This document provides an overview of climate change and its effects on healthcare. It defines climate change and outlines key events in the history of climate change study. It then discusses several pressing climate change issues like air pollution and rising temperatures that negatively impact health. The document also examines how climate change leads to deaths directly through extreme weather and indirectly by worsening air quality, heat exposure, and undernutrition. Finally, it discusses strategies for healthcare facilities and professionals to adapt to and mitigate the health effects of climate change through education, facility design, and combating misinformation.
Presentation from a Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies public forum on climate change by Perry Sheffield, Professor of Pediatrics and Preventative Medicine, Mount Sinai
Presentation from a Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies public forum on climate change by Perry Sheffield, Professor of Pediatrics and Preventative Medicine, Mount Sinai
Slides from Bernd Eggen, Health Protection agency. Presented at the third meeting of the Communicating Climate Change group, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Truro, UK
IB Extended Essay Sample APA 2018-2019 by WritingMetier.comWriting Metier
APA style International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Sample years 2018-2019 written by WritingMetier.com
Topic:
Adverse effects of global warming and what can be done to reduce it?
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN LIFE:
RISING TEMPERATURE IN INDIA
The research was conducted for the college assignment for the subject of Research Methodology.
Climate change is both a development issue and an environmental issue. Developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change than rich countries. CC may be limited to a specific region, or it may occur across the whole Earth.
It can be caused by recurring and cyclical climate patterns.
The causes of climate change are many. There is a need to understand these factors for reducing the effects.
An introduction to the climate change and implications for the shrimp culture...Simon Funge-Smith
An introduction to the climate change and implications for the shrimp culture sector in Thailand. Department of Fisheries Thailand, Shrimp Culture Seminar, Bangkok, 8th August 2011
Another high-quality presentation about climate change in Houston, by the venerable Dr. Ronald L. Sass, Professor Emeritus Rice University. Like most academic treatments of the topics covered, only that known with high certainty is reported. There are far more uncertainties that science has not yet pinned down, but that empirical investigations of the past have shown to be worrisome, potentially catastrophic for coastal civilization within a human lifetime. The reader is left to other sources and to their own developing understanding of the immense complexities of rapid climate feedback interactions to imagine the meaning to Houston of the topic covered by Dr. Sass at the conference. Still, an excellent and authoritative place for Houston to begin!
Climate change; its effects on pakistanShahid Khan
The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living things.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
Slides from Bernd Eggen, Health Protection agency. Presented at the third meeting of the Communicating Climate Change group, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Truro, UK
IB Extended Essay Sample APA 2018-2019 by WritingMetier.comWriting Metier
APA style International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Sample years 2018-2019 written by WritingMetier.com
Topic:
Adverse effects of global warming and what can be done to reduce it?
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN LIFE:
RISING TEMPERATURE IN INDIA
The research was conducted for the college assignment for the subject of Research Methodology.
Climate change is both a development issue and an environmental issue. Developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change than rich countries. CC may be limited to a specific region, or it may occur across the whole Earth.
It can be caused by recurring and cyclical climate patterns.
The causes of climate change are many. There is a need to understand these factors for reducing the effects.
An introduction to the climate change and implications for the shrimp culture...Simon Funge-Smith
An introduction to the climate change and implications for the shrimp culture sector in Thailand. Department of Fisheries Thailand, Shrimp Culture Seminar, Bangkok, 8th August 2011
Another high-quality presentation about climate change in Houston, by the venerable Dr. Ronald L. Sass, Professor Emeritus Rice University. Like most academic treatments of the topics covered, only that known with high certainty is reported. There are far more uncertainties that science has not yet pinned down, but that empirical investigations of the past have shown to be worrisome, potentially catastrophic for coastal civilization within a human lifetime. The reader is left to other sources and to their own developing understanding of the immense complexities of rapid climate feedback interactions to imagine the meaning to Houston of the topic covered by Dr. Sass at the conference. Still, an excellent and authoritative place for Houston to begin!
