Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docxtoltonkendal
Edward Said, Lecture 1
Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 20
Edward Said
§ 1935-2003
§ Born in Jerusalem in Palestine (when it was a British
Mandate), he was a lifelong advocate for Palestinian
autonomy and the Palestinian people.
§ He was a professor of literature at Columbia and is
considered one of the founders of postcolonial theory.
§ His most famous book, published in 1978, was Orientalism.
Orientalism
§ Written in 1978
§ One of the most important books of the twentieth century.
§ Orientalism was historically considered alongside
anthropology and sociology/political science:
anthropology studied “the peoples without history”;
sociology and political science studies the West and its
settler colonies (the US/Canada/Mexico, etc.); and
Orientalism studied peoples with a literary history,
basically the “civilizations” of Asia
Orientalism
§ Yet one of the challenges of Orientalism was the
way that it froze history: European scholars would
emphasize their capacity with various Asian
languages (usually specializing in a region like
South Asia, East Asia, or the Middle East) and then
believe that learning the classical texts was all they
needed.
§ This is a process called “essentializing”
§ Think about what it would mean if someone felt
they could talk about the current French elections
by having carefully studied many of the texts in 9th
century France. Yet this still happens about Islam!
The phrase
“Orientalist”
§ People use this phrase a lot less often now, and
are more likely to talk about “Near Eastern
Language and Civilizations” (though note that
near east still refers to Europe. Near to whom?
That’s why you more often now say East Asia
instead of the Far East)
§ And in many ways, Said’s book helped to totally
reorient the field.
What does
Said mean by
Orientalism
§ “Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an
ontological and epistemological distinction made
between “the Orient” [East] and (most of the time) “the
Occident” [West] (2).
§ Ontological: Question of being. What kind of thing is
something?
§ Epistemological: Question of knowing. How do we know
something?
§ Said is interested in how we know the Orient and how that
kind of knowing changes what the Orient is.
Meaning of Orientalism
§ “Taking the late eighteenth century as a very roughly
defined starting point Orientalism can be discussed
and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing
with the Orient-dealing with it by making statements
about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by
teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short,
Orientalism as a Western style for dominating,
restructuring, and having authority over the Orient” (3).
Antonio Gramsci
§ Italian politician, Marxist theorist
§ Most famous for his Prison
Notebooks, which he wrote while
being imprisoned by Mussolini
§ Famous for being one of the major
influences on later Marxism,
bringing culture more into fo.
How does one study gender, race, or sexuality What does it mean to alfredai53p
How does one study gender, race, or sexuality? What does it mean to study social phenomena “scientifically”?
What research methods are employed most often to study gender, race, sexuality? How is data collected via these research methods? What are the strengths and limitations of each method?
Ethnography
Interviewing
Experiments
Surveys
Analysis of secondary statistical data
Historical methods
Comparative methods
What is a “social construct” according to Christiansen and Fischer (2016)?
Regarding the fair treatment of the research subjects, what ethical principles are integral and necessary for conducting a research project? How do we ensure that the risks are minimized?
What are the ethical dilemmas in the social experiments you watched during Week 1?
What effects did the Tuskegee Study have on the US according to Brandt (1978)? What aspects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did you find most surprising? What are the implications of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study for African Americans concerning their views on and participation in research?
What were the most important contributions of the Kinsey Report according to Bullough (2014)?
What challenges might you run into as a sex researcher trying to secure funding for your study? How would you address those concerns according to Stombler et al (2014)?
What is an informed consent?
What institutional body within Rutgers is responsible for monitoring the research ethics compliance?
What is the difference between how we define sex and gender according to O’Brien (2018)?
Is gender biological, social, or both?
What genders are acknowledged in contemporary society? What is the gender binary, and how does it operate in society? What does “nonbinary,” “transgender,” or “intersex” mean, according to Lopez (2017) and Davis and Preves (2017)?
How would gender be viewed from the biological essentialist angle?
According to Martin (1991), how did the stereotypes of femininity and masculinity influence how scientists interpreted the actions of human cells under their microscopes? To what extent did the cultural biases color scientific discoveries? What are the best ways to avoid the biases exposed in this article?
What does it mean to say that gender is socially constructed? What biological, cultural or historical evidence led scholars to conclude that gender is a social construct?
What does “gender socialization” mean? When does it begin? Who and what propels this type of socialization? What are the effects of gender socialization? Is it possible to avoid gender socialization altogether? Have there been attempts to avoid it in history? Imagine that you and your family want to raise a child in a gender-neutral way. How would this process of gender-neutral socialization be affected by agents of socialization other than your own family as your child grows into a young adult?
What are some ways in which power is symbolically linked to masculinity in our society? What are some privileges men en ...
SOC 1010, Introduction to Sociology 1 Course Learning.docxaryan532920
SOC 1010, Introduction to Sociology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Analyze the ideas of sociological theorists in terms of their historical, economic, and social contexts.
