views
eliminate the possibility of impression
material being stuck between the teeth or on
There are several other views that may be
the face during photographic record-taking.3,7
taken by the clinician to fully document the
case at hand, depending on his or her needs.
Wetting the retractors just before insertion
Functional Occlusion views may be taken by
eases their proper positioning in the mouth
the orthodontist to demonstrate canine
with minimum patient discomfort.
guidance or Group Function of the occlusion
to supplement existing records. A close-up of
The direction of pull of the retractors is
the lips and mouth upon smiling may be
always sideways and slightly forward and
taken for closer examination of overall smile
outward, away from the gingival tissues.
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Jordan Dental Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012
This maximizes the field of view and
References
minimizes patient discomfort.
1. Sandler J, Murray A; Digital Photography in
When taking occlusal views with the mirror,
Orthodontics. Journal of Orthodontics, 2001,
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slightly warming the mirror in warm water
2. Mizrahi E; Orthodontic Pearls: A Selection of
prior to insertion in the mouth helps prevent
Practical Tips and Clinical Expertise; 2004, Taylor &
“Fogging” of the mirrors which would
Francis Group. (Sandler J, Murray A; Ch 4:
prevent a clear image from being obtained.1,9
Orthodontic Photography)
3. Sandler J, Murray A; Current Products and
Practice: Clinical Photographs - The Gold Standard.
With some patients, profuse salivary flow and
Journal of Orthodontics, 2002, 29:158-67
“frothing” can affect the quality of the image
4. Sandler J, Murray A; Recent Developments in
being taken, thus a saliva ejector can be used
Clinical Photography. British Journal Of
Orthodontics, 1999, 26: 269-72
to eliminate saliva prior to taking each
5. Mah J, Ritto K; The Cutting Edge. Journal of
photograph.3
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Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 126: 381-5
Once all photographic records are obtained,
7. Terry D.A, Snow S.R, Mclaren E.A; Contemporary
they should be downloaded to the computer
Dental Photography: Selection and Application.
and an initial back-up of the original files
Functional Esthetics & Restorative Dentistry, 2008;
performed onto a separate computer, hard
Series 1, No. 1.
8. Mastering Digital SLR Photography: The Serious
disk or suitable removable media prior to
Photographer’s Guide to High Quality Digital SLR
post-processing the photos for final
Photography, Busch D, 2005, Thomson Publishing.
archiving, to ensure the originals are always
9. Mckeown H.F, Sandler P.J, Murray A.M; How to
available in case of a computer or hard disk
avoid common errors in clinical photography.
Journal of Orthodontics, 2005, 32: 43-54
failure or if something goes wrong during
10. Aperture: Digital Photography Fundamentals.
post-processing.10 This will be the subject of
2005. Apple Inc.
another article.
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