This document discusses cities and sustainability, focusing on Curitiba, Brazil as a case study of an "ecocity" that implemented policies like banning cars in certain areas and creating a bus rapid transit system. It also covers major population trends in urban areas like urbanization increasing globally, with over half the world's population now living in cities. Issues faced by urban areas are discussed, like resource use, waste, pollution and poverty issues. Transportation impacts on cities are addressed, like how automobile dependence has contributed to urban sprawl in some places. Alternatives to car usage like bicycles, rail systems and buses are also summarized.
This document discusses urbanization trends and their environmental impacts. It begins by providing an overview of global urbanization, including the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas and the rise of megacities. It then discusses some of the key challenges faced by urban areas, such as resource use, waste generation, pollution, and poverty. Specific issues examined include urban sprawl, transportation systems, air and water pollution, and urban poverty. The document also presents case studies on urbanization trends in countries like the US, Brazil, India, and Mexico. It analyzes different transportation options and their trade-offs, and discusses the importance of urban planning and smart growth approaches to curb uncontrolled urban sprawl.
The document summarizes trends in urbanization and discusses strategies for more sustainable urban development. It notes that about half the world's population lives in cities, which are growing rapidly especially in developing countries. Issues caused by urban sprawl like air and water pollution, loss of open space, and longer travel times are discussed. The document then presents tools for urban planning like zoning, growth boundaries, and public transit to promote compact development and limit environmental impacts.
Half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, a proportion that is increasing due to rural-to-urban migration pushed by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity and pulled by the availability of jobs, education, and services in cities. However, urbanization also creates problems like pollution, traffic congestion, and poverty in developing world cities. Approaches to improve urban sustainability include compact development, public transit investments, bicycling and pedestrian infrastructure, and policies to reduce sprawl like urban growth boundaries and smart growth zoning.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
This document discusses global cities and the challenges they face. It begins by defining different types of urban areas from hamlets to megacities. It then examines what defines a global city and lists their key roles in the world economy. The document outlines two main challenges for global cities: urbanization and development, and urbanization and the environment. It notes the inequality within cities and environmental impacts like London's large ecological footprint. The document concludes by looking at how cities can work towards sustainability goals to balance environmental, social and economic needs.
The document discusses trends in urbanization and approaches to sustainable urban development. It notes that most of humanity used to live in rural areas but cities have grown rapidly since the Industrial Revolution. It identifies challenges of uncontrolled urban growth in developing countries like traffic, pollution and inadequate housing/sanitation. It also discusses the issues of urban sprawl in developed nations, and proposes approaches like smart growth, new urbanism and green urbanism to make cities more sustainable and livable.
This document discusses compact cities and urban sprawl. It defines a compact city as having high residential density, mixed land uses, and an efficient transportation system to reduce energy consumption and pollution. Benefits include lower costs, less resource use, and more social interaction. Examples given are Melbourne, Toyama, Vancouver, and Curitiba. Urban sprawl is defined as uncontrolled urban growth into rural areas, characterized by low densities and car dependency, which increases infrastructure costs. The document suggests limiting sprawl to better manage expenses and control population growth.
This document discusses urbanization trends and their environmental impacts. It begins by providing an overview of global urbanization, including the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas and the rise of megacities. It then discusses some of the key challenges faced by urban areas, such as resource use, waste generation, pollution, and poverty. Specific issues examined include urban sprawl, transportation systems, air and water pollution, and urban poverty. The document also presents case studies on urbanization trends in countries like the US, Brazil, India, and Mexico. It analyzes different transportation options and their trade-offs, and discusses the importance of urban planning and smart growth approaches to curb uncontrolled urban sprawl.
The document summarizes trends in urbanization and discusses strategies for more sustainable urban development. It notes that about half the world's population lives in cities, which are growing rapidly especially in developing countries. Issues caused by urban sprawl like air and water pollution, loss of open space, and longer travel times are discussed. The document then presents tools for urban planning like zoning, growth boundaries, and public transit to promote compact development and limit environmental impacts.
Half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, a proportion that is increasing due to rural-to-urban migration pushed by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity and pulled by the availability of jobs, education, and services in cities. However, urbanization also creates problems like pollution, traffic congestion, and poverty in developing world cities. Approaches to improve urban sustainability include compact development, public transit investments, bicycling and pedestrian infrastructure, and policies to reduce sprawl like urban growth boundaries and smart growth zoning.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
This document discusses global cities and the challenges they face. It begins by defining different types of urban areas from hamlets to megacities. It then examines what defines a global city and lists their key roles in the world economy. The document outlines two main challenges for global cities: urbanization and development, and urbanization and the environment. It notes the inequality within cities and environmental impacts like London's large ecological footprint. The document concludes by looking at how cities can work towards sustainability goals to balance environmental, social and economic needs.
