The document discusses Halliday's concept of clause as representation in functional English. It explains that in clause as representation, the speaker represents their experience of the real world, including their inner thoughts and feelings. The most important component of a clause is the process, as it determines the possible participants. There are six main types of processes: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential. Each process involves different required and optional participants, and clauses can also include circumstances of manner, place, time, etc.

2. Clause as Representation in Hallidayan Functional English By Muhammad Sajid us Salam Mphil Linguistics Islamia University Bahawalpur [email_address]

5. Halliday’s Functional Grammar

6. Components of Clause as representation

8. What is centrally important in clause as representation? Process . It is so because it is process that largely determines the types of participants that are possible.Halliday refers to it as the system of transitivity.Transitivity is the overall resource for constructing goings on(experience). It means the kind of activity expressed by a sentence,participants and the manner of participants.The following figure shows the importance of process in transitivity .

9. Transitivity structure Process participants circumstances

10. Types of processes

11. 1.Material process 2.Mental Process 3.Relational process Behavioral process Verbal process Existential process

13. Material process Participant Process Participant The post kicked The boy Example (no goal) resigned The mayor Example Goal (optional) Material process Actor

15. Mental process The king Can recognize I Example Participant Process Participant The gift liked Mary Example (Implied phenomenon) knows Jim Example Phenomenon Mental process Senser

17. Attributive clauses complete nonsense. timid creatures wise tall a poet sounds are is is is Your story Mice Sarah My brother Ali Attribute Process Carrier

19. Identifying mode Hamlet The clever one Played Is Mr. Garrick Alice Identifier Process Identified

22. Participant Process participant laughed They Example frowned He Example Behavioral process Behavior

24. Verbal process Willie He Sayer it said Example a story me told Example verbiage Receiver Verbal process

26. Existential verbs Example Example Example A problem Seems to be There An old woman Was There A picture hangs there On the wall Existent entity Existential process Grammatical subject Circumstance

27. Processes and their components existent Existential Receiver/target Sayer Verbal Behavor Behavioral Attribute/identifier Carrier / identified Relational Phenomenon Sensor Mental goal Actor Verbal participant 2 Participant 1 process

28. Main types of Circumstance in English With a hammer Means, quality, comparison Manner In June, from Paris Place, time Location For three hours Distance, duration Extent Example Specific categories Type

31. Questions

38. Thank You