Climate change; its effects on pakistanShahid Khan
The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living things.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
From the link between worsening air quality and increasing respiratory illness- to the damage of increasingly powerful storms on healthcare facilities- to the link between a rapidly warming Earth and infectious diseases- to the negative effects on mental health, the changing climate is affecting humanity. Join Kimberley for an evidence-based overview of the topic to learn more about current challenges, what needs to be done to best meet changing needs, which groups are most impacted, and how some groups are approaching those challenges.
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
ACCA Version of AI & Healthcare: An Overview for the CuriousKR_Barker
This is the version of my AI & Healthcare class that I presented to attendees of the Association of Cancer Center Administrators' 2024 annual conference in Philadelphia.
AI is widely utilized in healthcare. This presentation provides a friendly introduction to the topic for librarians, health professionals, and anyone with an interest in the topic. Attendees will come away informed about the field’s history, conversant with definitions of important concepts, an understanding of how AI can become biased (and what that means for patients), and familiar with some of the many ways that AI is currently being used in healthcare.
AI and Healthcare: An Overview (January 2024)KR_Barker
Use this presentation to:
- learn about the historical roots of AI
- learn about major events in the AI timeline
- get an overview of some of the ways that AI is being used now in healthcare to facilitate provider-patient communication, mine medical records, assess patients, predict illness, suggest treatments, enable patient monitoring
This presentation is updated for early 2024 and addresses AI's use in the creation of dis/misinformation and deepfakes, as well as the bias inherent in AI, brought on by the data sets used to train it.
Bias in Healthcare: An Evidence-Based OverviewKR_Barker
Bias can be both conscious and unconscious, and affects all areas of life including healthcare, with unfortunate (and sometimes deadly) consequences for patients. Join Kimberley for an evidence-based exploration of this topic which will include learning about biases in several different areas (sexual identity, physical weight, race, socioeconomic status, education, age, and disability), defining the scale of the problem, and how some in healthcare are working to combat bias and improve outcomes for patients.
From traffic routing to self-driving cars, Alexa to Siri, AI’s reach is extending into all areas of life, including healthcare. Join Kimberley Barker, MLIS, to learn more about how AI is being used now, and will be used in the near future, to facilitate provider-patient communication, mine medical records, assess patients, predict illness, suggest treatments, and so much more. This class is freshly updated for 2023 and also includes a section on the bias inherent in AI, which impacts the kind of treatment that patients receive.
From traffic routing to self-driving cars, Alexa to Siri, AI’s reach is extending into all areas of life, including healthcare. Join Kimberley to learn more about how AI is being used now, and will be used in the near future, to facilitate provider-patient communication, mine medical records, assess patients, predict illness, suggest treatments, and so much more. This class is freshly updated for 2023 and also includes a section on the bias inherent in AI, which impacts the kind of treatment that patients receive.
From traffic routing to self-driving cars, Alexa to Siri, AI’s reach is extending into all areas of life, including healthcare. Join Kimberley to learn more about how AI is being used now, and will be used in the near future, to facilitate provider-patient communication, mine medical records, assess patients, predict illness, suggest treatments, and so much more.
This presentation provides both an overview of the history of artificial intelligence, as well as a look at how AI is impacting healthcare now- and how it will impact it in the near future.
This presentation was created by Kimberley R, Barker, MLIS.
Presentation: Librarian for Multimedia Teaching and LearningKR_Barker
The presentation that I gave as part of my interview for the position of Librarian for Multimedia Teaching and Learning, at the Robertson Media Center, at UVA.
In its early days, Twitter was considered useless as an outlet for professional activities. However, as more and more professionals joined the platform, its usefulness as a tool for professional networking, information-sharing, discussion, and self-marketing became clear. Join Elaine and Kimberley as they explore the ways in which Twitter can help you more clearly define your professional online self.