1.1 Examine the three primary perspectives of sociology: functionalist, conflict, and interactionist.
2. Analyze the relationship between one’s beliefs and one’s group memberships.
2.1 Use the steps of scientific research to examine beliefs about a current event.
2.2 Predict how membership to certain groups affects belief
4. Evaluate patterns of behavior through sociological skills and theory.
4.1 Apply sociological imagination to determine how group membership shapes how we
perceive world events.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
The Sociological Imagination
Chapter 2:
Sociological Research
Unit Lesson
On the one hand, sociology is a noun: it is defined as a body of knowledge about society that is based on
rigorous, scientific research. On the other hand, sociology is a verb: “a way of engaging with the world around
us and understanding its complexity and interconnections in new ways” (Witt, 2015, p. 20). In this unit, you
will learn about and practice the sociological imagination that is needed to study, recognize, and understand
the relationship between individuals and society.
C. Wright Mills (1959) used the concept of sociological imagination to explain the relationship between the
larger society and ourselves. Here, imagination does NOT mean make-believe. When Mills coined the term
sociological imagination, he encouraged us to look outside ourselves and to recognize that society shapes
who we are, what we think, and how we feel. Ask yourself about your beliefs in the afterlife. If you grew up in
a Hindu household, you might believe that the afterlife includes reincarnation into another person. If you grew
up in a Christian household, you might believe the afterlife is in heaven.
Using this same way of thinking, if you grew up in a Chinese American household, you may be likely to speak
Mandarin or Cantonese in addition to English. However, if you grew up in a French American household, you
are less likely to speak Mandarin or Cantonese. Rather, you are likely to speak French and English.
If we stretch our imaginations even further, we can see that a person raised in a U.S. city is less likely to be
able to grow his/her own food or drive a tractor than someone raised on a farm. Moreover, a person raised in
the U.S. is more likely to believe women are equal to men than someone raised in a more patriarchal society.
Finally, you are more likely to be friends with people from the same social class, race, and age group as you.
Therefore, you are more likely to marry someone who is from the same social class, race, and age group as
you. This is not to say you must do this. Rather, you are encouraged to do this by social institutions such as ...
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docxtoltonkendal
Edward Said, Lecture 1
Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 20
Edward Said
§ 1935-2003
§ Born in Jerusalem in Palestine (when it was a British
Mandate), he was a lifelong advocate for Palestinian
autonomy and the Palestinian people.
§ He was a professor of literature at Columbia and is
considered one of the founders of postcolonial theory.
§ His most famous book, published in 1978, was Orientalism.
Orientalism
§ Written in 1978
§ One of the most important books of the twentieth century.
§ Orientalism was historically considered alongside
anthropology and sociology/political science:
anthropology studied “the peoples without history”;
sociology and political science studies the West and its
settler colonies (the US/Canada/Mexico, etc.); and
Orientalism studied peoples with a literary history,
basically the “civilizations” of Asia
Orientalism
§ Yet one of the challenges of Orientalism was the
way that it froze history: European scholars would
emphasize their capacity with various Asian
languages (usually specializing in a region like
South Asia, East Asia, or the Middle East) and then
believe that learning the classical texts was all they
needed.
§ This is a process called “essentializing”
§ Think about what it would mean if someone felt
they could talk about the current French elections
by having carefully studied many of the texts in 9th
century France. Yet this still happens about Islam!
The phrase
“Orientalist”
§ People use this phrase a lot less often now, and
are more likely to talk about “Near Eastern
Language and Civilizations” (though note that
near east still refers to Europe. Near to whom?
That’s why you more often now say East Asia
instead of the Far East)
§ And in many ways, Said’s book helped to totally
reorient the field.
What does
Said mean by
Orientalism
§ “Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an
ontological and epistemological distinction made
between “the Orient” [East] and (most of the time) “the
Occident” [West] (2).
§ Ontological: Question of being. What kind of thing is
something?
§ Epistemological: Question of knowing. How do we know
something?
§ Said is interested in how we know the Orient and how that
kind of knowing changes what the Orient is.
Meaning of Orientalism
§ “Taking the late eighteenth century as a very roughly
defined starting point Orientalism can be discussed
and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing
with the Orient-dealing with it by making statements
about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by
teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short,
Orientalism as a Western style for dominating,
restructuring, and having authority over the Orient” (3).
Antonio Gramsci
§ Italian politician, Marxist theorist
§ Most famous for his Prison
Notebooks, which he wrote while
being imprisoned by Mussolini
§ Famous for being one of the major
influences on later Marxism,
bringing culture more into fo.
How does one study gender, race, or sexuality What does it mean to alfredai53p
How does one study gender, race, or sexuality? What does it mean to study social phenomena “scientifically”?
What research methods are employed most often to study gender, race, sexuality? How is data collected via these research methods? What are the strengths and limitations of each method?
