ABSTRACT : Recent Carribean~Florida events, where warm ocean water provided energy for the hurricane Irma, make us all turn to the UN, and its UNFCCC, in order to find whether the international community is able and willing to engage in large scale activities to halt global warming. Two aspects must be examined: (1) Is there now overwhelming empirical evidence for global warming theory; (2) Can the states of world put together an effective response to rising greenhouse gases?If not, we face the Stephen Hawking threat of enormous damages, global warming becoming irreversible. KEYWORDS: GHG, GWT, CO2, methane, collective action, international governance, UNFCCC: Goal I, Goal II, Goal III.
OERC Seminar September 2018
Bob Lloyd
Director Raynbird Consultants
Former Assoc Professor , Department of Physics, Otago University
The talk will cover the mitigation strategies given in the IPCC AR5 report. How these have changed since 2015 in terms of the climate change models available. I will also discuss the methane problem, the forest CO2 removals problem and the carbon budgets available to mitigate sufficiently, to stay below global temperature rises that could cause runaway climate change scenarios. For NZ, a recap of the latest 7th National communication to the UN and the Governments NZ zero emissions plan for 2050. Is it sufficient and does it have the right targets that will prevent the global problem. Finally I will discuss my efforts in developing countries (The Pacific Island Nations) in developing their mitigation plans and the conflict in such countries between mitigation and development
'Drowning Earth' - Magazine-style report on Climate Change. - Data VisualizationDarshan Gorasiya
The document discusses climate change and global warming trends based on data from EU countries. It finds that the largest contributors of greenhouse gases in the EU are Germany, France, the UK, and Italy, together accounting for over 50% of emissions. While emissions from most large countries have leveled off or decreased slightly since 1990, Turkey's emissions continue to rise steadily. The energy sector produces the most greenhouse gases, followed by transportation, industry, and agriculture. Renewable energy consumption has increased substantially globally since 1997 but more investment is still needed to meet rising energy demands. Projections estimate natural gas and renewables will grow significantly as electricity sources through 2050.
Milwaukee Area Technical College Presentation - 2015 Green Vehicles Workshop ...Wisconsin Clean Cities
This document summarizes a presentation on the effects of transportation emissions on air quality in Southeastern Wisconsin. It discusses how combustion of fuels like gasoline and diesel produces particles and gases that can lead to ground-level ozone formation through reactions with nitrogen oxides and other compounds. Areas that exceed ozone limits are designated as "nonattainment zones" and required to take measures to reduce emissions. The document also briefly discusses climate change and the need to transition away from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an interim report from the Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategies for Inclusive Growth in India. It summarizes the group's approach and work conducted so far. The group was tasked with developing strategies for India's Twelfth Five Year Plan to pursue low carbon inclusive growth. Initial work focused on identifying options to reduce greenhouse gas emission intensity across key sectors of the Indian economy, including power, transport, industry, buildings and forestry. Preliminary analysis suggests emission intensity could be reduced 23-25% by 2022 through determined efforts and 33-35% through more aggressive efforts. Further analysis of costs and macroeconomic impacts is still needed.
Scientists - IPCC Working Group II: assessing research on impacts, adaptatio...ipcc-media
The document discusses the work of the IPCC Working Group II on assessing research related to climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability for the 6th assessment cycle. It outlines the group's focus on influencing policy decisions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Key topics to be assessed include risks to vulnerable ecosystems from ocean warming and acidification, risks of high sea level rise beyond 2100, and health impacts of extreme heat. The document emphasizes the need to strengthen climate policies and identify limits to adaptation, as well as the role of conservation and sustainable development in addressing climate change.
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document summarizes opportunities to reduce emissions of non-CO2 climate forcers like black carbon, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. These substances collectively cause at least 25% of global warming by 2030 and reducing their emissions by over 20% by 2030 using existing methods could provide benefits. Actions to reduce short-lived climate forcers like methane and black carbon can complement efforts to reduce CO2 by slowing temperature increases in the near-term while also improving health outcomes. The document reviews emissions levels, abatement opportunities and additional benefits for each climate forcer.
OERC Seminar September 2018
Bob Lloyd
Director Raynbird Consultants
Former Assoc Professor , Department of Physics, Otago University
The talk will cover the mitigation strategies given in the IPCC AR5 report. How these have changed since 2015 in terms of the climate change models available. I will also discuss the methane problem, the forest CO2 removals problem and the carbon budgets available to mitigate sufficiently, to stay below global temperature rises that could cause runaway climate change scenarios. For NZ, a recap of the latest 7th National communication to the UN and the Governments NZ zero emissions plan for 2050. Is it sufficient and does it have the right targets that will prevent the global problem. Finally I will discuss my efforts in developing countries (The Pacific Island Nations) in developing their mitigation plans and the conflict in such countries between mitigation and development
'Drowning Earth' - Magazine-style report on Climate Change. - Data VisualizationDarshan Gorasiya
The document discusses climate change and global warming trends based on data from EU countries. It finds that the largest contributors of greenhouse gases in the EU are Germany, France, the UK, and Italy, together accounting for over 50% of emissions. While emissions from most large countries have leveled off or decreased slightly since 1990, Turkey's emissions continue to rise steadily. The energy sector produces the most greenhouse gases, followed by transportation, industry, and agriculture. Renewable energy consumption has increased substantially globally since 1997 but more investment is still needed to meet rising energy demands. Projections estimate natural gas and renewables will grow significantly as electricity sources through 2050.
Milwaukee Area Technical College Presentation - 2015 Green Vehicles Workshop ...Wisconsin Clean Cities
This document summarizes a presentation on the effects of transportation emissions on air quality in Southeastern Wisconsin. It discusses how combustion of fuels like gasoline and diesel produces particles and gases that can lead to ground-level ozone formation through reactions with nitrogen oxides and other compounds. Areas that exceed ozone limits are designated as "nonattainment zones" and required to take measures to reduce emissions. The document also briefly discusses climate change and the need to transition away from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an interim report from the Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategies for Inclusive Growth in India. It summarizes the group's approach and work conducted so far. The group was tasked with developing strategies for India's Twelfth Five Year Plan to pursue low carbon inclusive growth. Initial work focused on identifying options to reduce greenhouse gas emission intensity across key sectors of the Indian economy, including power, transport, industry, buildings and forestry. Preliminary analysis suggests emission intensity could be reduced 23-25% by 2022 through determined efforts and 33-35% through more aggressive efforts. Further analysis of costs and macroeconomic impacts is still needed.
