Citrus fruits are major category of Fruits and the wastage generated during the processing of them is about 50% to the fruit. To reduce that how to utilize them and produce different by products from Citrus fruit waste.

1. By product utilisation
of citrus fruits
BY
GOODUMASTANVALI
ID NO: 16FT1D7821

2. Citrus Family
• Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae.
• The generic name originated from Latin, where it referred to either the plant now known as Citron or
a conifer tree (Thuja).
• Citrus fruits and plants are also known by the Romance Loanword agrumes (literally "sour fruits").
• Important are Oranges, lemons, Grape Fruit, Limes and Tangerins, total 60 varieties of fruits come
into this family.
• Origin is in the part of Southeast Asia, Northeast India and China.
• The fruit is a specialised berry, 4–30 cm (1.6–11.8 in) long and 4–20 cm (1.6–7.9 in) diameter, with a
leathery rind or "peel" called a pericarp.
• Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due to flavonoids and liminoids (which in turn are
terpenes) contained in the peel.
• Many species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh, pressed for juice, or preserved in
marmalades and pickles.
• They are good source of Citric Acid, Vit.C, Flavonoids include Flavanones and Flavones.
• The major citrus fruit producing states in India are Karnataka, Puducherry, Tamilnadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Madya Pradesh, Orissa, Jarkhand
etc.,

3. WORLD WIDE PRODUCTION STAT’S
Top ten total citrus fruits producers 2007 (tonnes)
Country Grapefruit Lemons and limes Oranges Tangerines, etc. Other Total
Brazil 72,000 10,60,000 1,82,79,309 12,71,000 - 2,06,82,309
China 5,47,000 7,45,100 28,65,000 1,41,52,000 13,08,000 1,96,17,100
United States 15,80,000 7,22,000 73,57,000 3,28,000 30,000 1,00,17,000
Mexico 3,90,000 18,80,000 41,60,000 3,55,000 66,000 68,51,000
India 1,78,000 20,60,000 39,00,000 - 1,48,000 62,86,000
Spain 35,000 8,80,000 26,91,400 20,80,700 16,500 57,03,600
Iran 54,000 6,15,000 23,00,000 7,02,000 68,000 37,39,000
Italy 7,000 5,46,584 22,93,466 7,02,732 30,000 35,79,782
Nigeria - - - - 33,25,000 33,25,000
Turkey 1,81,923 7,06,652 14,72,454 7,38,786 2,599 31,02,414
World 50,61,023 1,30,32,388 6,39,06,064 2,65,13,986 71,37,084 11,56,50,545
Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

4. Production of Fruits (Million Tonnes) in India and World in
2010-11.
India World Contribution Rank In World
Apple 2.89 70.30 4.10 3
Banana 29.78 100.00 29.80 1
Citrus 7.8 119.7 6.50 4
Grapes 1.24 67.32 2.00 10
Mango & Guava 17.65 39.98 44.00 1
Pineapple 1.42 19.41 7.30 6
• 121270 T/Year of Citrus Fruits are producing world wide (2013 – 2014).
• 7400 T/Year of Citrus Fruits are producing in India (2013 – 2014).

5. WHATIS WASTE ?
• Food Processing wastes are those end products of various Food Processing Industries that
have not been recycled or used for other purposes.
• These wastes could be considered valuable by products if there were appropriate technical
means and if the value of the subsequent products were exceed the cost of reprocessing.
Impacts of waste not managed wisely:
• Affects our Health, Socio Economic Conditions, and affects our climate.

6. CITRUS WASTAGE

7. MAJOR WASTAGE & By Products
Citrus Fruit
Peel (45 –
55%)
Pectin
Marmalades
Candied Peels
Limonene
Animal Feed
Seed (2 – 7%)
Oil Extraction
Animal Feed

8. PECTIN MANUFACTURING
Citrus Peels
Cutting into small
pieces
Blanching 90-92°C
for 5 min
Drying at 50°C
(10% moisture)
Extraction 0.05N
HCL for 1 hr at
95°C
Filtration (Muslin
Cloth)
Pectin Extraction
Precipitation with
95% Ethanol
Filtration Thick
Muslin Cloth
Washing of
Precipitated Pectin
with 70% Ethanol
Distillation
Drying at 50°C Pectin Powder
Packing