Altmetrics: the movement, the tools, and the implicationsKR_Barker
Measuring scholarly impact has traditionally been tied to the calculation of a scholarly article’s number of citations and the Impact Factor of its journal. Today, however, scholarly contributions take many forms: computer code, data sets, blog postings, tweets, practice guidelines and beyond. As the products of research evolve, so will the way in which credit is measured. This class will provide an overview of “altmetrics”, the movement to assess influence of both traditional and non-traditional scholarly contributions. We will define altmetrics, discuss why it is important in today’s digital scholarly environment, and demonstrate tools available to measure influence. After completing this course, the learner will be able to define altmetrics and compare it to traditional forms of measuring scholarly impact; name examples of scholarly contributions that are alternatives to traditional methods (e.g. datasets, blog postings, tweets, etc.); name examples of alternative means of measuring scholarly contributions (e.g. download counts, tweets about, etc.); discuss why today’s online, social environment necessitates a change in the way scholarly contributions are measured; name resources to learn more about altmetrics such as altmetrics.org; and name tools to measure alternative scholarly contributions such as Altmetric.com, Impact Story, Plum Analytics, etc.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Climate Change & Its Effects on Healthcare: an Evidenced-Based Overview
1. Climate Change
&
Its Effects on Healthcare:
An Evidenced-based Overview
Kimberley R. Barker, MLIS
Librarian for Digital Life
2. Note:
This presentation (as with all other presentations created by Claude Moore Health
Sciences librarians), is based on scientific fact. While I acknowledge that the concept of
climate change and its effects on both the environment and people is debated, peer-
reviewed work from credible sources overwhelmingly recognizes climate change, the role
of humans in that change, and its effects on healthcare, as fact.
3.
4. Learning
Objectives
Learn to define
climate change
Learn about the
most pressing
issues
Learn about the
impact of
climate change
on health
Learn about the
strategies for
managing climate
change
Learn about
climate change
indicators
Learn about
important events in
the history of climate
change study
5. What is climate change?
• “Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that
have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates.”- NASA
• “Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature,
precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over
several decades or longer.”- UC-DAVIS
6. Climate
Attribution
Science
• a scientific process for establishing the principal causes or
physical explanation for observed climate conditions and
phenomena.
• attribution requirements for a detected change are:
• a demonstrated consistency with a combination of
anthropogenic (aka “intentional, non-malicious
behavior by humans that nonetheless harms the
environment”) and natural external forcings
• an inconsistency with "alternative, physically
plausible explanations of recent climate change
that exclude important elements of the given
combination of forcings."
7. A Brief History of Climate Change Events, 1
• Severe droughts precipitated the exodus of early humans from Africa
• Climate observations date back to ancient Greece and Rome
• Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Plato spoke about droughts and subsequent famine due
to extreme weather events
• Scientists theorize that abrupt climate change contributed to the fall of the Maya
civilization
8. A Brief History of Climate Change Events, 2
• The 1800s- beginnings of the Second Industrial Revolution
• 1816- The Year Without a Summer
• Famine: particulates from the explosion of Krakatoa blocked sunlight
• Disease: Drought, then flooding, caused mutation in cholera bacteria in the Bay of Bengal;
spread from Asia because none were resistant to the new strain
• 1824- Joseph Fourier
• Discovered the process whereby gases in the atmosphere trap the sun’s heat and coined
the term “greenhouse gases”
• 1860s- John Tyndall
• Measured the capacity of water vapor and CO2 to trap infrared light
• 1896- Nobel Prize winner Svante Arrhenius was the first to calculate human-driven contributions
(through coal-burning) to the “greenhouse effect”, a term that he coined
9. A Brief History of Climate Change Events, 3
• 1957- Roger Revelle (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and Hans Suess (U.S. Geological
Survey) discovered the chemical pathways of ocean CO2 uptake. Findings showed they had
limited ability to absorb the CO2 released through burning fossil fuels. Refinement of their
calculations hasn’t changed the basic conclusion.
• 1965 President Johnson said publicly,"[t]his generation has altered the composition of the
atmosphere on a global scale through ... a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning
of fossil fuels."
• In 1969 Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan was warning of a dangerous sea-level rise of 10 feet or
more. "Goodbye New York" he said. "Goodbye Washington.”
• “Over a ten-year horizon, extreme weather and climate-change policy failures are seen as the
gravest threats.”