Ethnography
Interviewing
Experiments
Surveys
Analysis of secondary statistical data
Historical methods
Comparative methods
What is a “social construct” according to Christiansen and Fischer (2016)?
Regarding the fair treatment of the research subjects, what ethical principles are integral and necessary for conducting a research project? How do we ensure that the risks are minimized?
What are the ethical dilemmas in the social experiments you watched during Week 1?
What effects did the Tuskegee Study have on the US according to Brandt (1978)? What aspects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did you find most surprising? What are the implications of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study for African Americans concerning their views on and participation in research?
What were the most important contributions of the Kinsey Report according to Bullough (2014)?
What challenges might you run into as a sex researcher trying to secure funding for your study? How would you address those concerns according to Stombler et al (2014)?
What is an informed consent?
What institutional body within Rutgers is responsible for monitoring the research ethics compliance?
What is the difference between how we define sex and gender according to O’Brien (2018)?
Is gender biological, social, or both?
What genders are acknowledged in contemporary society? What is the gender binary, and how does it operate in society? What does “nonbinary,” “transgender,” or “intersex” mean, according to Lopez (2017) and Davis and Preves (2017)?
How would gender be viewed from the biological essentialist angle?
According to Martin (1991), how did the stereotypes of femininity and masculinity influence how scientists interpreted the actions of human cells under their microscopes? To what extent did the cultural biases color scientific discoveries? What are the best ways to avoid the biases exposed in this article?
What does it mean to say that gender is socially constructed? What biological, cultural or historical evidence led scholars to conclude that gender is a social construct?
What does “gender socialization” mean? When does it begin? Who and what propels this type of socialization? What are the effects of gender socialization? Is it possible to avoid gender socialization altogether? Have there been attempts to avoid it in history? Imagine that you and your family want to raise a child in a gender-neutral way. How would this process of gender-neutral socialization be affected by agents of socialization other than your own family as your child grows into a young adult?
What are some ways in which power is symbolically linked to masculinity in our society? What are some privileges men en ...
SOC 1010, Introduction to Sociology 1 Course Learning.docxaryan532920
SOC 1010, Introduction to Sociology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Analyze the ideas of sociological theorists in terms of their historical, economic, and social contexts.
1.1 Examine the three primary perspectives of sociology: functionalist, conflict, and interactionist.
2. Analyze the relationship between one’s beliefs and one’s group memberships.
2.1 Use the steps of scientific research to examine beliefs about a current event.
2.2 Predict how membership to certain groups affects belief
4. Evaluate patterns of behavior through sociological skills and theory.
4.1 Apply sociological imagination to determine how group membership shapes how we
perceive world events.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
The Sociological Imagination
Chapter 2:
Sociological Research
Unit Lesson
On the one hand, sociology is a noun: it is defined as a body of knowledge about society that is based on
rigorous, scientific research. On the other hand, sociology is a verb: “a way of engaging with the world around
us and understanding its complexity and interconnections in new ways” (Witt, 2015, p. 20). In this unit, you
will learn about and practice the sociological imagination that is needed to study, recognize, and understand
the relationship between individuals and society.
C. Wright Mills (1959) used the concept of sociological imagination to explain the relationship between the
larger society and ourselves. Here, imagination does NOT mean make-believe. When Mills coined the term
sociological imagination, he encouraged us to look outside ourselves and to recognize that society shapes
who we are, what we think, and how we feel. Ask yourself about your beliefs in the afterlife. If you grew up in
a Hindu household, you might believe that the afterlife includes reincarnation into another person. If you grew
up in a Christian household, you might believe the afterlife is in heaven.
Using this same way of thinking, if you grew up in a Chinese American household, you may be likely to speak
Mandarin or Cantonese in addition to English. However, if you grew up in a French American household, you
are less likely to speak Mandarin or Cantonese. Rather, you are likely to speak French and English.
If we stretch our imaginations even further, we can see that a person raised in a U.S. city is less likely to be
able to grow his/her own food or drive a tractor than someone raised on a farm. Moreover, a person raised in
the U.S. is more likely to believe women are equal to men than someone raised in a more patriarchal society.
Finally, you are more likely to be friends with people from the same social class, race, and age group as you.
Therefore, you are more likely to marry someone who is from the same social class, race, and age group as
you. This is not to say you must do this. Rather, you are encouraged to do this by social institutions such as ...
Complex Identities and Intersectionality Unit Three.docxdonnajames55
Complex Identities and Intersectionality
Unit Three
Learning Objectives
Be able to define race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.
Understand the theoretical concepts of “intersectionality”, “social location” , & “standpoint”.
Have a clear understanding of the ways in which oppressions are not “additive” but rather “multiples”
Be able to describe your own power/privileges
Know how stereotypes work in American society, including the ways in which they are perpetuated and some of their repercussions
Understand that everyone is vulnerable to their influence
2
PART ONE:
What are race, class, and sexuality?
