The document outlines the history and criteria of biological classification, starting from Aristotle's two-kingdom system to the six-kingdom classification by Carl Woese, which separated organisms into domains. It details the characteristics of various kingdoms, emphasizing the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and provides insights into bacterial respiration, nutrition, and reproduction methods. Key features include a discussion on the nutritional modes of bacteria and their genetic recombination processes.

1. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
PRIYA JHA
PGT BIOLOGY

2. • Aristotle divided Organisms in
1. Plant- a) Herbs b) Trees
2.Animals
• Two Kingdom Classification by Carolous Linnaeus
1.Plant Kingdom
2. Animal Kingdom
• Three Kingdom Classification by Ernst Hackel-
Added Protista
• Four Kingdom Classification by Herber F.
Copeland Added
Monera(Monera,Protista,Metaphyta and
Metazoa)

3. Five Kingdom Classification by R H
Whittaker (1969)
He added Fungi
Main criteria for Classification are
1. Cell Structure
2. Cell wall
3. Body Organization
4. Mode of Nurition
5. Reproduction
6. Phylogenetic relationship( Evolutionary
Relationship)

4. Cell Structure
1. Prokaryote-Monera(No Organelles)
2. Eukaryotes( Having Organelles)
Cell Wall
1. Monera (peptidoglycon)
2. Fungi- (Chitin)
3. Protista:variable cell wall
Dinoflagulate- Cellulose
Diatoms-Silica
Euglena-Pelical

5. Six Kingdom Classification by Carl Woose
He proposed 3 Domain Classification
1.Domain Archae
2. Domain Bacteria
3. Domain Eukarya-4 Kingdom-a) Protista
b) Fungi
c) Plantae
d) Animal
He classified Monera (Prokaryotes) into Two Domain-a)
Domain Archae b) Domain Bacteria
Virus,viriod,Lichen,Prion not included in Five Kingdom
classification.

7. Kingdom Monera
(Unicellular Prokarotes,Cell wall -Peptidoglycon)
1.Shapes of Bacteria
• Cocci
• Bacilli
• Spirilla
• Vibrio

8. 2. Bacterial Respiration
1.Anaerobic (without oxygen)
• a) Obligate Anaerobic
(If oxygen provided it will
die-Compulsory anaerobic
• b) Facultative Aerobic
( If oxygen available may be
used)
2.Aerobic (with oxygen)
• a) Obligate Aerobic
(If oxygen will be not
provided it will die-
Compulsory aerobic
• b) Facultative Aerobic
( If oxygen is not available
may be survive)

9. 3. Bacterial Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition
• A) Photosynthetic Bacteria-eg.
Anoxygenic –Green sulphur
Bacteria(use sunlight but do not
use released oxygen)
• B) Oxygenic- eg.BGA ( use sunlight
and release oxygen –
Nostoc,Anbena,Oscillatoria)
Heterotropic
Nutrition
• Eg Parasitic
Bacteria

10. 4. Bacterial Reproduction
• A) Binary Fission

11. • B) Endospore Formation( In adverse condition)

12. • C) Genetic Recombination---
i) Transformation-A bacteria which can take up the
genetic material in its surrounding through the cell wall
followed by stable incorporation into the recipient
genome, or replication as an independent plasmid.
ii) Conjugation- A bacteria transfer genetic material with
the help of pili.Conjugation is the process by which one
bacterium transfers genetic material to another
through direct contact. During conjugation, one
bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material,
and the other serves as the recipient.
iii) Transduction- Transduction is the process by which
foreign DNA is introduced into a bacterial cell by
a virus or viral vector

13. Genetic Recombination-

14. 5.Monera
Eubacteria
• Unicellular ,filamentous,
aquatic,terrestrial
• Photosynthesis takes place
and pigment is Chl A (eg
BGA)
• Oxygen is released eg.
Nostoc,Anabena,Oscillatoria
• Heterocyst Cell is present for
Nitrogen fixation
Archaebacteria
• It has some feature of
Eubacteria as well as of
Eukaryotes
• Found in extreme condition
a) Holophiles( in saline
condition)
b) Thermoacidophills( at
extreme temperature)
c) Methanogene( help I
digestion of cellulose in gut of
cattle and produce methane)

15. Nitrogen Fixing Cynobacteria:A.Anabena,B.Nostoc
C. Tolypothrix sp., and D Hapalosiphon sp.