• from The Global Risks Report (World Economic Forum) 2019
10. Climate
Change
Indicators
• Glacier and sea ice melt
• Increases sea level
• Sea level
• Causes change in precipitation
• Affects the amount of groundwater and surface water
• Causes flooding- threatens coastal communities and
infrastructure
• Determines which plants and animals can live in an
area
• Global temperature
• Surface temperatures have risen at a rate of 0.15 every
decade since 1901
• Rising sea temperatures
• Oceans absorb more than 90% of heat trapped in
atmosphere
• Affects marine ecosystems, breeding, and migration of
marine species.
• Can lead to higher precipitation, tropical cyclones, and
drought
11. How do we
know that
climate
change
negatively
impacts
health?
Research!
12. The Cost of
Climate
Change
• Human
• WHO estimates an 250,000 additional
deaths between 2030-2050 because of
complications caused by climate change.
• Currently, 150,000 deaths annually are
caused by climate change.
• Financial
• By the year 2030 (according to the World
Health Organization) the cost of direct
damage to health is estimated to be
between $2-4 billion/year
13. How Climate Change Leads to Deaths
- Directly
• Extreme heat
• Air pollution
• Flooding
• Storms
14. How Climate Change Leads to Deaths
•Indirectly
•Undernutrition
• Increasing evidence suggests that “rising carbon
dioxide concentrations adversely affect the
nutritional quality of major cereal crops, including
lowering the levels of protein, a range of
micronutrients, and B vitamins” and reduces the
yields of vegetables and legumes, leading to increase
of noncommunicable diseases
15. How Climate Change Leads to Deaths
•Indirectly
• Poverty
• Increased heat exposure leads to less labor
productivity and crop failures
• Without investment in climate-resilient
development, 100 million people may be forced
into extreme poverty (with its attendant health
concerns) by 2030
18. The EPA tracks
air pollutants
in two ways:
• Air concentration
• measuring pollutants in
the ambient air at stations
across the U.S.
• Emissions of air pollutants
• engineering estimates of
the total tons of pollutants
released into the air each
year.
20. Air Pollution:
Findings
from
Carnegie
Mellon
University
• “Recent Increases in Air Pollution: Evidence and
Implications for Mortality”
• Between 2009-2016, average fine particulate
matter decreased by 24.2%
• Between 2016 and 2018, average fine
particulate matter increased by 5.5%
• Causes:
• increases in economic activity
• increases in wildfires
• decreases in Clean Air Act enforcement
actions
• Costs of the increase
• 9,700 additional premature deaths in
2018
• damages of $89 billion
21. Air Pollution: Health Impacts
• Respiratory illness and damage
• Fecundity (DNA fragmentation in
sperm; motility)
• Inflammation
• Cardiovascular disease
• Impaired lung function
• Allergies and asthma
• Altered thyroid function
• Malnutrition due to poor crop yield/ food
insecurity
• Cancer
• Heart disease
• Stroke
23. “Temperature data showing rapid warming in the past few decades,
the latest data going up to 2019. According to NASA data, 2016 was the
warmest year since 1880, continuing a long-term trend of rising global
temperatures. The 10 warmest years in the 140-year record all have
occurred since 2005, with the six warmest years being the six most
recent years. Credit: NASA/NOAA.” https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-
consensus/
24. August 2018 was the 406th straight
month during which global mean
temperatures were above the long-
term mean.
26. From NASA
• “The planet's average surface temperature has risen
about 2.05 degrees Fahrenheit (1.14 degrees Celsius)
since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by
increased carbon dioxide and other human-made
emissions into the atmosphere.4 Most of the
warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the six
warmest years on record taking place since 2014. Not
only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight
months out of that year — from January through
September, with the exception of June — were the
warmest on record for those respective months. 5”
https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
27. Rising temps negatively impact crop yields
• For every 1 degree Celsius that the Earth warms:
• corn yields will drop an average of 7.4%
• wheat yields will drop an average of 6%
• rice yields will drop by 3.2%
• soybean yields will drop by 3.1%
“Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates”
28. Rising temps cause
drought, which is
more bad news for
crops.
Earth’s temp
rises; water
cycle speeds up
due to
increased
evaporation.