Scientists - IPCC Working Group II: assessing research on impacts, adaptatio...ipcc-media
The document discusses the work of the IPCC Working Group II on assessing research related to climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability for the 6th assessment cycle. It outlines the group's focus on influencing policy decisions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Key topics to be assessed include risks to vulnerable ecosystems from ocean warming and acidification, risks of high sea level rise beyond 2100, and health impacts of extreme heat. The document emphasizes the need to strengthen climate policies and identify limits to adaptation, as well as the role of conservation and sustainable development in addressing climate change.
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document summarizes opportunities to reduce emissions of non-CO2 climate forcers like black carbon, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. These substances collectively cause at least 25% of global warming by 2030 and reducing their emissions by over 20% by 2030 using existing methods could provide benefits. Actions to reduce short-lived climate forcers like methane and black carbon can complement efforts to reduce CO2 by slowing temperature increases in the near-term while also improving health outcomes. The document reviews emissions levels, abatement opportunities and additional benefits for each climate forcer.
The IPCC: How it works and what it’s working on ipcc-media
The IPCC was jointly established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide comprehensive assessments of the scientific basis of climate change. It has released several assessment reports and special reports that have informed international agreements on climate change. The IPCC involves hundreds of scientists and experts from around the world and uses principles of openness, transparency, and neutrality with respect to policy. It prepares reports through working groups that assess different aspects of climate change science and impacts. The current sixth assessment cycle will produce several special reports and three main reports by 2022 to inform the global response to climate change.
MITIGATION: Challenges and opportunities - Key findings of WGIII in the Fifth...ipcc-media
Working Group III contributed to the IPCC's Fifth and Sixth Assessment Reports on climate change mitigation. Key findings include:
- Greenhouse gas emissions have grown faster in recent decades despite reduction efforts.
- Limiting global warming to 2°C is possible but requires immediate, rapid and widespread actions across sectors like energy, transport, buildings and industry.
- Ambitious mitigation is affordable and brings economic opportunities, while unchecked climate change poses growing risks to economic growth.
- Solutions involve transitioning to more efficient use of energy, low-carbon energy sources, carbon sinks, and lifestyle changes.
The IPCC was jointly established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide comprehensive assessments of the scientific basis of climate change. It produces major reports every 5-7 years that inform international climate change negotiations and policies. The IPCC aims to objectively assess climate science and its impacts in a transparent process involving governments and hundreds of experts. Its reports have progressively strengthened conclusions on human-caused warming and influenced major agreements like the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. The IPCC also engages in outreach activities to improve communication of its findings.
The document discusses rising greenhouse gas emissions and their effects. It notes that greenhouse gases have increased since the pre-industrial era due to human activities like electricity generation, transportation, and industry. This has led to increased global temperatures and a rise in sea levels. While greenhouse gases are necessary in small amounts to regulate the planet's temperature, the large increases in recent times are causing problems like more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and effects on biodiversity. Mitigation efforts are needed to reduce emissions through behavioral changes, technological solutions, and carbon budgets.
This article discusses three key numbers related to global warming:
1) 2° Celsius - The target maximum increase in global average temperature agreed to in international accords to avoid catastrophic climate change. We are currently at 0.8°C of warming and on track to exceed 2°C.
2) 565 gigatons - The estimated amount of additional carbon dioxide that can be emitted while still having a reasonable chance of staying below the 2°C target.
3) 2,795 gigatons - The estimated amount of carbon already contained in proven fossil fuel reserves held by companies and countries. This is 5 times higher than the 565 gigaton "carbon budget" and makes limiting warming below 2
The IPCC report provides the following key points:
- Global warming has already reached 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and further increases are inevitable due to past emissions.
- Most regions will see increases in hot temperature extremes, heavy precipitation events, and droughts.
- Sea level rise between 50cm to over 1 meter is expected by 2100, threatening coastal and island communities.
- Further warming will depend on future emissions but 4 degrees of warming by 2100 is possible without rapid emissions reductions.
The Physical Science Basis of Climate Changeipcc-media
The document summarizes key messages from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report regarding the physical science basis of climate change. It discusses how the climate has warmed by 0.85°C since 1850 due to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Glaciers and snow cover have declined and sea levels have risen due to this warming. Future projections estimate further increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. The report emphasizes that without significant reductions in emissions, climate change impacts on issues like food/water security and human settlements will be severe and widespread.
This presentation created and addressed by Gonzalo Saenz de Miera in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
Exhaust emissions have both climate related impacts, and local air quality andhealth impacts. Wärtsilä is committed to reducing the environmental impact of its engines to a minimum. We continuously develop new technologies and upgrade existing ones in order to limit harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The document provides an overview of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It describes the IPCC's role in assessing scientific information on climate change and its impacts. It outlines the IPCC's structure, including its three working groups and task forces. It summarizes the IPCC's key reports over time that have informed international climate change agreements. The document also discusses the IPCC's role in the Paris Agreement and outlines its planned future reports.
MITIGATION: Challenges and opportunitiesipcc-media
This document summarizes key findings from Working Group III of the IPCC regarding mitigation challenges and opportunities in limiting global warming. It finds that GHG emissions growth has accelerated despite reduction efforts, and limiting warming to 2°C involves substantial technological, economic, and institutional challenges. However, the costs of ambitious mitigation are affordable and estimated to reduce economic growth by only around 0.06%, while unmitigated climate change poses increasing risks to economic growth. Key mitigation strategies include more efficient energy use, greater renewable energy deployment, improved carbon sinks, and lifestyle and behavioral changes.
The document discusses greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to reduce them under the Kyoto Protocol. It focuses on the example of South Africa. The Kyoto Protocol established mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism to encourage developing countries to voluntarily reduce emissions and benefit financially. The authors examine factors impacting the viability of these projects in South Africa and suggest that given financial incentives, the CDM could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from existing South African industry.
