The glossopharyngeal nerve is the 9th cranial nerve. It originates in the medulla oblongata and terminates in the pharynx. It has sensory, motor and parasympathetic functions. It carries sensation from the back of the tongue, middle ear, carotid sinus and pharynx. It also controls saliva production and muscles of the throat involved in swallowing. Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve can cause difficulty swallowing, impaired taste, and fainting with severe pain.
A brief study material of glossophrayngeal nerve its relations and courses and importance on dentistry with diagrams and references in relation to dentistry.
A brief study material of glossophrayngeal nerve its relations and courses and importance on dentistry with diagrams and references in relation to dentistry.
VAGUS (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
HYPOGLOSSAL (XII)
agus nerve (X):
Has a wide range of functions, including control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. It also has sensory and motor components. The vagus nerve emerges from the medulla. Located lateral to olive and below the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Accessory nerve (XI):
Controls the muscles of the neck and shoulders. It emerges from the medulla.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII):
Controls the muscles of the tongue. It emerges from the medulla behind pyramid.
Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Vascular supply of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
VAGUS (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
HYPOGLOSSAL (XII)
agus nerve (X):
Has a wide range of functions, including control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. It also has sensory and motor components. The vagus nerve emerges from the medulla. Located lateral to olive and below the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Accessory nerve (XI):
Controls the muscles of the neck and shoulders. It emerges from the medulla.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII):
Controls the muscles of the tongue. It emerges from the medulla behind pyramid.
Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Vascular supply of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
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2. Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Introduction.
The
glossopharyngeal nerve is the 9th cranial nerve (CN IX). It is one of the
four cranial nerves that has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic
functions. It originates from the medulla oblongata and terminates in
the pharynx. These nerves start in your brainstem. They connect to
organs, muscles and other structures in your mouth and throat. These
nerves are paired — there’s one on each side.
3. Anatomy of glossopharyngeal nerve.
• The glossopharyngeal nerve starts in the lower part of your brainstem
(medulla oblongata). It passes through many structures in your neck before
reaching your pharynx (throat). Its path
includes:
• Exiting your skull through a small opening (jugular foramen).
• Traveling down your neck alongside your jugular vein.
• Going behind the styloid process, a pointy bone in your skull below your
ear.
• Curving forward and touching the stylopharyngeus (near your throat).
• Passing under the hyoglossus muscle. This muscle helps you lower your
tongue and pull it toward the back of your mouth.
4. Function
There are many glossopharyngeal nerve functions. The glossopharyngeal nerve affects
muscles, organs and body processes near your throat, such as the:
Carotid sinus: This hollow area helps blood drain from your brain into the carotid artery in
your neck. It has a role in regulating blood pressure.
Middle ear: Sensory nerve fibers enable you to detect fullness from fluid buildup. You can
also feel pain from an ear infection.
Parotid (saliva) gland: CN IX decreases saliva production when you finish eating.
Part of the tongue: The glossopharyngeal nerve helps you taste food in the back third of
your tongue.
Stylopharyngeus muscle: A long muscle that runs down part of your throat. CN IX connects
to this muscle to lift the voice box (larynx) and nearby throat (pharynx). This makes it
possible to swallow.
Tonsils: Sensory nerve fibers help you sense pain from a sore throat or swelling due to an
infection.
5. Complications of glossopharyngeal nerve
What happens if the glossopharyngeal nerve is damaged?
Glossopharyngeal nerve lesions produce difficulty swallowing; impairment of
taste over the posterior one-third of the tongue and palate; impaired
sensation over the posterior one-third of the tongue, palate, and pharynx.
Also Complications of GPN may include:
Slow pulse and fainting may occur when pain is severe
Damage to the carotid artery or internal jugular artery due to injuries, such
as a stab wound, that may be associated with GPN
Difficulty in swallowing food and speaking
Side effects of the medicines used.
6. References
1.Sonnet J, Lopez-Ojeda W. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing;
Treasure Island (FL): Dec 9, 2022. Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve. [PubMed]
2.Singh O, M Das J. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure
Island (FL): Apr 3, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck: Jugular Foramen.
[PubMed]
3.Sakamoto Y. Morphological Features of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve in the
Peripharyngeal Space, the Oropharynx, and the Tongue. Anat Rec (Hoboken).
2019 Apr;302(4):630-638. [PubMed]
