An extensive review of the North in terms of the industry and inventions from appliances to the telegraph and more. A must for studying the Civil War. Well done

1. The North
8.6.1
By: Jasmine Lin
for Mr. Haskvitz
Discuss the influence of industrialization and technological developments on the region,
including human modification of the landscape and how physical geography shaped
human actions (eg., growth of cities, deforestation, farming, mineral extraction).

2. Industrial Revolution
• In the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution swept over the
United States.
• New inventions and concepts were created to make
everything quicker and more efficient.
• The new systems led to more jobs for women and children.
• During the Industrial Revolution, there were significant
changes that occurred in transportation, agriculture, and
manufacturing.
© Yahoo! Geocities

3. Textile Industry
• Richard Arkwright invented
the water frame, which could
produce cotton threads faster
and more cheaply. However,
water sources were needed for
the machine to function.
• Samuel Slater secretly brought
the designs of textile mills from
Great Britain to America. He
owned the first textile mill in the
United States.
"Feature" © by Guide

4. Samuel Slater
• Samuel Slater immigrated from
England to America, secretly
memorizing the designs of textile
machines.
• The textile machines resulted in
faster and cheaper cloth production.
• Slater’s invention led to textile mills
across the United States, and
opened new job opportunities for the
people.
• New mills were built across the
United States, especially in the
North.

5. Mass Production
 Mass production is the concept of large numbers of goods being produced
quickly and efficiently for low cost per unit influenced by Eli Whitney.
 The elements of mass production are:
- interchangeable parts: identical parts of a machine that can be replaced
instead of custom made (invented by Eli Whitney)
- machine tools: make identical and interchangeable parts
- division of labor: work divided among people, with each laborer repeating
the same, specific task (normally, the workers were
unskilled)
- mass-produced goods: the result of the mass production technique
(Eli Whitney mass-produced firearms)
• Eli Whitney also invented the cotton gin.

6. Rhode Island system
 The Rhode Island system was created my Samuel Slater to
complete work on the mills at a low cost.
 Families were employed, including the children, and work was
divided among several workers. Each person performed a
simple, tedious task over, and over again.
 The employees were paid low wages, and were sometimes
paid by receiving credit at the company store.
 The mills did not only employ textile workers, but also workers
who operated the machine part making and dam builders.
 The mills supported dressmakers, small workshops, butchers,
tailors, and other businesses who needed the supply from
textile mills.

7. Lowell system
•Francis Cabot Lowell invented the Lowell system for water-
powered mills.
•The system hired young, single women, who would spin thread
and weave cloth for 12 to 14 hours.
•The Lowell girls were paid more than other women could earn
per week in other jobs.
•The women and girls were provided with educational and
cultural opportunities.
•Interested in his own manufacturing benefits, Lowell cut his
employee’s wages and lengthened their hours to stay more
profitable and meet demands.

8. Labor Reforms
 Because of the hard work, low wages, and poor working conditions,
workers began to form trade unions in attempt to improve pay and
working conditions.
 They formed strikes, in which they refused to work, until their
demands were met. However, these strikes were unsuccessful, without
the support of the government.
 Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform
Association, and tried to receive her demands of a 10 hour work day
and better working conditions.

9. The Transportation Revolution
 The Transportation Revolution was a period of time in the
1800s where new forms of transportation were invented, with
improved speed, efficiency, and convenience.
 Steamboats and steam trains were very popular during the
Transportation Revolution because they moved people and
goods quickly across the United States.
 The efficient transportation made delivering goods to long
distances faster and cheaper.
© Canadian National Archives

10. Steamboats
 James Watt patented the steam engine, which kicked off the Industrial
Revolution, and inspired the idea of using steam power to propel
boats.
 John Fitch made the first successful steamboat in America.
 Robert Fulton tested the first full-sized commercial boat, the
Clermont, in the United States. His first steamboat design was tested
a few years ago in France.
 The steamboat was an improved form of transportation, due to its
ability to move upriver. It did not rely on wind power, but instead on
steam power.
 Because of the faster transportation, goods could be moved more
quickly and for cheaper rates. This increased trade and profits.
 Boats carried things like cotton, sugar, and passengers.

11. Gibbons v. Odgen
 Thomas Gibbons owned a federal
license for his steamboat, but not a
state license.
 In 1824, the Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme Court case allowed the
Congress to regulate both interstate
and foreign commerce.
 The Court stated that federal
license was top priority over state
lisence.
 This case expressed the federal
government’s ability to overpower
states’ governments. © by Kenneth S. Panza

12. Steamtrains
 Peter Cooper built the Tom Thumb, which was a locomotive that
started slowly, but later increased its pace, going at a fast speed.
 The small locomotive led to railroad companies that built railroad
tracks and steam trains.
 The railroads linked almost every major city in the United States,
which made trade easier and cheaper. Citizens of all regions had
access to goods from all across the country.
 Steam trains transported people to the west, bring new residents to
the other side of the nation, and causing those cities to grow.

13. Telegraph
 In 1832, Samuel F. B. Morse
perfected the telegraph, a device
that sent information through wire
over long distances.
 Clicking sounds were used to
represent the words being
communicated from the other end.
 Alfred Lewis Vail developed the
Morse Code for the telegraph,
which were used to represent each
letter of the alphabet by replacing
them with different combinations of
dots and dashes.
 Wires linked cities across the nation
for the telegraph. Telegraph offices
were established at train stations.
© by Steven E. Schoenherr

14. Farm Equipment
 In the 1830s, John Deere invented the steel plow.
 The steel blade plowed thick soil better than the iron blade did.
 In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, which cut
down wheat quickly and efficiently.
 McCormick used Eli Whitney’s techniques, and mass produced his
new invention. He also used other techniques, by advertising, giving
demonstrations, warrantees, and credit.
 These two inventions helped farmers on the field, producing more crop
than previous years.

15. House Appliances
 House appliances made daily life easier and more convenient.
 Isaac Singer improved Elias Howe’s sewing machine. Like Cyrus
McCormick, Singer also allowed his customers to buy his machines on
credit.
 The icebox was also developed. Blocks of ice were used to store food
and keep it fresh for longer periods.
 Instead of cooking fires and stone hearths to cook food, iron
cookstoves were used in common households.
 Matches and safety pins were also invented during this time period.
 Due to Eli Whitney’s mass production strategy, household items, like
clocks, were more affordable.

16. Test Questions !
1. Samuel Slater
2. Eli Whitney
3. Robert Fulton
4. John Deere
5. Cyrus McCormick
6. Samuel Morse
7. Francis Lowell
8. Sarah Bagley
9. Peter Cooper
10. Isaac Singer
11. Richard Arkwright
a. steam train
b. steam boat
c. steel plow
d. telegraph
e. labor reformer
f. textile mill
g. sewing machine
h. Lowell system
i. water frame
j. mechanic reaper
k. mass production
Match the famous peoples’ names to what they are famous for.

17. Test Answers
1. F
2. K
3. B
4. C
5. J
6. D
7. H
8. E
9. A
10. G
11. I

18. Resources
 Industrial Revolution:
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html
 Samuel Slater:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548126/Samuel-Slater
 Industrial Revolution inventors:
http://americanhistory.about.com/library/charts/blchartindrev.htm
 Transportation Revolution: http://www.suite101.com/lesson.cfm/18139/1464/4
 Lowell system:
http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eueh_02/eueh_02_00541.html
 Steamboats: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm
 Eli Whitney: http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/whitney.html
 Mass production:
http://www.willamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Mass_Production.html