The document discusses trends in urbanization and approaches to sustainable urban development. It notes that most of humanity used to live in rural areas but cities have grown rapidly since the Industrial Revolution. It identifies challenges of uncontrolled urban growth in developing countries like traffic, pollution and inadequate housing/sanitation. It also discusses the issues of urban sprawl in developed nations, and proposes approaches like smart growth, new urbanism and green urbanism to make cities more sustainable and livable.
This document discusses compact cities and urban sprawl. It defines a compact city as having high residential density, mixed land uses, and an efficient transportation system to reduce energy consumption and pollution. Benefits include lower costs, less resource use, and more social interaction. Examples given are Melbourne, Toyama, Vancouver, and Curitiba. Urban sprawl is defined as uncontrolled urban growth into rural areas, characterized by low densities and car dependency, which increases infrastructure costs. The document suggests limiting sprawl to better manage expenses and control population growth.
This document discusses urban environments and development. It defines urbanization as the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live and work in central areas, shifting populations from rural to urban areas. Urban development is concerned with using land and designing the urban environment to guide orderly community development. Sustainable development meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Rapid urban growth brings both economic opportunities from proximity but also environmental and health challenges if not managed sustainably.
The document discusses various models of urban land use and patterns of urban growth. It describes the stages of urbanization, from very slow growth to periods of rapid urban growth and suburbanization. Issues caused by rapid urban growth in LEDCs are also examined, such as insufficient housing and strain on services. Examples provided discuss efforts to improve quality of life in LEDC cities through better transportation, housing, and waste management.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 22 sustainable citiesStephanie Beck
The document discusses sustainable cities and trends in urbanization. It identifies 4 major trends: 1) a greater percentage of people living in urban areas, 2) urban areas rapidly expanding in number and size, 3) urban growth being slower in developed countries than developing, and 4) poverty becoming increasingly urbanized mostly in developing countries. It defines and discusses the pros and cons of urban sprawl. It also discusses problems with urbanization like environmental pressure and discusses possible solutions to issues like lack of vegetation, water management, pollution, disease spread, and improving conditions for urban poor in developing nations.
This document summarizes Stephen Sheppard's presentation and research on modeling the causes of urban expansion. It discusses how urban expansion is occurring worldwide due to factors like increased transportation access and rural-to-urban migration. The document then outlines Sheppard's approach to constructing a global sample of cities to study this phenomenon using remote sensing data and Google Earth. It presents an economic model of urban land use determined by population, income, transportation costs, and other variables. Estimates of linear and log-linear models aimed to test the relationships predicted by the model are also summarized.
Cities and Climate Change - Cities and climate change adaptationipcc-media
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on cities and calls for urgent action. It notes that urbanization is increasing global population and cities are concentrating economic and social activity. However, cities also face increased climate risks like heat waves, flooding, sea level rise and drought. These risks disproportionately impact the poor and populations in developing nations. The document calls for rapid transitions in energy, land, infrastructure and industry to limit warming to 1.5C. It also advocates adaptation measures in cities like urban planning, green infrastructure, water management and strengthened urban governance to build climate resilience.
Cities remains unique, universal and complex , invariably evolving, devolving, never finite and never defined. Cities create prosperity, poverty, employment, dichotomy and contradictions. Cities are said to be the future of humanity, but cities are also the reason for climate change, global warming , larger carbon footprints and rising temperature - making cities unsafe- both to the natural and manmade disasters. Making cities sustainable remains a challenge, opportunity, mirage and dream. Heading towards uncontrolled urbanisation, cities are pushing humanity into crisis- crisis of population, crisis of poverty and crisis of pollution. Cities remain anti-thesis to sustainability. Cities don't believe in inclusion and cities dies not treat majority of its inhabitants with respect and dignity -providing basic amenities of life to lead a dignified life. Making cities rational, humane, safe , inclusive, livable and sustainable will remain the greatest challenge on the planet earth.