Understanding: Race
RACE: is social constructed category that divides people into groups based on visible physical characteristics such as skin color, eye shape, hair texture, etc.
Although race is related to the physical body, the meaning we give these superficial differences between us are entirely socially constructed. There are NO actual genetic differences between the various races.
Because race categories are socially constructed, they change over time. Which categories we measure, and how we measure them, shifts.
4
Understanding: Ethnicity
Ethnicity: is a socially constructed category, a way of grouping people based on their shared culture, such as religion, language, and history.
The difference between “race” and “ethnicity” can be confusing. For example, “Asian American” is treated as a race, but “Chinese American” and “Japanese American” are treated as ethnicities because they have distinct languages and traditions.
In the United States, there is a great deal of pressure on ethnic minority groups to assimilate the norms, values, and characteristics of the majority ethnic group.
Race and Ethnicity in America
Different racial groups are just that– different. Even thought we often speak in terms of binaries (“minorities” verses “the majority”), it is important to realize that not all minority race and/or ethnic groups share the same characteristics, both between themselves and within themselves.
White Americans: white is a race!
Hispanic Americans
African Americans
Native Indigenous Americans
Asian Americans
Arab Americans
Multiracial
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
A commonality among those which are considered minority groups is the experience of inequality.
Inequalities are socially structured and thus can impact multiple aspects of an individual’s life– not just, for example, their ability to get a job.
Racism: the belief that the physical and cultural characteristics associated with a group of people are inferior and thus unequal treatment of the group and its members is justified.
Racism can occur at both the individual and institutional level.
7
Race Impacts Life Chances in a Multitude of Ways
The process of Maintaining Inequality
A stereotype is developed and is circulated throughout a society via cultural channels such as popular media .
Richard Iii Essay Topics. King Richard III Essay Year 12 English EAL/D - Yea...Dana Burks
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Review for Midterm, American Culture1. Individualism and civi.docxjoellemurphey
Review for Midterm, American Culture
1. Individualism and civic or community involvement.
What does individualism mean in American culture, how it relates to concepts and values such as freedom, democracy, civic responsibility, community involvement. Be able to discuss how all this is related. Be able to discuss the concept of social capital and its decline. Understand and be able to explain the difference between utilitarian liberalism and moral liberalism. How do Americans connect their own fulfillment to that of other people, despite (or because of) individualism?
2. America as a land apart. This examines how Americans have always thought of America as somehow different, special, set apart from other people, cultures, or countries. It applies to questions like whether America is seen as a haven for the world’s oppressed, as a power in the world, etc. It refers to how many generations of immigrants have seen America and why they came here. It also refers to several opposing or conflicting attitudes and values, such as isolationism (America should not get involved with the rest of the world), nativism (foreign immigrants are the problem), extreme patriotism? What are the positive and negative sides to American exceptionalism?
3. Equality and inequality. This includes the tensions between our cultural ideals and values of equality and the reality of inequality in America—poverty, racism, the heritage of slavery and relations to Native Americans, etc. You should be able to explain how/why social categories such as race, social class, and even gender, as socially constructed, not biological or inherent--how racial and class categories are socially constructed and negotiated and “man-made,” rather than biologically inherent and “God-given.” Basically: our physical and genetic traits are inherent and given, but how we and others choose to perceive, emphasize, or ignore various physical and genetic traits, how we place people into arbitrary categories based on these traits, and how we set one category as “higher” or better than another are all socially constructed and learned. We can look at inequality as giving different groups of people different access to wealth, power, and prestige, and how the same social categories that define our identity (race, ethnicity, gender, etc.) also place us somewhere in a social hierarchy. We can always “negotiate” and try to change this. How can inequality be seen on the level of individuals and images (personal attitudes of prejudice, etc.), institutions discrimination, (policies and practices of institutions that perpetuate racism or inequality), and ideology (systems of attitudes, beliefs, ideas, and symbols that rationalize and support or challenge the “rightness” of a situation of inequality).We can change individuals on the level interpersonal relationships, but if we do not change institutional policies and practices and develop an alternative ideology, we won’t change inequality. Cla ...