9. PECTIN & IT’S APPLICATIONS
• Typical levels of Pectin in Citrus Peels are about 30%.
• Pectin occurs as a white to light brown powder or granular & odourless.
Food Industry:
• Mainly used as Gelling agent, Thickening agent and Stabilizer.
• Used in confectionary Jellies to give a good Gel structure, clean bite and to release a good
flavour.
• Use to stabilize Acidic protein drinks, like Yogurt.
• Typical levels of pectin as a Food Additive are between 0.5 – 1.0%.
Pharma Industry:
• Used against constipation, Diarrhea.
• Used as a Demulcent (Mucoprotective agent).
• In Cosmetic industry it used as Stabilizer.

10. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
• Krishna Pectins Pvt. Ltd. Jalgaon
http://www.krishnapectins.com/Home.html
• Cifal Herbal Pvt. Ltd. Nellore
http://www.cifalherbal.com/index.html
• Pacific Pectin Inc, California
http://www.pacificpectin.com/index.html
• CP KELCO, Atlanta,
https://www.cpkelco.com/products/pectin/
• Vincent Corporation, Tampa, Florida,
http://www.vincentcorp.com/products

11. ABOUT MARMALADE
• It refers to a fruit preserve made from the Juice and Peel of Citrus Fruits, sugar and water.
• It is a Fruit jelly in which slices of the fruit or its Peel are suspended.
• Place of origin Britain, preferred fruit is Seville orange, high pectin content.
• For Marmalade Pectin and Acid contents kept on higher side.
• Bitterness is regarded as desirable characteristic of Marmalade.

12. METHOD OF PREPERATION
Fruits
Washing. Peeling & Cutting
Boiling (30 - 40 min)
Decanting
Addition of Sugar
Cooking (68° Brix)
Addition of Shredded Peels
Boiling Till Jellying Point
Packing in Jars / Cans
Storage
Keep peels aside
Shredded Peels

13. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
• Solagri Arl, UK,
http://www.exportersindia.com/solagri-
arl/#products_services
• The J M Smucker Company, USA,
http://www.smuckers.com/products/fruit-spreads
• Smgk Agro Products, Delhi,
http://www.indiamart.com/smgk-agro-product/fresh-
fruit-pulps.html
• Solitaire Drugs & Pharma Pvt Ltd, Delhi,
http://www.indiamart.com/solitairefood/jams.html#or
ange-marmalade
• Satvika Bio Foods India Pvt Ltd, Chembur,
http://www.indiamart.com/satvika-bio-foods/#
• Mapro Foods Pvt Ltd, Wai,
http://www.indiamart.com/maprofoods/#
• Ganesh Products Pvt Ltd, Kolkata,
http://www.indiamart.com/ganeshsharbat/#
• Poorva Pratishthan, Allahabad,
http://www.indiamart.com/poorva-pratishthan/

14. CANDIED Citrus PEEL Making
Fruits
Slice the Peel away from the fruit
Cut the Peel into Slices
Boiling of the peels
Drain the water & Keep Peel aside
Preparation of Sugar Syrup
Add the Peels to Sugar syrup
Cook for 30 – 45 min
Remove the Peels & Roll in sugar
Allow for drying

15. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
• Frulin, http://frulin.com/
• Frutex Australia, Kingsgrove,
http://www.frutex.com.au/Products/Detail/PEEL040
• L’Epicerie, USA,
http://www.lepicerie.com/Agrimontana/
• Cesarin, Italy,
http://www.cesarin.it/eng/content/frutta-candita-1
• Miyone, Japan,
http://www.miyone.com/english/products/peel.html
• NCL Agro Foods, Gujarat,
http://www.dial4trade.com/product/86383/orange-
peel-candy-india.htm
• Kalyani Fruit Products, Kerala,
http://kalyanifruit.tradeindia.com/candied-orange-
peel-2047866.html
• Vedantika Herbals, New Delhi,
http://satvikshop.com/ayurveda/cholesterol/vedanti
ka-herbals-orange-peel-candy/20107/p_B1011905