The document discusses the history of land use and development in North America. It notes that early colonists settled near waterways and converted land to farming and towns. The industrial revolution triggered a rural to urban population shift as jobs moved to cities. Suburban migration was spurred by undesirable central city conditions and availability of inexpensive, developable land nearby. This led to low-density, unplanned urban sprawl characterized by separated land uses, lack of transportation options, and loss of open space. Problems of sprawl include increased traffic, air and water pollution, farmland and habitat loss, and inefficient infrastructure. The document advocates for land use planning principles like preserving open space, mixed uses, and transportation choices to combat these issues and
The document discusses the history of land use and development in North America. It notes that early colonists settled near waterways and converted land to farming and towns. The industrial revolution triggered a rural to urban population shift as jobs moved to cities. Suburban migration was spurred by undesirable central city conditions and availability of inexpensive, developable land nearby. This led to low-density, unplanned urban sprawl characterized by separated land uses, lack of transportation options, and loss of open space. Problems of sprawl include increased traffic, air and water pollution, infrastructure and maintenance costs, and environmental impacts. The document advocates for land use planning principles like preserving open space, mixed uses, and transportation choices to combat these issues and promote smart
Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »: Chapte...Isam Shahrour
This lecture presents the world global challenges (population growth, energy and water stresses, air and soil pollution, greenhouse emission, global warming, population aging, unemployment) and their impact on the City.
This document discusses urbanization and its impacts. It defines urbanization as the process of people moving from rural to urban areas, driven by factors like industrial growth, employment opportunities, modernization, and political instability. While urbanization can improve quality of life through jobs and infrastructure, it also causes problems like overcrowding, poverty, and environmental hazards for cities. Solutions include better city planning, education, creating more opportunities, and using plants for waste land management and soil conservation.
4. Importance of City Planning - Dr. Toe Aung YcdcEthical Sector
Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business (MCRB), Hanns Seidel Foundation (HSF) and Myanmar Responsible Tourism Institute (MRTI), co-hosted a second multistakeholder workshop on sustainable tourism in Ngapali from 8-9 May 2017.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/ngapali-workshop.html
The document discusses several current issues in urban design. It notes that cities have become too large to understand and manage effectively. It also says that local communities are often sidelined in the design process, and that economic priorities sometimes lead to large developments that are unsustainable. The document argues that urban design is more than just beautification and should promote better integration across administrative and disciplinary boundaries.
This document discusses the relationship between transport and the urban environment. It begins by explaining the increasing urbanization of the world's population and the rise of megacities. It then examines how different transport modes like cars, buses, and rail impact the environment through emissions, energy use, infrastructure needs, and land use patterns. The document outlines the various localized and global environmental issues caused by transportation activities across different spheres like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and ecosphere. In summary, transportation significantly impacts the environment through activities like infrastructure building, vehicle manufacturing, travel, maintenance, and disposal across all modes of transport.
Canadian cities are cited as "smart cities" but have left social and environmental issues unaddressed. The new government aims to tackle these issues through ambitious targets. Success will depend on how money is spent and choices made. Canada lacks a national urban policy and housing continues to become less affordable. Smart city initiatives use data and technology to create more sustainable, equitable and prosperous cities, but real solutions also require infrastructure investment and considering citizens' needs.
Cities are major contributors to environmental issues like climate change. However, cities also offer opportunities for more sustainable living. Ecocities aim to create urban environments that are ecologically sound, economically prosperous, and socially just. Some key strategies for transitioning to ecocities include transferring development rights to encourage dense, transit-oriented development; providing tax incentives for green infrastructure projects; and restoring natural hydrological systems in urban areas. Traditional settlements also demonstrate ecocity principles through compact, walkable and resource-efficient community design.
The Future of Regions and Implications for NADO: Beurle nado-web
This presentation was delivered at NADO's 2018 Annual Training Conference, held in Charlotte, NC on October 13-16. For more information, visit: https://www.nado.org/events/2018-annual-training-conference/
Sustainable Coastal Development: Finding Certainty in Uncertain TimesOregon Sea Grant
The document discusses key trends and challenges facing cities including globalization, climate change, technological innovation, aging infrastructure, and changing demographics. It analyzes population and employment changes in various cities between 1970-2020 and investment in areas like venture capital and university research. Quality of life factors like parks, culture and education are also examined. Lessons for cities include the need for leadership, a clear vision and goals, institutional capacity, transparency, appropriate financing, land control, design excellence, and public trust in development partnerships.
This document discusses the challenges of rapid urbanization for water management. More than half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with most growth occurring in developing country cities that gain an average of 5 million new residents per month. As cities expand, they place increasing demands on water sources, often drawing water from farther distances and depleting groundwater reserves. Cities also generate large volumes of wastewater but sanitation infrastructure is lacking, leading to widespread water pollution. The document argues that cities should be viewed not just as "sinks" but also potential "sponges" if wastewater is safely reused. Closing nutrient and water loops between cities and surrounding agricultural areas could help mitigate environmental impacts while improving resource use.