Social Psychiatry Comes of Age - Inaugural Column in Psychiatric TimesUniversité de Montréal
In this inaugural column on “Second Thoughts… About Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy,” I want to express second thoughts about my profession in a warm and constructive way.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/social-psychiatry-comes-of-age
Why The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered EssayDana Burks
Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Why the Drinking Age Should NOT be Lowered - Free Essay Example - 1048 .... Why the Drinking Age Should NOT be Lowered - Free Essay Example .... The Impact of Raising the Legal Drinking Age to 21 Free Essay Example. Should the Drinking Age be Lowered - Argumentative Essay .... 001 Should The Drinking Age Lowered Essay Argumentative On Lowering .... ≫ Why Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18 Free Essay Sample on .... Lowering the drinking age to 18 essay sample bla. Stunning Lowering The Drinking Age Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 16 Free Essay Example. Should the Drinking Age Remain at 21 or Be Lowered to 18 - PHDessay.com. ≫ Drinking Age Should be Lowered Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Should The Drinking Age Be Lowered To 18? - Argumentative Essay Example .... Why the drinking age should not be lowered essay | Christiane Plamondon .... ≫ Should Drinking Age Be Lowered or Not? Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Argumentative Essay on Drinking Age - Free Essay Example. Whether or not the Drinking Age should be Lowered from 21 to 18 - Read .... Essay On Lowering The Drinking Age To 18 - Lowering The Legal Drinking .... Drinking Age Essays. Reasons the Drinking Age Should be Lowered to 18 by. ⇉Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen? Essay Example .... Why the drinking age should not be lowered - frudgereport294.web.fc2.com. ⇉Why Drinking Age Limit Should Be 21 Essay Example | GraduateWay. the drinking age.. Drinking age should be lowered - writingxml.web.fc2.com. Should Drinking Age Be Increased to 21 - PHDessay.com. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br.
Sociology of Health & IllnessASSIGNMENT GUIDANCEESSAY .docxsamuel699872
Sociology of Health & Illness
ASSIGNMENT GUIDANCE
ESSAY TITLE – due 29th March 12 noon,
3000 words
“A critical discussion of the sociology of health and illness of…”
The assessment encourages students to direct their learning towards a specific topic they have interest in, feel passionate about and/or have experience of.
Could be a “critical discussion” of a physical or mental illness e.g.
PHYSICAL
Cancer (of various types)
Heart Disease & Strokes (of various types)
Arthritis (of various types)
Diabetes (Types I & II)
Lung & Breathing problems
Epilepsy
MENTAL
Schizophrenia
Bi-Polar Disorder
Depression
Anxiety
Suicide
Self-Harm
Eating Disorders
Dementia
3
Could be a “critical discussion” of a DISABILITY
PHYSICAL
Sight
Hearing
Mobility (e.g. Paraplegia)
MENTAL
Down's Syndrome
Cerebral Palsy
Autism
Dyselxia
4
The distinction between
PHYSICAL or MENTAL
The distinction is not always clear-cut:
People with physical illnesses sometimes become depressed because of their illness
People with mental illness can develop physical side-effects of treatment (e.g. with anti-psychotic medication)
With some illnesses it's not clear whether they should be classified as physical or mental e.g. CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROMES (sometimes called Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ME)
5
The “critical discussion” could also be of a more general sociological theme e.g.
The SICK ROLE
Whether the NHS is “in crisis”
Whether there is a “crisis” in mental health services
Ethnic minority health
Health in other countries
- As long as you agree the theme with me, it’s OK!
The BLACKBOARD material is organised in 4 themes of the sociology of health and illness
its social determinants (including health inequalities);
the experience of illness;
its organisation in terms of health and social care;
its relationship to political activism, social movements and pressure groups.
1. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS may include
DESCRIPTIONS of:
SOCIAL CLASS
AGE
GENDER
ETHNICITY
SEXUALITY
8
1. SOCIAL Determinants may include:
CRITICAL DISCUSSIONS of relevant THEORY related to:
HEALTH INEQUALITIES & SOCIAL CLASS
The SOCIAL GRADIENT
RACISM
SEXISM
POWER
MEDICAL & SOCIAL MODELS
9
2. ORGANISATION of Health & Social Care may include:
DESCRIPTIONS of:
NHS organisations such as the NATIONAL INSTITUTE of HEALTH & CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (NICE)
Comparisons with other health care systems (eg. USA)
Elements of GLOBALISATION including the role of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
10
2. ORGANISATION of Health & Social Care may include:
CRITICAL DISCUSSIONS of relevant THEORY related to:
RISK
SURVEILLANCE
BUREAUCRACY
11
3. The EXPERIENCE of illness may include:
DESCRIPTIONS of:
Individuals experiences of illness through written accounts, websites, any material in the public domain
Individual experiences as given in academic texts
Your own personal experience
Cultural representations including cinema, TV and art
12
3. The EXPERIENCE of illness may include:
CRITICAL.
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academic s.docxpaynetawnya
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academic study of religion to emerge in the European university setting?
2. What are some of the key terms in Otto's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What is his overall theory of religion?
3. Pick your own example of a religious belief, person, and practice, and analyze it using Otto's theoretical ideas.
4. What are some of the key terms in Weber's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he used to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
5. What are some of the key terms in James' theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
6. What are some of the key terms in Turner's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
7. What are some of the ket terms in Geertz's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories. Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
8. According to Durkheim, what are the main shifts in social systems, moral behavior, politics, and personal affairs that the modern era ushers in? How, according to Durkheim, is social solidarity or unity achieved in modern societies?