Evaporation
puts more
water in air;
increases
precipitation
increases
storms and
flooding, but
increases
drought in areas
away from
storm paths
Drought impacts
crops through
slowed growth,
decrease of
vitamins and
nutrients in the
plants
Decreased
vitamins and
nutrients leads to
poor nutrition for
affected
populations
29. Rising temps
mean lost
productivity
• “… in the southern US, businesses
lost up to 20 percent of their
potential daylight work hours in
2018’s hottest month. The drop in
productivity translates directly into
economic losses: Across the world
in 2018, 133.6 billion potential work
hours were lost due to heat.”
https://www.wired.com/story/how-the-climate-crisis-
is-killing-us/
30. From the State of Climate Services 2020 Report, from the World Meteorological Organization
31. Health
problems
related to
increased
heat/warming
• Mental health
• According to the CDC, there is a direct
correlation between extreme heat and
suicide completion
• Drought/lack of green space negatively
impacts human mental health
• According to the EPA, more than 9,000
Americans have died of heat-related
illnesses since 1979
• Increased illnesses, including:
• Lyme disease
• West Nile virus
• Ragweed pollen allergies
• Fungi like Candida auris
32. From “Global Risk of Deadly Heat”, 2017
• “Based on the climatic conditions of those lethal heat events, we
identified a global threshold beyond which daily mean surface air
temperature and relative humidity become deadly. Around 30% of
the world’s population is currently exposed to climatic conditions
exceeding this deadly threshold for at least 20 days a year. By
2100, this percentage is projected to increase to ∼48% under a
scenario with drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions
and ∼74% under a scenario of growing emissions. An increasing
threat to human life from excess heat now seems almost
inevitable, but will be greatly aggravated if greenhouse gases are
not considerably reduced.”
33. Plastics
• In 2017, China stopped buying U.S. recycling
• Because the U.S. has no real organized recycling program, recycling ended
for the most part
• Used plastics are baled and stored (where they leak into ground water) or
are burned (releasing toxins into the air)
• Chemicals in plastic have been linked to metabolic disorders (including
obesity) and reduced fertility.
• Every human on Earth is ingesting nearly 2,000 particles of plastic a week;
“dosing us with five grams of plastics, many cut with chemicals linked to
cancers, hormone disruption, and developmental delays.”
• “Planet Plastic”- https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-
problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/
35. Negative Environmental Effects caused by
Healthcare Facilities
• Emission of greenhouse gases
• Poor management of waste
(biological, chemical, radiological)
• “Our health care facilities are part of the problem in terms of the carbon
emissions that we create that actually does harm to the patients that we
hope to serve…The health care industry is faced with this transition to
producing less carbon, less greenhouse gas emissions in the care we
provide, and I think physicians have an important voice in that discussion as
well.” – Dr. Rebecca Philipsborn
36. The Impact of Climate Change on
Healthcare Facilities
• Facilities must be built in such a way that
they’re able to withstand the climate
change stressors that are specific to their
region
• Sustainable energy source
• Waste disposal
• Architecture appropriate to events in
the areas in which they’re located
(flooding, wildfires, etc)
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/climate-resilient-and-environmentally-sustainable-health-care-facilities
37. Fundamental
Requirements for
Providing Safe &
Quality Care in the
Context of Climate
Change (according
to the World Health
Organization)
• Health workforce
• Adequate number of trained humans
empowered and informed
• Water, sanitation, hygiene, and health care waste
management
• Safe management of healthcare waste;
sanitation
• Energy
• Sustainable services
• Infrastructure, technologies and products
• Appropriate infrastructure, technologies,
products
38. How is climate
change affecting
health/healthcare?