Ecosystems are formed when animals, plants, and the non-living environment have close links. All ecosystems depend on the flow of energy from sunlight through photosynthesis and the food chain, and the recycling of nutrients when plants and animals die and decompose. The key processes that sustain ecosystems are the flow of energy and the recycling of nutrients.
This lesson discusses heat transfer within the Earth and how it drives plate tectonics. It begins with an overview of the Earth's layered structure and heat sources from radioactive decay and friction within the core. Heat rises from the core through convection currents in the mantle, melting the lithosphere and driving plate movements. Where plates converge heat is released in volcanoes and where they diverge new crust is formed. This rock cycle circulates materials through melting and cooling. An experiment simulating convection currents demonstrates how heating transfers matter within the Earth's interior and relates to plate tectonics at the surface.
This document appears to be a presentation template in PowerPoint. It includes sections for introduction, topics, tables, teams, and instructions. The content sections provide summaries of how to add various elements to presentations in PowerPoint like text, images, transitions and saving presentations to OneDrive for access across devices. The last slide thanks the audience.
This document discusses urban environments and development. It defines urbanization as the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live and work in central areas, shifting populations from rural to urban areas. Urban development is concerned with using land and designing the urban environment to guide orderly community development. Sustainable development meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Rapid urban growth brings both economic opportunities from proximity but also environmental and health challenges if not managed sustainably.
The document discusses various models of urban land use and patterns of urban growth. It describes the stages of urbanization, from very slow growth to periods of rapid urban growth and suburbanization. Issues caused by rapid urban growth in LEDCs are also examined, such as insufficient housing and strain on services. Examples provided discuss efforts to improve quality of life in LEDC cities through better transportation, housing, and waste management.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 22 sustainable citiesStephanie Beck
The document discusses sustainable cities and trends in urbanization. It identifies 4 major trends: 1) a greater percentage of people living in urban areas, 2) urban areas rapidly expanding in number and size, 3) urban growth being slower in developed countries than developing, and 4) poverty becoming increasingly urbanized mostly in developing countries. It defines and discusses the pros and cons of urban sprawl. It also discusses problems with urbanization like environmental pressure and discusses possible solutions to issues like lack of vegetation, water management, pollution, disease spread, and improving conditions for urban poor in developing nations.
This document summarizes Stephen Sheppard's presentation and research on modeling the causes of urban expansion. It discusses how urban expansion is occurring worldwide due to factors like increased transportation access and rural-to-urban migration. The document then outlines Sheppard's approach to constructing a global sample of cities to study this phenomenon using remote sensing data and Google Earth. It presents an economic model of urban land use determined by population, income, transportation costs, and other variables. Estimates of linear and log-linear models aimed to test the relationships predicted by the model are also summarized.
Cities and Climate Change - Cities and climate change adaptationipcc-media
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on cities and calls for urgent action. It notes that urbanization is increasing global population and cities are concentrating economic and social activity. However, cities also face increased climate risks like heat waves, flooding, sea level rise and drought. These risks disproportionately impact the poor and populations in developing nations. The document calls for rapid transitions in energy, land, infrastructure and industry to limit warming to 1.5C. It also advocates adaptation measures in cities like urban planning, green infrastructure, water management and strengthened urban governance to build climate resilience.
Cities remains unique, universal and complex , invariably evolving, devolving, never finite and never defined. Cities create prosperity, poverty, employment, dichotomy and contradictions. Cities are said to be the future of humanity, but cities are also the reason for climate change, global warming , larger carbon footprints and rising temperature - making cities unsafe- both to the natural and manmade disasters. Making cities sustainable remains a challenge, opportunity, mirage and dream. Heading towards uncontrolled urbanisation, cities are pushing humanity into crisis- crisis of population, crisis of poverty and crisis of pollution. Cities remain anti-thesis to sustainability. Cities don't believe in inclusion and cities dies not treat majority of its inhabitants with respect and dignity -providing basic amenities of life to lead a dignified life. Making cities rational, humane, safe , inclusive, livable and sustainable will remain the greatest challenge on the planet earth.