9. What is the difference, according to Durkheim, between the sacred and the profane, and what are the features of each? What role does religion play in this distinction, and how does religion foster and reinforce social cohesion?
10. Define and discuss totemism. What is it, and in what sense is it at the origin of religion for Durkheim? How can a focus on totemism explain later religious developments? What social role does the totem play?
11. Why, according to Nye, do we need to take seriously the ways in which religion expresses itself at the popular level, as well as at the "elite" level?
12. What is the relationship between power and culture, according to Nye? How do those in power determine culture, and in what ways can it be said that popular culture can function as a mode of resistance to dominate culture?
...
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academiccareyshaunda
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academic study of religion to emerge in the European university setting?
2. What are some of the key terms in Otto's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What is his overall theory of religion?
3. Pick your own example of a religious belief, person, and practice, and analyze it using Otto's theoretical ideas.
4. What are some of the key terms in Weber's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he used to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
5. What are some of the key terms in James' theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
6. What are some of the key terms in Turner's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
7. What are some of the ket terms in Geertz's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories. Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
8. According to Durkheim, what are the main shifts in social systems, moral behavior, politics, and personal affairs that the modern era ushers in? How, according to Durkheim, is social solidarity or unity achieved in modern societies?
9. What is the difference, according to Durkheim, between the sacred and the profane, and what are the features of each? What role does religion play in this distinction, and how does religion foster and reinforce social cohesion?
10. Define and discuss totemism. What is it, and in what sense is it at the origin of religion for Durkheim? How can a focus on totemism explain later religious developments? What social role does the totem play?
11. Why, according to Nye, do we need to take seriously the ways in which religion expresses itself at the popular level, as well as at the "elite" level?
12. What is the relationship between power and culture, according to Nye? How do those in power determine culture, and in what ways can it be said that popular culture can function as a mode of resistance to dominate culture?
...
Complex Identities and Intersectionality Unit Three.docxdonnajames55
Complex Identities and Intersectionality
Unit Three
Learning Objectives
Be able to define race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.
Understand the theoretical concepts of “intersectionality”, “social location” , & “standpoint”.
Have a clear understanding of the ways in which oppressions are not “additive” but rather “multiples”
Be able to describe your own power/privileges
Know how stereotypes work in American society, including the ways in which they are perpetuated and some of their repercussions
Understand that everyone is vulnerable to their influence
2
PART ONE:
What are race, class, and sexuality?
Understanding: Race
RACE: is social constructed category that divides people into groups based on visible physical characteristics such as skin color, eye shape, hair texture, etc.
Although race is related to the physical body, the meaning we give these superficial differences between us are entirely socially constructed. There are NO actual genetic differences between the various races.
Because race categories are socially constructed, they change over time. Which categories we measure, and how we measure them, shifts.
4
Understanding: Ethnicity
Ethnicity: is a socially constructed category, a way of grouping people based on their shared culture, such as religion, language, and history.
The difference between “race” and “ethnicity” can be confusing. For example, “Asian American” is treated as a race, but “Chinese American” and “Japanese American” are treated as ethnicities because they have distinct languages and traditions.
In the United States, there is a great deal of pressure on ethnic minority groups to assimilate the norms, values, and characteristics of the majority ethnic group.
Race and Ethnicity in America
Different racial groups are just that– different. Even thought we often speak in terms of binaries (“minorities” verses “the majority”), it is important to realize that not all minority race and/or ethnic groups share the same characteristics, both between themselves and within themselves.
White Americans: white is a race!
Hispanic Americans
African Americans
Native Indigenous Americans
Asian Americans
Arab Americans
Multiracial
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
A commonality among those which are considered minority groups is the experience of inequality.
Inequalities are socially structured and thus can impact multiple aspects of an individual’s life– not just, for example, their ability to get a job.
Racism: the belief that the physical and cultural characteristics associated with a group of people are inferior and thus unequal treatment of the group and its members is justified.
Racism can occur at both the individual and institutional level.
7
Race Impacts Life Chances in a Multitude of Ways
The process of Maintaining Inequality
A stereotype is developed and is circulated throughout a society via cultural channels such as popular media .
Richard Iii Essay Topics. King Richard III Essay Year 12 English EAL/D - Yea...Dana Burks
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Review for Midterm, American Culture1. Individualism and civi.docxjoellemurphey
Review for Midterm, American Culture
1. Individualism and civic or community involvement.
What does individualism mean in American culture, how it relates to concepts and values such as freedom, democracy, civic responsibility, community involvement. Be able to discuss how all this is related. Be able to discuss the concept of social capital and its decline. Understand and be able to explain the difference between utilitarian liberalism and moral liberalism. How do Americans connect their own fulfillment to that of other people, despite (or because of) individualism?