The Caribbean 1.5 Project analyzed climate impacts in the Caribbean under scenarios of 1.5°C, 2.0°C, and 2.5°C of global warming. They reported three interim headlines: 1) We don't have much time to limit warming to 1.5°C based on current emissions trajectories. 2) Reaching 1.5°C still won't stop further changes to regional climate like more extreme rainfall, heat waves, and dry spells. 3) Staying below 2.0°C or 2.5°C is significantly better for the Caribbean in terms of avoided climate impacts. The project involved over 45 scientists modeling climate and impacts in 7 sectors across 6 Caribbean nations.
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report. It finds that human activity, including emissions from energy production, agriculture and other sources, is extremely likely the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century. Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will lead to further warming and changes in the climate system such as sea level rise and loss of Arctic sea ice. Limiting global temperature increase to 2°C will require substantial reductions in emissions by 2050 through policy measures and technological changes. Delaying mitigation actions will make limiting warming to 2°C significantly more difficult.
Parliament - IPCC Working Group II: assessing research on impacts, adaptation...ipcc-media
This document summarizes the work of the IPCC Working Group II on assessing research related to climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability for the 6th assessment cycle. It discusses the role of the IPCC in providing comprehensive and objective scientific assessments to inform understanding of climate risk. It also outlines the key reports and findings of past assessment cycles that have influenced international climate policy agreements. Finally, it previews some of the open questions that Working Group II plans to explore further in the 6th assessment cycle, including more detailed analysis of risks associated with warming of 1.5°C versus higher levels.
The document outlines the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) upcoming outreach events in Addis Ababa from 29-30 April 2017 and provides background information on the IPCC. It summarizes the IPCC's role in assessing climate change science and outlines its reports and achievements including its 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. The document also previews the IPCC's sixth assessment cycle and upcoming special reports on oceans, land, and 1.5°C warming as well as its methodology guidance updates.
The document discusses global warming and its causes according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It notes that surface temperatures have risen over the past few decades, and the main cause is likely increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activity like burning fossil fuels. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the IPCC warns of increasingly severe impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, food and water shortages. However, the document also notes there is still some debate around how much human activity contributes to global warming.
Climate Change Mitigation: key messages of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report a...ipcc-media
Climate Change Mitigation: key messages of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and content of the Sixth Assessment Report by Diána Ürge-Vorsatz, Vice-Chair of the IPCC Working Group III
The document provides an overview and summary of negotiations leading up to COP16, the UN climate change conference to be held in Cancun, Mexico from November 29th to December 10th, 2010. It discusses the failure of COP15 to establish binding emissions reductions, key events since then, the official agenda for COP16, and opinions on expectations for the outcome in Cancun, which most see as a step towards a future agreement rather than a major breakthrough.
Este es un paper que se refiere a la relación entre economía y cambio clímatico.
Actividad: Reconozca y resuma 5 Argumentos que expone el paper y redactelos en no más de 2000 caracteres. La respuesta DEBE ser en inglés. (Es el texto en inglés poh!)
Este documento es un resumen del informe Stern, quien el 2006 fue el primer economista en analizar los efectos del Cambio Climatico, a orden del Reino Unido.
Actividad: Resuma en 500 palabras la principal conclusión de este informe
The IPCC: How it works and what it’s working on ipcc-media
The IPCC was jointly established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide comprehensive assessments of the scientific basis of climate change. It has released several assessment reports and special reports that have informed international agreements on climate change. The IPCC involves hundreds of scientists and experts from around the world and uses principles of openness, transparency, and neutrality with respect to policy. It prepares reports through working groups that assess different aspects of climate change science and impacts. The current sixth assessment cycle will produce several special reports and three main reports by 2022 to inform the global response to climate change.
MITIGATION: Challenges and opportunities - Key findings of WGIII in the Fifth...ipcc-media
Working Group III contributed to the IPCC's Fifth and Sixth Assessment Reports on climate change mitigation. Key findings include:
- Greenhouse gas emissions have grown faster in recent decades despite reduction efforts.
- Limiting global warming to 2°C is possible but requires immediate, rapid and widespread actions across sectors like energy, transport, buildings and industry.
- Ambitious mitigation is affordable and brings economic opportunities, while unchecked climate change poses growing risks to economic growth.
- Solutions involve transitioning to more efficient use of energy, low-carbon energy sources, carbon sinks, and lifestyle changes.
The IPCC was jointly established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide comprehensive assessments of the scientific basis of climate change. It produces major reports every 5-7 years that inform international climate change negotiations and policies. The IPCC aims to objectively assess climate science and its impacts in a transparent process involving governments and hundreds of experts. Its reports have progressively strengthened conclusions on human-caused warming and influenced major agreements like the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. The IPCC also engages in outreach activities to improve communication of its findings.
The document discusses rising greenhouse gas emissions and their effects. It notes that greenhouse gases have increased since the pre-industrial era due to human activities like electricity generation, transportation, and industry. This has led to increased global temperatures and a rise in sea levels. While greenhouse gases are necessary in small amounts to regulate the planet's temperature, the large increases in recent times are causing problems like more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and effects on biodiversity. Mitigation efforts are needed to reduce emissions through behavioral changes, technological solutions, and carbon budgets.
This article discusses three key numbers related to global warming:
1) 2° Celsius - The target maximum increase in global average temperature agreed to in international accords to avoid catastrophic climate change. We are currently at 0.8°C of warming and on track to exceed 2°C.
2) 565 gigatons - The estimated amount of additional carbon dioxide that can be emitted while still having a reasonable chance of staying below the 2°C target.
3) 2,795 gigatons - The estimated amount of carbon already contained in proven fossil fuel reserves held by companies and countries. This is 5 times higher than the 565 gigaton "carbon budget" and makes limiting warming below 2
The IPCC report provides the following key points:
- Global warming has already reached 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and further increases are inevitable due to past emissions.
- Most regions will see increases in hot temperature extremes, heavy precipitation events, and droughts.
- Sea level rise between 50cm to over 1 meter is expected by 2100, threatening coastal and island communities.
- Further warming will depend on future emissions but 4 degrees of warming by 2100 is possible without rapid emissions reductions.
The Physical Science Basis of Climate Changeipcc-media
The document summarizes key messages from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report regarding the physical science basis of climate change. It discusses how the climate has warmed by 0.85°C since 1850 due to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Glaciers and snow cover have declined and sea levels have risen due to this warming. Future projections estimate further increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. The report emphasizes that without significant reductions in emissions, climate change impacts on issues like food/water security and human settlements will be severe and widespread.