The document discusses the history of land use and development in North America. It notes that early colonists settled near waterways and converted land to farming and towns. The industrial revolution triggered a rural to urban population shift as jobs moved to cities. Suburban migration was spurred by undesirable central city conditions and availability of inexpensive, developable land nearby. This led to low-density, unplanned urban sprawl characterized by separated land uses, lack of transportation options, and loss of open space. Problems of sprawl include increased traffic, air and water pollution, farmland and habitat loss, and inefficient infrastructure. The document advocates for land use planning principles like preserving open space, mixed uses, and transportation choices to combat these issues and
The document discusses the history of land use and development in North America. It notes that early colonists settled near waterways and converted land to farming and towns. The industrial revolution triggered a rural to urban population shift as jobs moved to cities. Suburban migration was spurred by undesirable central city conditions and availability of inexpensive, developable land nearby. This led to low-density, unplanned urban sprawl characterized by separated land uses, lack of transportation options, and loss of open space. Problems of sprawl include increased traffic, air and water pollution, infrastructure and maintenance costs, and environmental impacts. The document advocates for land use planning principles like preserving open space, mixed uses, and transportation choices to combat these issues and promote smart
Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »: Chapte...Isam Shahrour
This lecture presents the world global challenges (population growth, energy and water stresses, air and soil pollution, greenhouse emission, global warming, population aging, unemployment) and their impact on the City.
This document discusses urbanization and its impacts. It defines urbanization as the process of people moving from rural to urban areas, driven by factors like industrial growth, employment opportunities, modernization, and political instability. While urbanization can improve quality of life through jobs and infrastructure, it also causes problems like overcrowding, poverty, and environmental hazards for cities. Solutions include better city planning, education, creating more opportunities, and using plants for waste land management and soil conservation.
4. Importance of City Planning - Dr. Toe Aung YcdcEthical Sector
Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business (MCRB), Hanns Seidel Foundation (HSF) and Myanmar Responsible Tourism Institute (MRTI), co-hosted a second multistakeholder workshop on sustainable tourism in Ngapali from 8-9 May 2017.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/ngapali-workshop.html
The document discusses several current issues in urban design. It notes that cities have become too large to understand and manage effectively. It also says that local communities are often sidelined in the design process, and that economic priorities sometimes lead to large developments that are unsustainable. The document argues that urban design is more than just beautification and should promote better integration across administrative and disciplinary boundaries.
This document discusses the relationship between transport and the urban environment. It begins by explaining the increasing urbanization of the world's population and the rise of megacities. It then examines how different transport modes like cars, buses, and rail impact the environment through emissions, energy use, infrastructure needs, and land use patterns. The document outlines the various localized and global environmental issues caused by transportation activities across different spheres like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and ecosphere. In summary, transportation significantly impacts the environment through activities like infrastructure building, vehicle manufacturing, travel, maintenance, and disposal across all modes of transport.
Canadian cities are cited as "smart cities" but have left social and environmental issues unaddressed. The new government aims to tackle these issues through ambitious targets. Success will depend on how money is spent and choices made. Canada lacks a national urban policy and housing continues to become less affordable. Smart city initiatives use data and technology to create more sustainable, equitable and prosperous cities, but real solutions also require infrastructure investment and considering citizens' needs.
Cities are major contributors to environmental issues like climate change. However, cities also offer opportunities for more sustainable living. Ecocities aim to create urban environments that are ecologically sound, economically prosperous, and socially just. Some key strategies for transitioning to ecocities include transferring development rights to encourage dense, transit-oriented development; providing tax incentives for green infrastructure projects; and restoring natural hydrological systems in urban areas. Traditional settlements also demonstrate ecocity principles through compact, walkable and resource-efficient community design.
The Future of Regions and Implications for NADO: Beurle nado-web
This presentation was delivered at NADO's 2018 Annual Training Conference, held in Charlotte, NC on October 13-16. For more information, visit: https://www.nado.org/events/2018-annual-training-conference/
Sustainable Coastal Development: Finding Certainty in Uncertain TimesOregon Sea Grant
The document discusses key trends and challenges facing cities including globalization, climate change, technological innovation, aging infrastructure, and changing demographics. It analyzes population and employment changes in various cities between 1970-2020 and investment in areas like venture capital and university research. Quality of life factors like parks, culture and education are also examined. Lessons for cities include the need for leadership, a clear vision and goals, institutional capacity, transparency, appropriate financing, land control, design excellence, and public trust in development partnerships.