2. America as a land apart. This examines how Americans have always thought of America as somehow different, special, set apart from other people, cultures, or countries. It applies to questions like whether America is seen as a haven for the world’s oppressed, as a power in the world, etc. It refers to how many generations of immigrants have seen America and why they came here. It also refers to several opposing or conflicting attitudes and values, such as isolationism (America should not get involved with the rest of the world), nativism (foreign immigrants are the problem), extreme patriotism? What are the positive and negative sides to American exceptionalism?
3. Equality and inequality. This includes the tensions between our cultural ideals and values of equality and the reality of inequality in America—poverty, racism, the heritage of slavery and relations to Native Americans, etc. You should be able to explain how/why social categories such as race, social class, and even gender, as socially constructed, not biological or inherent--how racial and class categories are socially constructed and negotiated and “man-made,” rather than biologically inherent and “God-given.” Basically: our physical and genetic traits are inherent and given, but how we and others choose to perceive, emphasize, or ignore various physical and genetic traits, how we place people into arbitrary categories based on these traits, and how we set one category as “higher” or better than another are all socially constructed and learned. We can look at inequality as giving different groups of people different access to wealth, power, and prestige, and how the same social categories that define our identity (race, ethnicity, gender, etc.) also place us somewhere in a social hierarchy. We can always “negotiate” and try to change this. How can inequality be seen on the level of individuals and images (personal attitudes of prejudice, etc.), institutions discrimination, (policies and practices of institutions that perpetuate racism or inequality), and ideology (systems of attitudes, beliefs, ideas, and symbols that rationalize and support or challenge the “rightness” of a situation of inequality).We can change individuals on the level interpersonal relationships, but if we do not change institutional policies and practices and develop an alternative ideology, we won’t change inequality. Cla ...
Social Psychiatry Comes of Age - Inaugural Column in Psychiatric TimesUniversité de Montréal
In this inaugural column on “Second Thoughts… About Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy,” I want to express second thoughts about my profession in a warm and constructive way.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/social-psychiatry-comes-of-age
Why The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered EssayDana Burks
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Sociology of Health & IllnessASSIGNMENT GUIDANCEESSAY .docxsamuel699872
Sociology of Health & Illness
ASSIGNMENT GUIDANCE
ESSAY TITLE – due 29th March 12 noon,
3000 words
“A critical discussion of the sociology of health and illness of…”
The assessment encourages students to direct their learning towards a specific topic they have interest in, feel passionate about and/or have experience of.
Could be a “critical discussion” of a physical or mental illness e.g.
PHYSICAL
Cancer (of various types)
Heart Disease & Strokes (of various types)
Arthritis (of various types)
Diabetes (Types I & II)
Lung & Breathing problems
Epilepsy
MENTAL
Schizophrenia
Bi-Polar Disorder
Depression
Anxiety
Suicide
Self-Harm
Eating Disorders
Dementia
3
Could be a “critical discussion” of a DISABILITY
PHYSICAL
Sight
Hearing
Mobility (e.g. Paraplegia)
MENTAL
Down's Syndrome
Cerebral Palsy
Autism
Dyselxia
4
The distinction between
PHYSICAL or MENTAL
The distinction is not always clear-cut:
People with physical illnesses sometimes become depressed because of their illness
People with mental illness can develop physical side-effects of treatment (e.g. with anti-psychotic medication)
With some illnesses it's not clear whether they should be classified as physical or mental e.g. CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROMES (sometimes called Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ME)
5
The “critical discussion” could also be of a more general sociological theme e.g.
The SICK ROLE
Whether the NHS is “in crisis”
Whether there is a “crisis” in mental health services
Ethnic minority health
Health in other countries
- As long as you agree the theme with me, it’s OK!
The BLACKBOARD material is organised in 4 themes of the sociology of health and illness
its social determinants (including health inequalities);
the experience of illness;
its organisation in terms of health and social care;
its relationship to political activism, social movements and pressure groups.
1. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS may include
DESCRIPTIONS of:
SOCIAL CLASS
AGE
GENDER
ETHNICITY
SEXUALITY
8
1. SOCIAL Determinants may include:
CRITICAL DISCUSSIONS of relevant THEORY related to:
HEALTH INEQUALITIES & SOCIAL CLASS
The SOCIAL GRADIENT
RACISM
SEXISM
POWER
MEDICAL & SOCIAL MODELS
9
2. ORGANISATION of Health & Social Care may include:
DESCRIPTIONS of:
NHS organisations such as the NATIONAL INSTITUTE of HEALTH & CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (NICE)
Comparisons with other health care systems (eg. USA)
Elements of GLOBALISATION including the role of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
10
2. ORGANISATION of Health & Social Care may include:
CRITICAL DISCUSSIONS of relevant THEORY related to:
RISK
SURVEILLANCE
BUREAUCRACY
11
3. The EXPERIENCE of illness may include:
DESCRIPTIONS of:
Individuals experiences of illness through written accounts, websites, any material in the public domain
Individual experiences as given in academic texts
Your own personal experience
Cultural representations including cinema, TV and art
12
3. The EXPERIENCE of illness may include:
CRITICAL.