This presentation created and addressed by Gonzalo Saenz de Miera in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
Exhaust emissions have both climate related impacts, and local air quality andhealth impacts. Wärtsilä is committed to reducing the environmental impact of its engines to a minimum. We continuously develop new technologies and upgrade existing ones in order to limit harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The document provides an overview of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It describes the IPCC's role in assessing scientific information on climate change and its impacts. It outlines the IPCC's structure, including its three working groups and task forces. It summarizes the IPCC's key reports over time that have informed international climate change agreements. The document also discusses the IPCC's role in the Paris Agreement and outlines its planned future reports.
MITIGATION: Challenges and opportunitiesipcc-media
This document summarizes key findings from Working Group III of the IPCC regarding mitigation challenges and opportunities in limiting global warming. It finds that GHG emissions growth has accelerated despite reduction efforts, and limiting warming to 2°C involves substantial technological, economic, and institutional challenges. However, the costs of ambitious mitigation are affordable and estimated to reduce economic growth by only around 0.06%, while unmitigated climate change poses increasing risks to economic growth. Key mitigation strategies include more efficient energy use, greater renewable energy deployment, improved carbon sinks, and lifestyle and behavioral changes.
The document discusses greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to reduce them under the Kyoto Protocol. It focuses on the example of South Africa. The Kyoto Protocol established mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism to encourage developing countries to voluntarily reduce emissions and benefit financially. The authors examine factors impacting the viability of these projects in South Africa and suggest that given financial incentives, the CDM could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from existing South African industry.
The Caribbean 1.5 Project analyzed climate impacts in the Caribbean under scenarios of 1.5°C, 2.0°C, and 2.5°C of global warming. They reported three interim headlines: 1) We don't have much time to limit warming to 1.5°C based on current emissions trajectories. 2) Reaching 1.5°C still won't stop further changes to regional climate like more extreme rainfall, heat waves, and dry spells. 3) Staying below 2.0°C or 2.5°C is significantly better for the Caribbean in terms of avoided climate impacts. The project involved over 45 scientists modeling climate and impacts in 7 sectors across 6 Caribbean nations.
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report. It finds that human activity, including emissions from energy production, agriculture and other sources, is extremely likely the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century. Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will lead to further warming and changes in the climate system such as sea level rise and loss of Arctic sea ice. Limiting global temperature increase to 2°C will require substantial reductions in emissions by 2050 through policy measures and technological changes. Delaying mitigation actions will make limiting warming to 2°C significantly more difficult.
Parliament - IPCC Working Group II: assessing research on impacts, adaptation...ipcc-media
This document summarizes the work of the IPCC Working Group II on assessing research related to climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability for the 6th assessment cycle. It discusses the role of the IPCC in providing comprehensive and objective scientific assessments to inform understanding of climate risk. It also outlines the key reports and findings of past assessment cycles that have influenced international climate policy agreements. Finally, it previews some of the open questions that Working Group II plans to explore further in the 6th assessment cycle, including more detailed analysis of risks associated with warming of 1.5°C versus higher levels.
The document outlines the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) upcoming outreach events in Addis Ababa from 29-30 April 2017 and provides background information on the IPCC. It summarizes the IPCC's role in assessing climate change science and outlines its reports and achievements including its 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. The document also previews the IPCC's sixth assessment cycle and upcoming special reports on oceans, land, and 1.5°C warming as well as its methodology guidance updates.
The document discusses global warming and its causes according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It notes that surface temperatures have risen over the past few decades, and the main cause is likely increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activity like burning fossil fuels. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the IPCC warns of increasingly severe impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, food and water shortages. However, the document also notes there is still some debate around how much human activity contributes to global warming.
Climate Change Mitigation: key messages of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report a...ipcc-media
Climate Change Mitigation: key messages of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and content of the Sixth Assessment Report by Diána Ürge-Vorsatz, Vice-Chair of the IPCC Working Group III
The document provides an overview and summary of negotiations leading up to COP16, the UN climate change conference to be held in Cancun, Mexico from November 29th to December 10th, 2010. It discusses the failure of COP15 to establish binding emissions reductions, key events since then, the official agenda for COP16, and opinions on expectations for the outcome in Cancun, which most see as a step towards a future agreement rather than a major breakthrough.
Este es un paper que se refiere a la relación entre economía y cambio clímatico.
Actividad: Reconozca y resuma 5 Argumentos que expone el paper y redactelos en no más de 2000 caracteres. La respuesta DEBE ser en inglés. (Es el texto en inglés poh!)
Este documento es un resumen del informe Stern, quien el 2006 fue el primer economista en analizar los efectos del Cambio Climatico, a orden del Reino Unido.
Actividad: Resuma en 500 palabras la principal conclusión de este informe
A briefing from the Poznan Climate Change ConferenceLeonardo ENERGY
The document summarizes key discussions and outcomes from the Poznan Climate Change Conference (COP14) in January 2009. It provides background on climate science and the UNFCCC process. Discussions focused on negotiating a post-Kyoto agreement and increasing climate action by all countries. Progress was made on adaptation funding but not on emissions reductions commitments. Developing countries expressed frustration with the pace of negotiations. Al Gore called for bolder climate targets and linking emissions reductions to poverty reduction.
TOO4TO Module 3 / Climate Change and Sustainability: Part 1TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Climate Change and Sustainability (Module 3). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 1.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
This document surveys potential future energy sources that could supply large amounts of carbon emission-free energy to stabilize global climate change. It analyzes options like solar, wind, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fossil fuels with carbon sequestration, hydrogen production and storage, and geoengineering. However, it concludes that currently all these approaches have deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize the climate and that intensive research is urgently needed to develop technological options that allow both climate stabilization and economic development.
This document discusses the science and policy surrounding climate change. It begins with the basics of climate change science, including that the Earth's average temperature has risen 0.8 degrees Celsius in the last 100 years due to increased greenhouse gases from human activity like fossil fuel combustion. It then outlines international climate policy negotiations and agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, as well as challenges to international cooperation. Finally, it discusses national climate policies in countries like the US and Germany and predicted physical impacts of climate change.
1. Climate change is a complex, long-term problem involving interactions between climatic, environmental, economic, political, social and technological processes. There is still uncertainty around fully understanding climate change.
2. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, known as mitigation, involves transitioning away from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy sources. Many technologies exist now but are not fully utilized, and all economic sectors can pursue energy efficiency.
3. Equity issues around distribution of resources between countries, regions, and generations must be considered in climate policies and solutions. Developing countries have no emissions targets but are expected to pursue low-emissions development paths.
This document argues that climate change constitutes a violation of human rights and the responsibility to protect doctrine, opening up states that are significant contributors to climate change to potential military intervention. It summarizes the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change and its impacts. It frames climate change as a tragedy of the commons problem affecting the global atmosphere. While agreements like the Kyoto Protocol have sought solutions, implementation has been largely symbolic and developing nations have resisted restrictions.
A multi-organization high-level compilation of the most recent science related to
climate change, impacts and responses
Publication date: September 2022
2020, il punto di non ritorno del climaCarlo Rossi
This document discusses the need for global emissions to peak by 2020 in order to meet the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement. It summarizes the key risks of exceeding 1.5-2°C of warming such as destabilization of ice sheets and coral reef die off. It analyzes carbon budgets consistent with different emissions peaking years, finding that peaking by 2020 or earlier allows for greater reductions later on. Recent trends of flat global emissions over the past few years provide hope that peaking by 2020 is possible with major accelerated action. The document aims to outline six milestones that could help achieve a 2020 peak.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the "Canada Energy [R]evolution" scenario report, which analyzes Canada's energy efficiency potential and choices for the transport sector. It discusses the need to shift toward renewable energy sources and implement energy efficiency measures to mitigate climate change impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. The scenario examines how Canada can achieve at least a 25% reduction in emissions by 2020 and deeper cuts by 2050 through ambitious development of renewable energy and a transition away from fossil fuels in the energy sector. It presents the energy [r]evolution scenario as a practical blueprint for maintaining economic growth while significantly reducing emissions.
K The document provides an introduction to climate change, discussing how human activities are releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, changing the climate. Climate models predict global temperatures will rise 1.4-5.8°C by 2100, though impacts will continue for centuries. Effects include sea level rise, changes to weather patterns and ecosystems, and risks to human society and infrastructure. The international community is addressing this through the UN Climate Change Convention and its Kyoto Protocol, which aim to stabilize greenhouse gas levels and limit emissions.
Political Economy and Abrupt Climate ChangeIJRTEMJOURNAL
The theory of abrupt climate change shortens the time span for global decarbonisation,
according to the scheme adopted in the Paris 2015 Agreement. To avoid catastrophe wit climate chaos and huge
sea level rise, the COP21 must e reinforced and implemented now. The arrival of two positive feedback loops,
Arctic sea melting and methane emission for melting permafrost, push temperature higher on the Keeling curve.
Without global coordination, global warming is on its way to become unstoppable – Hawking’s irreversibilty
Political Economy and Abrupt Climate ChangeIJRTEMJOURNAL
The theory of abrupt climate change shortens the time span for global decarbonisation,
according to the scheme adopted in the Paris 2015 Agreement. To avoid catastrophe wit climate chaos and huge
sea level rise, the COP21 must e reinforced and implemented now. The arrival of two positive feedback loops,
Arctic sea melting and methane emission for melting permafrost, push temperature higher on the Keeling curve.
Without global coordination, global warming is on its way to become unstoppable – Hawking’s irreversibilty
The document discusses several topics related to global environmental politics and climate change, including:
1) It provides background on climate change science and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
2) It examines the impacts of climate change such as increased hurricane intensity and risks to health, as well as potential economic costs of climate change impacts.
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The document is a draft of a "Sense of Congress" resolution that would counter the view that imminent climate catastrophe is looming and advocate against energy rationing policies like those in the Kyoto Protocol. The resolution lists 17 findings that question claims of climate alarmism, including that 20th century temperature increases were likely on the lower end of projections and within natural variability, urbanization and land use changes account for much surface warming, and carbon caps would significantly increase energy costs without meaningfully impacting global temperatures. It concludes there is no regulatory solution to anthropogenic climate change and energy demand will continue rising substantially.
Nobel Laureate Mario Molina spoke about the impact of energy on climate change at the Joint Public Advisory Committee's public forum on Greening North America's Energy Economy in Calgary on 24 April 2013. More at: http://cec.org/jpacenergy
2013 – 2014 Strategy and Sustainability Highlights ReportSchneider Electric
Since sustainable development is an integral part of Schneider Electric’s strategy, our Group is publishing a combined Business and Sustainable Development document (Key figures, interviews with stakeholders, actions in favor of new behaviors, …).
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#Prerequisites:
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Climate Change and COP23: self-deceptions and sluggish coordination
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 1 Issue 12 ǁ September. 2017 ǁ PP 07-17
| Volume 1 | Issue 12 | www.ijrtem.com | 7 |
Climate Change and COP23: self-deceptions and sluggish coordination
1,
Jan-Erik Lane , 2,
Florent Dieterlen
1,
Fellow with Public Policy Institute, BELGRADE ; Address: 10 Charles Humbert, 1205 Geneva; 559 A, 3rd Floor,
Thuya Street, 9th Quarter, Yangon. Myanmar.
2,
Independent scholar (Geneva)
ABSTRACT : Recent Carribean~Florida events, where warm ocean water provided energy for the hurricane Irma, make us all
turn to the UN, and its UNFCCC, in order to find whether the international community is able and willing to engage in large
scale activities to halt global warming. Two aspects must be examined: (1) Is there now overwhelming empirical evidence for
global warming theory; (2) Can the states of world put together an effective response to rising greenhouse gases?If not, we face
the Stephen Hawking threat of enormous damages, global warming becoming irreversible.
KEYWORDS: GHG, GWT, CO2, methane, collective action, international governance, UNFCCC: Goal I, Goal II, Goal III.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the basics for social systems, as it generates not only survival but also economic affluence and wealth, being vital to
both poor and rich countries. If energy consumption is reduced, there will be global economic recessions and attending mass
poverty as well as unemployment. However, the inhabitants of Planet Earth consume too much energy from one major source:
burning fossil fuels: oil, gas and stone or wood coal.
All forms of energy be measured, and all these measures are translatable into each other. One may employ some standard sources
on energy consumption and what is immediately obvious is the immensely huge numbers involved – see Table 1.