This document discusses the challenges of rapid urbanization for water management. More than half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with most growth occurring in developing country cities that gain an average of 5 million new residents per month. As cities expand, they place increasing demands on water sources, often drawing water from farther distances and depleting groundwater reserves. Cities also generate large volumes of wastewater but sanitation infrastructure is lacking, leading to widespread water pollution. The document argues that cities should be viewed not just as "sinks" but also potential "sponges" if wastewater is safely reused. Closing nutrient and water loops between cities and surrounding agricultural areas could help mitigate environmental impacts while improving resource use.
Ecosystems are formed when animals, plants, and the non-living environment have close links. All ecosystems depend on the flow of energy from sunlight through photosynthesis and the food chain, and the recycling of nutrients when plants and animals die and decompose. The key processes that sustain ecosystems are the flow of energy and the recycling of nutrients.
This lesson discusses heat transfer within the Earth and how it drives plate tectonics. It begins with an overview of the Earth's layered structure and heat sources from radioactive decay and friction within the core. Heat rises from the core through convection currents in the mantle, melting the lithosphere and driving plate movements. Where plates converge heat is released in volcanoes and where they diverge new crust is formed. This rock cycle circulates materials through melting and cooling. An experiment simulating convection currents demonstrates how heating transfers matter within the Earth's interior and relates to plate tectonics at the surface.
This document appears to be a presentation template in PowerPoint. It includes sections for introduction, topics, tables, teams, and instructions. The content sections provide summaries of how to add various elements to presentations in PowerPoint like text, images, transitions and saving presentations to OneDrive for access across devices. The last slide thanks the audience.
This PowerPoint presentation template provides guidance on building a presentation using PowerPoint. The agenda includes topics on introduction, topic one, and topic two. The introduction section explains that PowerPoint allows users to create and share presentations with others. It also provides instructions on adding text, images, charts and tables. Additional content sections provide tips on opening and starting presentations, using speaker notes and the timeline. The presentation ends with a thank you slide.
This document appears to be about logical reasoning or a logical reasoning exam, as it is titled "LOGICAL REASONING PAPER - 1". However, the document contains no other text or information, so a 3 sentence summary cannot provide any meaningful details about the content or essential information from the document.
The document contains examples of different title and content layouts including a list with five levels of indentation, a chart with four categories and three data series, a table with three classes and two groups, and a smartart diagram with three groups and tasks. It demonstrates how to structure content with various formatting elements such as lists, charts, tables, and diagrams.
Mirjam Nilsson, CEO of Contoso, gave a presentation about her company's virtual communication platform. She discussed her background in communication theory, how Contoso was formed, and how their technology allows for more efficient virtual communication between employees worldwide. Mirjam compared Contoso's easy to use and customizable tools to competitors' more complicated offerings, and outlined Contoso's history and key milestones. She encouraged businesses to test Contoso and provide feedback to help the company continue innovating virtual communication technologies.
Climate models are mathematical representations of physical processes that determine climate. They are used to understand climate processes and project future climate scenarios. Simplifications are needed due to complex interactions and limited computational capabilities. Models have improved over time with increased resolution and process representation. Observational evidence shows unequivocal warming globally with some regional precipitation variability. Projections show continued warming and changes in precipitation patterns for South Asia over the 21st century, but models have uncertainties. Continued improvements aim to better capture regional climate impacts.
This document discusses various topics without providing many details. It mentions titles such as "Lotruktrem", "Lorem Ipsum", and "Ddfgxnsrywol" but does not expand on their meanings. Phrases like "Lorem Ipsum Dolor" and "Lorem Ipsum Dolor Lorem Ipsum Dolor" are repeated without additional context.
This document does not contain any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It consists of repeated phrases "Lorem Ipsum Dolor" without any connecting context or narrative.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
ELS: 2.4.1 POWER ELECTRONICS Course objectives: This course will enable stude...Kuvempu University
Introduction - Applications of Power Electronics, Power Semiconductor Devices, Control Characteristics of Power Devices, types of Power Electronic Circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs: Steady state characteristics. Power MOSFETs: device operation, switching characteristics, IGBTs: device operation, output and transfer characteristics.
Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
2. Core Case Study: The Ecocity Concept
in Curitiba, Brazil
• Ecocity, green city: Curitiba, Brazil
• Bus system: cars banned in certain areas
• Housing and industrial parks
• Recycling of materials
• Helping the poor
• New challenges
4. Fig. 22-1b, p. 586
City
center
Route
Express Interdistrict Direct Feeder Workers
5. 22-1 What Are the Major Population
Trends in Urban Areas?
• Concept 22-1 Urbanization continues to increase
steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas
are growing rapidly, especially in less-developed
countries.