• Increases in:
• Heat-related illnesses
• Infections
• Asthma
• Mental health disorders
• Poor perinatal outcomes
• Adverse experiences from trauma and
displacement
• Infectious diseases
• Disaster-related disease, injury, and death
39. Two Responses
to
Climate Change
• Adaptation- attempts to manage
the impacts of climate change
• Mitigation- attempts to reduce
the causes of climate change
40. Adaptation
Strategies for
Air, Water,
Land
• Smart growth communities
• Smart building
• Reduce emissions
• Maintain/restore wetlands
• Shoreline maintenance
• Preserve/improve water quality
• Habitat preservation
• Contaminated site management
• Groundwater remediation
41. Adaptation
Strategies
for Public
Health (EPA)
• Extreme heat
• Raise awareness
• Offer incentives for reducing heat
islands
• Establish urban forestry programs
• Retrofit public buildings
• Add heat mitigation into policy,
planning, design, and building standards
and codes
• Water quality
• Understand (and plan for) seasonal and
geographic waterborne illness risks
• Assess vulnerabilities
• Air quality
• Understand health impacts of events
such as wildfires
43. Mitigation Strategies
• Reduction of energy consumption
• Reduction of agricultural emissions
• Alternatives to fossil fuel
• Geoengineering
• Management
• Global
• Local
• Personal
46. Education in medical and nursing schools
• Adopt educational frameworks such as the one proposed by Phillipsborn,
et, al., which is predicated on three questions:
• What are the harms to health from climate change?
• How does climate change require adaptations in our clinical practice?
• And how does climate change disrupt health care delivery?”
- “Climate Change and the Practice of Medicine”, Academic Medicine: September 8, 2020.
https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/9000/Climate_Change_and_the_Practice_of_Medicin
e_.97003.aspx
47. Practice
• Prepare for interruptions to healthcare due to climate-related disasters
• Service interruptions
• Supply chain interruptions
• Educate patients about what climate change means
• Talk with patients about the risks that climate change pose in the
environment in which they live
• Health risks
• Natural disaster preparedness
48. Mis/Disinformation
• The Climate Deception Dossiers
• 85 internal memos leaked from the fossil fuel industry
• Forged letters to Congress
• Fake grassroots organizations
• Secret funding of research by a supposedly independent scientist
• Efforts to create uncertainty about climate science
• Industry has known about climate change since at least the 1970s
• 1995- internal memo written by a team headed by a Mobil Corporation scientist
distributed to many fossil fuel companies.
• report warned unequivocally that burning the companies' products was
causing climate change and that the relevant science "is well established
and cannot be denied.”
• Created misinformation campaigns to fool the public about the effect of
fossils fuels on climate change
49. Mis/Disinformation
• Plastics manufacturers have known since the 1970s that plastics couldn’t be
recycled, but spent millions of dollars promoting it to the public
• Since 1950, 6.3 trillion kilo of plastic waste has been produced and not
recycled even once
• Every human on Earth is ingesting nearly 2,000 particles of plastic a week;
“dosing us with five grams of plastics, many cut with chemicals linked to
cancers, hormone disruption, and developmental delays.”
• “Planet Plastic”- https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-
problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/
50. Mis/Disinformation
• American Chemistry Council- trade group that represents plastic
resins-producing oil and petrochemical companies.
• 2016, “the ACC commissioned a study by the consultancy Trucost — ‘the world’s leading
experts in quantifying and valuing the environmental impacts’ from industry. The ACC
paid for the study to demonstrate that plastics are not easily replaceable, and that many
common substitutes — particularly glass — carry higher environmental costs when
factoring in weight for transportation. The Trucost finding that the ACC does not trumpet?
‘The environmental cost to society of consumer plastic products and packaging was over
$139 billion in 2015,’ the report reveals. Without a dramatic change in course, Trucost
predicts, that annual figure will soar to ‘$209 billion by 2025.’”
• “Planet Plastic”- https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-
features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/
51. Thank you!
Both this slide deck and a recording of the class will be made available to you.
52. RESOURCES
• Mount Tambora and the Year Without a Summer-
https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/mount-tambora-and-year-without-summer
• 300-Year Drought Was Downfall of Ancient Greece-
https://www.livescience.com/38893-drought-caused-ancient-mediterranean-
collapse.html
• 5 droughts that changed human history- https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/05/5-
droughts-that-changed-human-history/
• Drought and the Ancient Maya Civilization- https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/abrupt-
climate-change/Drought%20and%20the%20Ancient%20Maya%20Civilization
• WHO publishes guidance on climate resilient and environmentally sustainable health
care facilities- https://www.who.int/news/item/12-10-2020-who-publishes-guidance-on-
climate-resilient-and-environmentally-sustainable-health-care-facilities
• The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring
that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate-
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32596-6/fulltext
53. RESOURCES
• Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change
• https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change
• Science and Climate
• https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/science/climate-change-definitions/
• Climate Change
• https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change#tab=tab_1
• Global Climate: How Do We Know?https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
• What is attribution?