TABLE 1. Energy consumption 2015 (Million Tons of oil equivalent)
Total %
Fossil fuels 11306,4 86,0
Oil 4331,3 32,9
Natural Gas 3135,2 23,8
Coal 3839,9 29,2
Renewables 1257,8 9,6
Hydroelectric 892,9 6,8
Others 364,9 2,8
Nuclear power 583,1 4,4
Total 13147,3 100,0
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016
Energy for economic and social systems comes with about 90% from burning fossil fuels. And this is done all over the world,
though to very different degrees from almost 100% in the Gulf States, Iran and Kazakhstan to less than 50% in Uruguay and
Norway. The enormous expansion in the energy consumption of fossil fuels has allowed the world to take on many new
inhabitants, as well as reducing poverty in the Third World and much enhancing affluence and wealth in the First world. But so
much energy from fossil fuels is conducive to global warming, and thus the United Nation’s COP21 meeting in Paris 2015 has
decided about decarbonisation in the 21st
century. Global coordination must be successful in a sharp and quick decarbonisation,
eliminating coal and substituting oil and gas with renewable energy source. UNFCCC has three objectives: Goal I = halting CO2
increase, Goal II = reducing CO2 with around 30%, and Goal III = complete decarbonisation by 2075.
II. DECARBONISATION – URGENCY
A few countries report declining carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), as gas replaces coal, plants for modern renewables are
constructed, and atomic energy becomes relevant again. On the hand, fossil fuel consumption is increasing in air- and sea-
transportation, new airports are built with massive cement like in new infra structure and Gulf area. The number of vehicles is
augmenting, just as their engine size. To check both decreases and increases in CO2:s, one should concentrate more upon total
greenhouse gases (GHG), because they also include the now rapidly augmenting methane emissions, from land and sea.
2. Climate Change and COP23: self-deceptions…
| Volume 1 | Issue 12 | www.ijrtem.com | 8 |
If energy consumption is the key to understanding CO2 emissions (Kaya and Yokobury, 1998), then what drives the enormous
demand for energy globally? Reply, the human drive for affluence, need satisfaction and wealth. Figure 1 shows the two trends
going together: GDP per capita growth (affluence per person) and CO2 emissions per capita from 1990 to 2015 – longitudinal
analysis.
FIGURE 1. 1990-2015: Per capita affluence and CO2s: y = 0,15x; R² = 0, 95
Sources: World Bank Data Indicators, data.worldbank.org; EU CO2 Data Base EDGAR, edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu
In the climate change debate, one should concentrate more upon total greenhouse gases (GHG), because they also include the now
rapidly augmenting methane emissions, from land and sea. Besides methane, the GHGs also cover the small noxious F-particles.
Figure 2 shows the increase in methane emissions for available data. Probably, the increase is now even higher (Figure 2). To
fully understand the global warming process from anthropogenic causes, one must now add the methane emissions to the CO2s.
FIGURE 2. Increase in methane emissions
The established Keeling curve estimates the link between CO2s and temperature rise.
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III. TEMPERATUR RISE
One may attempt to calculate exactly how increases in greenhouse gases impact upon temperature augmentations. Take the case of
CO2s, where a most complicated mathematical formula is employed: T = Tc + Tn, where T is temperature, Tc is the cumulative
net contribution to temperature from CO2 and Tn the normal temperature; The general formula reads: dT = λ*dF, where ‘dT’ is
the change in the Earth’s average surface temperature, ‘λ’ is the climate sensitivity, usually with degrees Celsius per Watts per
square meter (°C/[W/m2]), and ‘dF’ is the radiative forcing.
To get the calculations going, we start from lambda between 0.54 and 1.2, but let's take the average = 0.87. Thus, we have the
formula (Myhre el al, 1998): Formula: 0.87 x 5.35 x ln(C/280). Figure 3 shows how CO2 emissions may raise temperature to 4-5
degrees, which would be Hawking’s worst case scenario.
FIGURE 3. CO2s and temperature rise in CELCIUS
No one knows where the critical temperature rise occurs, i.e. from which Celsius degree global warming becomes “irreversible”,
to use Stephen Hawking’s expression. It could be as low as + 2 Celsius or as high as +5 Celsius.
To calculate the temperature implications of GHG:s now, one must move beyond the so-called Keeling curve. Diagram 1 shows
the conventional CO2-temperature curve, but it needs to be complemented by the temperature rising calculation for methane
emissions. The Keeling curve only takes CO2 into account, indicating now a temperature rise of 1,5 degrees Celsius. However,
this must be revised upwards due to the methane threat.
The global situation with regard to the greenhouse gases appears from Figure 4, where the economic expansion, measured by the
GDP, is accompanied by an inexorable growth in GHGs. This trend must be halted and reversed, as otherwise the 21st
century will
be the greenhouse century of mankind, as Stephen Schneider warned already 1989.
FIGURE 4. Global Link: GDP-GHC Globally: y=0.85x, R2=0.80
Source: World Bank Data Indicators; EDGARv4.2FT2012, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency. Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2
4. Climate Change and COP23: self-deceptions…
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IV. GLOBAL WARMING THEORY (GWT) COMING OF AGE
A theory like GWT is a set of hypotheses, held together by a core model. Theories differ in terms of logical structure as well as in
terms of empirical evidence. A few theories rank high upon criteria such as simplicity and empirical corroboration, like
thermodynamics. Other theories have a looser form and face evidence open to conflicting interpretations. GWT has developed
from some observations to a more closely knit structure with a parsimonious model.
The first anticipation of the global warming mechanism was done by Frenchman J. Fourier in the early 19th
century, but the theory
was developed by Swedish chemist Arrhenius around 1895. He calculated that a doubling of CO2 ppm would be conducive to a 5
degree increase in global average temperature, which is not too far off the worst case scenario for the 21rst century, according to
UN expertise now. It was not until Stephen Schneider published Global Warming in 1989 that the theory started to receive wide
attention, no doubt strengthened by the work of Keeling in measuring CO2 ppm globally. Moreover, techniques for viewing the
CO2 layer were developed, increasing the attention to climate change.