6. Half of the World’s People Live in
Urban Areas (1)
• Urbanization
• Creation and growth of urban and suburban areas
• Percentage of people who live in such areas
• Urban growth
• Rate of increase of urban populations
• Immigration from rural areas
• Pushed from rural areas to urban areas
• Pulled to urban areas from rural areas
7. Half of the World’s People Live in
Urban Areas (2)
• Push factors
• Poverty
• Lack of land to grow food
• Declining labor market in agriculture
• War, famine, conflicts
• Pull factors
• Jobs, food, housing
• Education
• Health care
8. Half of the World’s People Live in
Urban Areas (3)
• Four major trends
1. Proportion of global population living in urban areas
is increasing
2. Number and size of urban areas is mushrooming
• Megacities, hypercities
3. Urban growth slower in developed countries
4. Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized; mostly
in less-developed countries
11. Fig. 22-3, p. 588
5
4 World
3
(billions)
2 Less-developed
countries
Urban
population
1
More-developed
countries
0
2030
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
13. Fig. 22-4, p. 589
Moscow
15 million
Delhi
18.6 million
Hong Kong
15.8 million
Beijing
22 million
Shanghai
17 million
London
12.9 million
Tokyo
32 million
Los Angeles
15.2 million New York
19.7 million Cairo
14.5 million
Osaka
17.4 million
Mexico City
20.5 million Lagos
13.4 million
Karachi
11.8 million
Seoul
20.6 million
Kolkata
(Calcutta)
15.1 million
Manila
16.3 million
Rio de Janeiro
12 million
São Paulo
18.9 million
Mumbai
(Bombay)
19.2 million
Jakarta
18.9 million
Bangkok
12 million
Buenos Aires
13.1 million
Dhaka
13 million
14. Typical Daily Traffic Jam of People, Carts, and
Other Vehicles in Delhi, India
Fig. 22-5, p. 589
15. Case Study: Urbanization in the
United States (1)
• Four phases between 1800 and 2008
1. Migration from rural areas to large central cities
2. Migration from large central cities to suburbs and
smaller cities
3. Migration from North and East to South and West
4. Migration from cities and suburbs to developed
areas outside the suburbs = exurbs
• Urbanization went from 5% to 79%
16. Case Study: Urbanization in the
United States (2)
• Environmental problems decreasing
• Better working and housing
• Better water and sanitation
• Better health care
• Older cities
• Deteriorating services
• Aging infrastructures
• U.S. $2.2 trillion behind in infrastructure maintenance
17. Major Urban Areas in the United States
Revealed by Satellite Images at Night
Fig. 22-6, p. 590
18. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the Countryside
(1)
• Urban sprawl
• Low-density development at edges of cities/towns
• Contributing factors to urban sprawl in the U.S.
1.Ample land
2.Low-cost gasoline; highways
3.Tax laws encouraged home ownership
4.State and local zoning laws
5.Multiple political jurisdictions: poor urban planning
19. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the Countryside
(2)
• Megalopolis
• Bowash
• Caused many environmental and economic problems
20. Urban Sprawl in and around the U.S. City of Las
Vegas, Nevada, from 1973 to 2000
Fig. 22-7, p. 591
22. Fig. 22-8, p. 592
Natural Capital Degradation
Urban Sprawl
Land and
Biodiversity
Water Energy, Air,
and Climate
Economic Effects
Loss of cropland Increased use
and pollution of
surface water and
groundwater
Increased energy use
and waste
Decline of downtown
business districts
Loss and
fragmentation
of forests, grasslands,
wetlands, and wildlife
habitat Increased runoff
and flooding
Increased emissions
of carbon dioxide
and other air
pollutants
More unemployment
in central cities
23. Fig. 22-8, p. 593
NATURAL CAPITAL
DEGRADATION
Urban Sprawl
Land and
Biodiversity
Water Energy, Air,
and Climate
Economic Effects
Loss of cropland Increased use of
surface water and
groundwater
Increased energy
use and waste
Decline of
downtown
business districts
Loss of forests and
grasslands Increased runoff
and flooding
Increased air
pollution Increased
unemployment
in central city
Loss of wetlands Increased
greenhouse gas
emissions
Increased
surface water and
groundwater pollution
Loss and
fragmentation of
wildlife habitats
Enhanced global
warming
Loss of tax base
in central city
Decreased natural
sewage treatment Stepped Art
24. 22-2 What Are the Major Urban Resource and
Environmental Problems?
• Concept 22-2 Most cities are unsustainable because
of high levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and
poverty.
