The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway is highlighted. When EGFR is activated by ligand binding, it stimulates a cascade involving RAS, RAF, MEK and ERK. This pathway regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival. Components of this pathway like EGFR, RAS and RAF are known to contribute to cancer when mutated. Overexpression of EGFR or mutations in RAS or B-RAF that make them constitutively active can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
Cell signalling through MAP-Kinase and JAK STAT pathway.pptxSonalShrivas
Cell signaling is a complex process by which cells communicate with each other to regulate various cellular activities, including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis (cell death). Signaling molecules, such as hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters, bind to specific receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell, initiating a cascade of events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. There are several signaling pathways involved in cell signaling, including the Ras-MAPK pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway.
Both the Ras-MAPK pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway are critical for normal cellular function, and dysregulation of these pathways can lead to various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders.
Basic Mutagenic signal Transduction or the cancer signal transduction that control cell cycle are important pathways to understand cancer in molecular level and to invent targeted treatment.
Cell signalling through MAP-Kinase and JAK STAT pathway.pptxSonalShrivas
Cell signaling is a complex process by which cells communicate with each other to regulate various cellular activities, including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis (cell death). Signaling molecules, such as hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters, bind to specific receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell, initiating a cascade of events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. There are several signaling pathways involved in cell signaling, including the Ras-MAPK pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway.
Both the Ras-MAPK pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway are critical for normal cellular function, and dysregulation of these pathways can lead to various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders.
Basic Mutagenic signal Transduction or the cancer signal transduction that control cell cycle are important pathways to understand cancer in molecular level and to invent targeted treatment.
Molecular signaling involved in breast cancerainnie babarrr
Molecular signaling is very important to predict patient's clinical outcome. HER signaling is most important one, by its regulation cascade of pathways started. So, by understanding proteins over-expression we can target with inhibitors to suppress particular protein, which will results in treatment of breast cancer or Drug discovery.
Molecular signaling involved in breast cancerainnie babarrr
Molecular signaling is very important to predict patient's clinical outcome. HER signaling is most important one, by its regulation cascade of pathways started. So, by understanding proteins over-expression we can target with inhibitors to suppress particular protein, which will results in treatment of breast cancer or Drug discovery.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
CK402 Biochemistry.docx
1. CK402 Biochemistry
Answers:
1. Describe a growth factor signalling pathway highlighting components which are known
to contribute to the development of cancer.
A Growth factor signalling is a cell signalling pathway that regulates the growth and
development of an organism. Secreted growth factors are protein that bind to
transmembrane growth factor receptors to stimulate cell signalling cascades that promote
cell proliferation, division, apoptosis and differentiation. Activating mutations in growth
factor receptors or their signalling pathways commonly are associated with cancers.
There are many growth factor signalling pathways like TGF-β, EGF, FGF, MAP kinase
pathway, STAT pathway, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt Signalling Cascade etc.
RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAP Kinase Pathway
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a type of transmembrane receptor tyrosine
kinase (RTK) that couple the binding of intracellular signalling pathways to the extracellular
growth factor ligands and those pathways control various biologic responses such as
differentiation, proliferation, survival and cell motility. EGFR signalling pathway activated
by binding of receptor specific ligand which leads to the formation of a functionally active
EGFR-EGFR dimer or hetro dimer. It causes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of specific
tyrosine residues in the EGFR intracellular(cytoplasm) domain.
The activated EGFR’s residues bind(attach itsely) directly to the GRB2(growth factor
receptor binding protein 2). GRB2 binds to the proline rich carboxy-terminal tail in SOS
(son of sevenless). SOS is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). It activates RAS which
is a monomeric G-protein. RAS typically relies on guanine nucleotide-exchange factors
(GEFs) for binding GTP, and on GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for stimulation of GTP
hydrolysis. RAS once activated can dissociate and move in membrane to interact with other
kinases such as RAF.RAF gets activated upon interaction of RAS. RAF directly activates MEK
by phosphorylation. MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-MAPKK) are a rare class
of tyrosine and threonine/serine dual-specificity kinases that activate ERK. MEK
phosphorylates the Thr-Glu-Tyr motif in the ERK.ERK is another kinase which then
2. translocate into nucleus and interacts with several transcription factors(TFs) and RNA
polymerase for an allow to gene expression to happen and this is how the downstream
cascade in RAS MAP kinase pathway takes place.
The genes that are transcribed by this pathway are responsible for growth and cell division
such as CYCLIN D1, and also genes which are responsible for survival, proliferation like
cMYC, BCL2, BCLxL etc. All of these genes are target genes for MAP kinase pathway. This
pathway gives rise to growth, division, proliferation in terms of tissue or cell.so it’s very
important for growing tissue or cell division. But mutations in the EGFR gene or any other
component of this pathway can lead to cancer.
Components contributing to the development of cancer
EGFR
Overexpression Of EGFR
Overexpression of receptor leads to increased activation of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway
because if there is more receptor it can bind to more ligand and cause the pathway to
become more activated. EGFR is amplified or mutated in a variety of cancers including in
highly lethal brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM), lung cancer, pancreatic cancer etc.
RAS
Mutation In RAS Oncogene
In the mutated RAS the GTP activated protein(GAP) cannot hydrolyse the GTP as a result
RAS is constitutively active regardless the presence of any ligand/mitogen. As a result,
downstream effectors such as RAF, MEK, ERK all are active and the genes are transcribed
which leads to uncontrolled proliferation which may leads to cancer.
Mainly pancreatic cancer is caused due to mutation in RAS protein. Thyroid and lung cancer
also occur due to RAS mutation.
RAF
There are three RAF protein (A, B, C). A point mutation occurs in B-Raf which leads to
constitutively active form of B-Raf. Melanoma, colon and thyroid cancer occur due to
mutation in RAF.
References:
Adrián Riesco, Beatriz Santos-Buitrago, Javier De Las Rivas, Merrill Knapp, Gustavo Santos-
García, Carolyn Talcott, "Epidermal Growth Factor Signalling towards Proliferation:
Modeling and Logic Inference Using Forward and Backward Search", BioMed Research
3. International, vol. 2017, Article ID 1809513, 11 pages, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1809513
Capuani, F., Conte, A., Argenzio, E., Marchetti, L., Priami, C., Polo, S., ... & Ciliberto, A. (2015).
Quantitative analysis reveals how EGFR activation and downregulation are coupled in
normal but not in cancer cells. Nature communications, 6(1), 1-14.
Liu, F., & Mischel, P. S. (2018). Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor co?dependent
signalling pathways in glioblastoma. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and
Medicine, 10(1), e1398.
G. Vukmirovic and S. M. Tilghman, “Exploring genome space,” Nature, vol. 405, no. 6788, pp.
820–822, 2000.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Sever, R., & Brugge, J. S. (2015). Signal transduction in cancer. Cold Spring Harbor
perspectives in medicine, 5(4), a006098. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006098