Now, the UN reacted with creating a few bodies to look into the changes going on, one of which was the COP framework. The
economists jumped in besides the natural scientists, worried about the future costs of this transformation of the atmosphere. On
the one hand, Kaya and associates presented in 1997 a model that explained CO2:s with energy and energy intensity of GDP. On
the other hand, Stern called global warming the largest externality in human history, calling for international governance in order
to stem the growth of greenhouse gases. Stern outlined in 2007 a number of activities aimed at reducing CO2 emissions,
promising also a Super Fund to channel money from rich advanced nations to poor countries and developing economies. As little
has been done through the UN system of meetings and agencies – transaction costs - up to date, Stern 2015 asked: “What are we
waiting for?”
All theories need confirmation. When the polar ice mountains began to collapse, it seemed decisive evidence for the global
warming theory. Other important test implications like glacier retreats everywhere, ocean warming and acidification as well as
desertification in Africa also gave support for global warming theory. Denials of climate change appear more and more
unfounded, although it is true that more of CO2 may benefit some fauna or environment niches.
V. GLOBAL COORDINATION: The UNFCCC and COP21 TREATY
To understand the enormous difficulty of global decarbonisation according to the COP Treaty by the UNFCCC, one must consult
the literature on international relations or politics among states. The Paris Agreement about stepwise decarbonisation during this
century is, of course, valid for the states whose governments signed it. But this normativity is not a strong one, as with domestic
law. Public international law often lacks efficiency, meaning compliance and sanctions against disobedience. Consequently, a
signatory government or state may renege upon the COP Treaty at any time without hesitation.
The realist school in international relations looks upon treaties as mere recommendations (Posner, 2009). The natural law school
sees public international law as legally valid, but recognized that it is often not feasible to enforce it. The COP 21 faces this
dilemma between validity and effectiveness with a vengeance, because it requires two things from formally sovereign states:
a) own decarbonisation;
b) resource transfer to help others' decarbonisation.
The Super Fund involves a promise of 100 billion dollars per years for almost a decade. But it invites of course reneging, like
Trumps USA.
VI. THE REMEDY AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING
Using the giant solar power station in Morocco as the benchmark, we ask: How many would be needed to replace the energy cut
in fossil fuels emissions, according to the requirement of the COP21 Treaty – GOAL II with 30% reduction of CO2s up until
2030? First, we look at the global scene in Table 2.
Table 2. Number of Ouarzazate plants necessary in 2030 for COP21’s GOAL II: Global scene (Note: Average of 250 - 300 days
of sunshine used for all entries except Australia, Indonesia, and Mexico, where 300 - 350 was used).
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Nation CO2 reduction pledge /
% of 2005 emissions
Number of gigantic
solar plants needed
(Ouarzazate)
Gigantic plants needed
for 40 % reduction
United States 26 - 28i
2100 3200
China noneii
0 3300
EU28 41 – 42 2300 2300
India noneii
0 600
Japan 26 460 700
Brazil 43 180 170
Indonesia 29 120 170
Canada 30 230 300
Mexico 25 120 200
Australia 26 – 28 130 190
Russia noneiii
0 940
World N/A N/A 16000
If countries rely to some extent upon wind or geo-thermal power or atomic power, the numbers in Table 2 will be reduced. The
key question is: Can so much solar power be constructed in some 10 years? Thus, the COP23 should decide to embark upon an
energy transformation of this colossal size.
Solar power investments will have to take many things into account: energy mix, climate, access to land, energy storage facilities,
etc. They are preferable to nuclear power, which pushes the pollution problem into the distant future with other kinds of dangers.
Wind power is accused to being detrimental to bird life
Table 3 shows the number of huge solar parks necessary for a few Asian countries. The numbers are staggering, but can be
fulfilled, if turned into the number ONE priority. Some of the poor nations need external financing and technical assistance.
Table 3. Number of Ouarzazate plants necessary in 2030 for COP21’s GOAL II. Asian scene (Note: Average of 250 - 300 days of
sunshine was used for Kazakhstan, 300 - 350 days of sunshine per year for the others).
Nation Co2 reduction pledge /
% of 2005 emissions
Number of gigantic
solar plants needed
(Ouarzazate)
Gigantic plants needed
for 40 % reduction
Saudi Arabia noneii
0 150
Iran 4 – 12iv
22 220
Kazakhstan noneii
0 100
Turkey 21 60 120
Thailand 20 - 25iv
50 110
Malaysia noneii
0 80
Pakistan noneii
0 60
Bangladesh 3,45 2 18
Notes:
i) The United States has pulled out of the deal
ii) No absolute target
iii) Pledge is above current level, no reduction
iv) Upper limit dependent on receiving financial support
v) EU joint pledge of 40 % compared to 1990
GRANDE SCALE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Management Tasks :Although each country is responsible for the
execution of its special plan of decarbonisation, international governance faces several challenges in this process towards
complete decarbonisation by 2075, globally speaking. It must make sure that:
a) There is no reneging;
b) Funding is available for countries that need assistance;
c) Best available technologies are spread to all government;
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d) Oversight and control is made yearly;
e) Defection
For all forms of international governance applies the famous Hobbes’ dictum, anticipating by several hundred years the arrival of
the theory of the PD game in the social sciences:
And covenants, without the sword, are but words and of no strength to secure a man at all. Therefore, notwithstanding the laws of
nature (which every one hath then kept, when he has the will to keep them, when he can do it safely), if there be no power erected,
or not great enough for our security, every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art for caution against all other
men. T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), Chapter XVII
As long as withdrawal from a Treaty does not itself violate basic principles of Public International Law, there is no constraining
mechanism available. Thus, the US can now act as a double free rider: no imposed decarbonisation from outside, as well as no
obligation to pay into the planned Super Fund. The COP21 Agreement offers a multitude of possibilities to cheat, i.e. renege,
especially as it is a huge and long term project with economic implications for both poor and rich countries.
Decarbonisation is nothing but an Ocean PD game, where the players are the signatories to a common pool regime (CPR)
(Ostrom, 1990), instructed to handle the greatest externality in economic history (Stern, 2007). COP21 is large scale collective
action, which is always vulnerable for free riding. Defection can occur immediately, as with the US, or at any stage on the long
road to full decarbonisation. Since defection is the sub game perfect Nash equilibrium in a finitely repeated PD game, selective
incentives must be employed to hold the CPR together – the Super Fund, already anticipated by Stern (2007). Defection may take
several forms besides exit:
a) Refusal to decarbonize
b) Delays with elimination of coal
c) Closing down atomic power for gas
d) Continued use of wood coal
e) Refusal to contribute to the Super Fund.
f) Misinformation about accomplishments of decarbonisation.