• https://psl.noaa.gov/csi/whatis/
54. RESOURCES
• Global Climate Change and Health: Challenges for Future Practitioners
• https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1844773
• Climate Change and Health JAMA Network Open Call for Papers
• https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2749773
• The Forgotten History Of Climate-Change Science-
https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2014/05/13/312128173/the-forgotten-history-of-
climate-change-science
• Climate Change Adaptation Resource Center (ARC-X)- https://www.epa.gov/arc-
x/strategies-climate-change-adaptation
• Tools for Climate Change Adaptation- https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/tools-climate-
change-adaptation
• Hurricane ‘Price Tags’ Could Reveal the Cost of Global Warming-
https://www.wired.com/story/hurricane-price-tags-could-reveal-the-cost-of-global-
warming/
55. RESOURCES
• Maya I. Ragavan, Lucy E. Marcil and Arvin Garg. Climate Change as a Social
Determinant of Health Pediatrics May 2020, 145 (5) e20193169; DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3169
• Remigio RV, Jiang C, Raimann J, Kotanko P, Usvyat L, Maddux FW, Kinney P, Sapkota
A. Association of Extreme Heat Events With Hospital Admission or Mortality Among
Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Aug 2;2(8):e198904.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8904. PMID: 31397862; PMCID: PMC6692691.
• Herrmann A, Sauerborn R. General Practitioners’ Perceptions of Heat Health Impacts
on the Elderly in the Face of Climate Change—A Qualitative Study in Baden-
Württemberg, Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:843–3.
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/5/843
• East African megadroughts between 135 and 75 thousand years ago and bearing on
early-modern human origins- https://www.pnas.org/content/104/42/16416
• Neumann, J. Climatic change as a topic in the classical Greek and Roman
literature. Climatic Change 7, 441–454 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139058
56. RESOURCES
• Climate and Health- Mental Health and Stress-Related Disorders.
https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/mental_health_disorders.htm
• How does climate change affect human health?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/climate-change-and-health
• South EC, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, MacDonald JM, Branas CC. Effect of Greening
Vacant Land on Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Adults: A Cluster
Randomized Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3):e180298.
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0298
• Calgary Canada Climate Program -
https://www.calgary.ca/UEP/ESM/Pages/Energy-Savings/Climate-
Change.aspx?redirect=/climateprogram
• Mora, C., Dousset, B., Caldwell, I. et al. Global risk of deadly heat. Nature Clim
Change 7, 501–506 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322
57. RESOURCES
• The Global Risks Report 2019- https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-
risks-report-2019
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change- https://www.ipcc.ch/
• Climate Time Machine- https://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/climate-time-
machine
• AR5 Synthesis Report- IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.
Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri
and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
• Topic 1: Observed Changes and their Causes; 1.6 Human Responses to Climate
Change (p. 54)
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.
pdf
58. RESOURCES
• Sperm DNA fragmentation: An early and reliable marker of air pollution-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668918300206
• Ambient air pollution and male fecundity: A retrospective analysis of longitudinal
data from a Chinese human sperm bank (2013–2018)-Environmental Research
Volume 186, July 2020, 109528-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935120304217
• Ghorani-Azam A, Riahi-Zanjani B, Balali-Mood M. Effects of air pollution on human
health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21:65.
Published 2016 Sep 1. doi:10.4103/1735-1995.189646-
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5122104/
• IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers
• B.D. Santer et.al., “A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the
atmosphere,” Nature vol 382, 4 July 1996, 39-46
59. RESOURCES
• Implications for the science of air pollution and health. Anderson, H Ross. The Lancet
Respiratory Medicine, Volume 5, Issue 12, 916 – 918. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-
2600(17)30396-X
• Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/35/9326.full.pdf
• The Imperative for Climate Action to Protect Health. Andy Haines, M.D., and Kristie Ebi,
M.P.H., Ph.D. January 17, 2019
N Engl J Med 2019; 380:263-273 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1807873
• Climate Change Is Transforming the World's Food Supply. Sara G. Miller. February 16, 2017.