16. OIL (LIMONENE) EXTRACTION FROM CITRUS PEEL
• The outer peel (Flavedo) of citrus fruit have the good amount of Limonene.
• A colour less unsaturated hydrocarbon, with a boiling point of 176°C.
• Limonene is a relatively stable terpene and can be distilled without decomposition, it is not soluble in water.
• D – Limonene has a citrus smell and it occurs in the citrus peels.
• It gives citrus fruits their familiar aroma.
• The composition vary with the ripeness of the fruit.
Applications:
• Used in Cosmetic products, Food flavourings and as a fragrance in Perfume Industry.
• Important medicinal properties: sedative, anti stress, anti carcinogenic, relieves heart burn and gastro intestinal
problems.
• Used as a Insecticide due to the presence of Enantiomer.
• As it is combustible, it considered as a Biofuel.

17. METHOD OF PREPARATION
Citrus Peel 100 g
Cut into slices
Add distilled water
Homogenize in a Blender
Transfer the mixture to a round
flat bottom Funnel
Set Apparatus for steam
distillation
Turn on the Hot plate &
Condense water
Collect the Distillate
D – Limonene (1.2 g)

18. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
• India Essential Oils, Delhi, http://www.indiaessentialoils.com/lemon-
oil.html
• Mentha & Allied Products Pvt Ltd, Delhi, http://www.menthaallied.com/D-
limonene-food-grade.htm
• Gogia Chemical Industries Pvt Ltd, U.P. http://www.gogiachemical.net/d-
limonene-714523.html
• K. Patel Chemopharma Pvt Ltd, Mumbai,
http://www.toocle.com/IndiaSuppliers/612548/D-Limonene-
2979039.html
• Inter State Commodities Corp, Atlanta, http://icccitrus.com/
• Lemon Concentrate, Spain, http://lemonconcentrate.com/d-
limonene.html#.V9_fjo9OLIV
• Florida Chemical Company, Florida, http://www.floridachemical.com/

19. SEED OIL
• The seed content of citrus fruit varies from about 7 % in Grapefruit and 2 % in
oranges.
• Citrus seeds can be commercially interesting as a source of Oil (33 - 45%) &
Protein (40 - 45%).
Manufacturing Companies:
• Jedwards International, Inc. Braintree, http://www.bulknaturaloils.com/bulk-
grapefruit-seed-oil
• Health & Beauty Natural Oils Co, Inc. Santa Barbara,
http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/30814930/health-beauty-natural-oils-co-
inc.html?what=Grape+Seed+Oils&cov=NA&heading=54791207&searchpos=4&c
id=30814930
• Essential Wholesale, Portland,
http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/10094881/essential-
wholesale.html?what=Grape+Seed+Oils&cov=NA&heading=54791207&searchp
os=7&cid=10094881
• Arista Industries, Long Beach,
http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/10076776/arista-
industries.html?what=Grape+Seed+Oils&cov=NA&heading=54791207&searchp
os=10&cid=10076776

20. MANUFACTURING OF SEED OIL
Receiving of Seeds
Soaking (24-48 hrs)
Drain the water
Steaming
Drying (2.5 to 3.5 % M.C)
Solvent Extraction
Crude Oil
Refining
Filtered Oil
Seed Meal

21. ANIMAL FEED
Waste (Peel + Seed)
Drying
Pelletization
Packing

22. FUTURE SCOPE OF CITRUS WASTAGE
• More than 15 Million Tons of Peel, Rag, Seed remain each year after citrus fruits are processed into Juice,
Concentrate.
• In the past years, the solid wastes were dumped on wasteland or used as soil conditioners and the liquid
wastes were ponded or flushed into streams, lakes or sewers. Due to which the BOD level increased and
polluting the under ground water.
• Now 80 – 90 % of the wastes were converted into usable products such as Pectin manufacturing,
Extraction of Oils, Brined peels making, Dried Pulp (Animal Feed).
• Food Wastes are source of valuable compounds for e.g. Pharmaceutical Industry.
Approx Statistical Data:
• For Pectin Manufacturing : 40%
• For Candied Citrus Peel : 10%
• For Oil Extraction : 20%
• For Marmalade : 5%
• For Animal Feed : 10%

23. THANK YOU