Super Fund : The promise of 100 billion $ per year from 2020 was indeed a spectacular set of selective incentives for poor
countries and emerging economies to stay in this global coalition that involves both costs of closing down facilities and costs of
investing in renewables. Although there is some forms of support already in place for decarbonisation, the Super Fund is
something of an entirely different order. How to fund? How to manage? Oversight and control! Links with the global funds and
donors?
Best Technology Transfer : The technological development is quick in the energy sector with new products forthcoming all the
time and prices keep falling almost invariably. For instance, solar power panels are now available I large quantities at much lower
costs. Developments in nuclear energy have made these reactors much safer and cheaper. Finally, also wind- and geo-thermal
power has reduced pricing. But technological advances must be communicated where they are needed, which is why the
UNFCCC must develop consulting competences.
The UNFCCC may be asked to give advice to a government about its country strategies. For example, Brazil should be told that
its plan for 30-35 dams in the Amazons is not vise, because the future water shortage in the Andes. The best strategy for Brazil is
the solar power plants, type Ouarzazate. For South Asia also, lots of solar power must be better than giant hydro power projects.
Geo-thermal power installations are highly suitable for countries with volcanos. The proposal by the Asian Development Bank to
engage in massive CO2 capture or sequestration should be rejected entirely by the UNFCCC secretariat. Moreover, improvement
in batteries will play a major role for the transition an economy based upon renewable power sources and electrical vehicles.
Oversight : Governments understate problems and setbacks, while exaggerating achievements and successes. To arrive at real
debarbonisation, the emissions from the members of the CPR must be continuously monitored. Thus, China states that it is closing
down cool plants, but speaks little about the planning for enormous infra structure investments and the increases in vehicles,
engine sizes and air traffic. Likewise, Singapore praises itself for already being a GREEN city with lots of renewables. But cold
figures about energy consumption tell a different story.
VII. COLLECTIVE ACTION, MANAGEMENT AND COP23
Reneging is not the only major obstacle to the COP21 project. Can one expect India to stay in this CPR when its coal dependency
is seriously questioned (Ramesh. 2015)? And how about South Korea and Australia that are so eager to prioritize economic
growth? When any country runs into energy supply problems, then its government will of course renege somehow. Only selective
incentives can make the difference, but they call for strict and transparent management from international governance and funding
agencies.
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The risk of COP management – internationally, nationally and local – is the massive occurrence of so-called garbage can decision-
making (March and Olsen, 1976). It constitutes fundamental chaos in outcomes, containing policy failures all over the place. It is
not only collective action cheating, but covers also ambiguous goals, uncertain means as well as cost inefficiencies. There appears
to an almost complete reliance from the representatives of states of the world upon the UNFCCC and its Paris Treaty. But can its
GOAL I, II. III really be implemented? International coordination tends to be sluggish, conflictual and open to reneging. Civil
society is split about climate change, demanding sometimes too much like a totally new economy (Sachs, 2015). The denial of
climate change still has their adherents (Wildavsky, 1997; Simon, 20002; and Lomborg, 2007). Often global warming is mixed up
with general environmentalism, global re-distributional justice and big power politics (Conca, 2015: Vogler, 2016) .
VIII. CONCLUSION
Looking at the countries in Appendix I, we establish that they are far from the COP21 objectives: Goal I, Goal II and Goal III. The
Asian Development Bank predicts direct dire effects on the environment from global warming, and dismal indirect consequences
for the economy (ADB 2015). It recommends carbon capture as the remedy, but it is a counter measure that is very expensive and
hardly reliable. The only safe counter strategy to global warming is the combination of solar power plants with electrical vehicles.
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country-climate-pledges
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forthcoming
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http://www.solarmango.com/in/tools/solar-carbon-emission-reduction
GDP sources: World Bank national accounts data - data.worldbank.org OECD National Accounts data files
GHG and energy sources:
World Resources Institute CAIT Climate Data Explorer - cait.wri.org
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Research - http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php
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International Energy Agency. Paris.
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LITERATURE
1. Asian Development Bank (ADB): A Region at Risk: The Human Dimensions of Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific
2. Publication | July 2017
3. "Arrhenius, Svante August" in Chambers's Encyclopædia. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1.
4. Conka, K. (2015) Un Unfinished Foundation. The United Nations and Global Environmental Governance. Oxford:
OUP. .
5. Kaya, Y., and Yokoburi, K. (1997) Environment, energy, and economy: Strategies for sustainability. Tokyo: United
Nations University Press.
6. Lomborg, B. (2003) The Skeptical Environmentalist. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
7. Lomborg, B. (2007) “Cool It”. New York: Knopf.
8. March, J. and J. Olsen (1976) Ambiguity and Choice. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
9. Ramesh, J. (2015) Green Signals: Ecology, Growth and Democracy in India (2015). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
10. Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
11. Posner, E. (2009) Perils of Global Legalism Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Pressman, J. and A. Wildavsky (1973, 1984) Implementation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Ramesh, J. (2015) Green Signals: Ecology, Growth and Democracy in India (2015). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
8. Climate Change and COP23: self-deceptions…
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14. Sachs, J.D. (2015) The Age of Sustainable Development. New York: Columbia University Press.
15. Schneider, S. (1989) Global Warming. Are we entering the greenhouse century ? San Francisco: Sierra Club.
16. Simon, J. (2002) Against the Grain. An Autobiography. Piscataway: Transaction..
17. Stern, N. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change. Oxford: OUP.
18. Stern, N. (2015) What are we waiting for? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
19. Vogler, J. (2016) Climate Change in World Politics. Basingstoke: MacmillanPalgrave
20. Wildavsky, A. (1997) “Is it Really True”. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U.P.
APPENDIX 1. GDP, ENERGY AND EMISSIONS
India
.
FIGURE 1. INDIA: LN (CO2/ Kg and LN (GDP / Constant Value 2005 USD)
FIGURE 2. http://blog.friendsofscience.org/2017/08/21/india-the-next-greenhouse-gas-emissions-giant/
FIGURE 3. PAKISTAN: LN (CO2 / Kg and LN (GDP / Constant Value 2005 USD) (y = 1,05x - 0,97; R² = 0,96)