https://www.livescience.com/57921-climate-change-is-transforming-global-food-supply.html
• Book chapter: Global Climate Change.
https://www.who.int/publications/cra/chapters/volume2/1543-1650.pdf
60. RESOURCES
• State of Climate Services 2020 Report- https://public.wmo.int/en/our-
mandate/climate/state-of-climate-services-report . World Meteorological Organization
• Climate Change Indicators: Drought- https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-
change-indicators-drought
• Climate Change Indicators: Health and Society- https://www.epa.gov/climate-
indicators/health-society
• Recent Increases in Air Pollution: Evidence and Implications for Mortality-
https://www.nber.org/papers/w26381
• Doctors Push For Health Care To Address Climate Change In New Teaching Framework
https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/09/21/doctors-health-care-climate-change
61. RESOURCES
• Philipsborn, Rebecca Pass MD, MPA; Sheffield, Perry MD, MPH; et al. Climate Change and the
Practice of Medicine, Academic Medicine: September 8, 2020 - Volume Publish Ahead of Print -
Issue - doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003719 -
https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/9000/Climate_Change_and_the_Practic
e_of_Medicine_.97003.aspx
• Rocklöv, Joacim & Tozan, Yesim. (2019). Climate change and the rising infectiousness of
dengue. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences. 3. ETLS20180123. 10.1042/ETLS20180123.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332456717_Climate_change_and_the_rising_infecti
ousness_of_dengue
• How the Climate Crisis Is Killing Us, in 9 Alarming Charts- https://www.wired.com/story/how-
the-climate-crisis-is-killing-us
• Deadly Fungi Are the Newest Emerging Microbe Threat All Over the World-
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deadly-fungi-are-the-newest-emerging-microbe-
threat-all-over-the-world/
62. RESOURCES
• Climate Disinformation- https://www.ucsusa.org/climate/disinformation
• The Climate Deception Dossiers: Internal Fossil Fuel Industry Memos Reveal Decades of
Corporate Disinformation- https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/climate-deception-dossiers
• A Long Record of Lies on Climate Change- podcast from the Union of Concerned Scientists,
April 217, 2021- https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/long-record-lies-climate-change
• 10 MYTHS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE- https://www.wf.Org.Uk/updates/10-myths-about-
climate-change
• https://climate.Nasa.Gov/evidence/- NASA GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE- VITAL SIGNS OF THE
PLANET
• WASTE ONLY: How the Plastics Industry Is Fighting to Keep Polluting the World
63. Resources
• “We’re Setting the Record Straight on 9 Climate Change Myths”- Global Citizen-
https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/climate-change-global-warming-myths
• 10 Climate Change Lies, and How to Catch Them-
https://makechange.aspiration.com/articles/climate-change-lies/
• How Big Oil Misled The Public Into Believing Plastic Would Be Recycled-
https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-
would-be-recycled
• “Planet Plastic: How Big Oil and Big Soda kept a global environmental calamity a secret for
decades”- https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-
big-oil-950957/
• “Revealed: plastic ingestion by people could be equating to a credit card a week”-
https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?348337/Revealed-plastic-ingestion-by-people-could-be-
equating-to-a-credit-card-a-week
• “Is plastic a threat to your health?”- https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/is-plastic-a-
threat-to-your-health
64. OTHER RESOURCES:
• NCEI tools for tracking extreme events- https://www.Ncdc.Noaa.Gov/climate-
information/extreme-events
• Top climate experts to follow on Twitter-
https://www.Climaterealityproject.Org/blog/top-climate-experts-follow-twitter
• The 2018 report of the Lancet countdown on health and climate change: shaping the
health of nations for centuries to come.
Https://www.Thelancet.Com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32594-7/fulltext
• An Interactive Online Course in Climate and Climate Change: Advancing Climate
Literacy for Non–Atmospheric Science Majors- https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-
0271.1
• AGMIP- https://agmip.org/#
• Feeling discouraged? Google “solar punk” for some inspiring artwork & ideas about
how we can reverse course on climate change.