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academic s.docxpaynetawnya
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academic study of religion to emerge in the European university setting?
2. What are some of the key terms in Otto's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What is his overall theory of religion?
3. Pick your own example of a religious belief, person, and practice, and analyze it using Otto's theoretical ideas.
4. What are some of the key terms in Weber's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he used to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
5. What are some of the key terms in James' theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
6. What are some of the key terms in Turner's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
7. What are some of the ket terms in Geertz's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories. Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
8. According to Durkheim, what are the main shifts in social systems, moral behavior, politics, and personal affairs that the modern era ushers in? How, according to Durkheim, is social solidarity or unity achieved in modern societies?
9. What is the difference, according to Durkheim, between the sacred and the profane, and what are the features of each? What role does religion play in this distinction, and how does religion foster and reinforce social cohesion?
10. Define and discuss totemism. What is it, and in what sense is it at the origin of religion for Durkheim? How can a focus on totemism explain later religious developments? What social role does the totem play?
11. Why, according to Nye, do we need to take seriously the ways in which religion expresses itself at the popular level, as well as at the "elite" level?
12. What is the relationship between power and culture, according to Nye? How do those in power determine culture, and in what ways can it be said that popular culture can function as a mode of resistance to dominate culture?
...
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academiccareyshaunda
1. What are the key historical factors that allowed the academic study of religion to emerge in the European university setting?
2. What are some of the key terms in Otto's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What is his overall theory of religion?
3. Pick your own example of a religious belief, person, and practice, and analyze it using Otto's theoretical ideas.
4. What are some of the key terms in Weber's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he used to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
5. What are some of the key terms in James' theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
6. What are some of the key terms in Turner's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories? Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
7. What are some of the ket terms in Geertz's theory of religion, and what do they mean? What examples does he use to support his theories. Make sure not to just list, but discuss.
8. According to Durkheim, what are the main shifts in social systems, moral behavior, politics, and personal affairs that the modern era ushers in? How, according to Durkheim, is social solidarity or unity achieved in modern societies?
9. What is the difference, according to Durkheim, between the sacred and the profane, and what are the features of each? What role does religion play in this distinction, and how does religion foster and reinforce social cohesion?
10. Define and discuss totemism. What is it, and in what sense is it at the origin of religion for Durkheim? How can a focus on totemism explain later religious developments? What social role does the totem play?
11. Why, according to Nye, do we need to take seriously the ways in which religion expresses itself at the popular level, as well as at the "elite" level?
12. What is the relationship between power and culture, according to Nye? How do those in power determine culture, and in what ways can it be said that popular culture can function as a mode of resistance to dominate culture?
...
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
what is mental illness as an officially recognized.docx
1. 1. Sociologically, what is mental illness as an officially recognized
1. Sociologically, what is mental illness as an officially recognized category of deviance?2.
What perspective downplays or ignores the social foundations of deviance?3. What is the
most commonly identified mental illness in the U.S. today?4. What is the perspective of
“Pharmacracy”?5. What is the policy importance of Erving Goffman’s book Asylums?6. What
is an example of a multifaceted theory about mental disorders?7. What is the most common
pathway through which mental illness leads to incarceration?8. What proportion of the
mentally ill pose threats of serious violence?9. What is an example of “contextual
sensitivity” in mental illness diagnoses?10. What is “alienation in place” with regard to
mental health careers?11. What type of stress is most likely to lead to mental illness?12.
Describe “stigma management strategies” of the mentally ill.13. Describe examples of “in-
group stigma management.”14. Sociologically, what are body-type ideals and the moral
imputations attached to them?15. When, where, and under what conditions did the cultural
idealization of slim bodies emerge?16. As women in the U.S. and Europe gained cultural and
legal freedoms during the 20th century,what body-type ideal did they increasingly
confront?17. What social categories of persons in the U.S. most intensely confront the ideal
of the slim body?18. What are the components of today’s “body panic”?19. Describe
whether gender and sexual identities are fixed or potentially varying over a person’slife?20.
What is “transgender”?21. Historically and cross culturally, how rare or prevalent have
same-sex sexual activities been? Towhat extent have they been associated with defined
sexual identities?22. When and how did the official classification of homosexuality as a
mental illness end in the U.S.?23. Describe examples of “interpretive licensing in defining
sexuality” (specifically in this case,engaging in some sort of same-sex “sexual” activity
without self-identifying as LGBTQ).24. In what context is the process of “coming out”
socially meaningful?25. What have been the key political features of “stigma management”
among LGBTQ communitiesin recent decades?26. According to the textbook, what should
the long-term goal from a “liberationist” LGBTQperspective be?