25. Urbanization Has Advantages (1)
• Centers of:
• Economic development
• Innovation
• Education
• Technological advances
• Jobs
• Industry, commerce, transportation
26. Urbanization Has Advantages (2)
• Urban residents tend to have
• Longer lives
• Lower infant mortality
• Better medical care
• Better social services
• More recycling programs
• Concentrating people in cities can help preserve
biodiversity in rural areas
30. Fig. 22-9, p. 594
Inputs Outputs
Energy Solid wastes
Food Waste heat
Water pollutants
Water
Air pollutants
Raw materials Greenhouse gases
Money Wealth
Noise
Manufactured goods Manufactured goods
Information Ideas
London
32. Fig. 22-10, p. 595
Permanent damage
begins after 8-hour
exposure
Noise Levels (in dbA) 85
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Normal
breathing
Quiet rural
area
Rainfall Vacuum
cleaner
Lawn mower
Whisper Quiet
room
Normal
conversation
Average
factory
Chain
saw
Earphones
at loud level
Rifle
Rock music Boom
cars
Air raid
siren
Thunderclap
(nearby)
33. Life Is a Desperate Struggle for the Urban Poor
in Less-Developed Countries
• Slums
• Squatter settlements/shantytowns
• Terrible living conditions
• Lack basic water and sanitation
• High levels of pollution
• What can governments do to help?
35. Case Study: Mexico City
• Urban area in crisis
• Severe air pollution
• Water pollution
• 50% unemployment
• Deafening noise
• Overcrowding
• Traffic congestion
• Inadequate public transportation
• 1/3 live in slums (barrios) or squatter settlements
• What progress is being made?
37. 22-3 How Does Transportation Affect
Urban Environmental Impacts?
• Concept 22-3 In some countries, many people live in
widely dispersed urban areas and depend mostly on
motor vehicles for their transportation, which greatly
expands their ecological footprints.
38. Cities Can Grow Outward or Upward
• Compact cities
• Hong Kong, China
• Tokyo, Japan
• Mass transit
• Dispersed cities
• U.S. and Canada
• Car-centered cities
39. Motor Vehicles Have Advantages and
Disadvantages (1)
• Advantages
• Mobility and convenience
• Jobs in
• Production and repair of vehicles
• Supplying fuel
• Building roads
• Status symbol
40. Motor Vehicles Have Advantages and
Disadvantages (2)
• Disadvantages
• Accidents: 1.2 million per year, 15 million injured
• Kill 50 million animals per year
• Largest source of outdoor air pollution
• Helped create urban sprawl
• Traffic congestion
42. Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but
It Can Be Done (1)
• Full-cost pricing: high gasoline taxes
• Educate consumers first
• Use funds for mass transit
• Opposition from car owners and industry
• Lack of good public transit is a problem
• Rapid mass transit
• Difficult to pass in the United States
• Strong public opposition
• Dispersed nature of the U.S.
43. Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but
It Can Be Done (2)
• Raise parking fees
• Tolls on roads, tunnels, and bridges into major cities
• Charge a fee to drive into a major city
• Car-sharing
44. Case Study: Zipcars
• Car-sharing network
• Rent by the hour
• Saves money for many people
45. Some Cities Are Promoting Alternatives to
Car Ownership
• Bicycles
• Heavy-rail systems
• Light-rail systems
• Buses
• Rapid-rail system between urban areas
47. Fig. 22-14, p. 601
Bicycles
Advantages Disadvantages
Are quiet and non-
polluting
Provide little
protection in an
accident
Take few
resources to
make
Provide no protection
from bad weather
Burn no fossil fuels Are impractical for
long trips
Require little parking
space
Secure bike parking not
yet widespread
Trade-Offs
49. Fig. 22-15, p. 601
Mass Transit Rail
Advantages Disadvantages
Uses less energy and
produces less air
pollution than cars do
Expensive to build
and maintain
Cost-effective only
along a densely
populated corridor
Use less land than
roads and parking
lots use
Causes fewer
injuries and deaths
than cars
Commits riders to
transportation
schedules
Trade-Offs
51. Fig. 22-16, p. 601
Advantages Disadvantages
Buses
Reduce car use and
air pollution
Can lose money because
they require affordable
fares
Can be rerouted as
needed
Can get caught in
traffic and add to
noise and pollution
Cheaper than
heavy-rail system
Commit riders to
transportation
schedules
Trade-Offs
53. Fig. 22-17, p. 602
Rapid Rail
Advantages Disadvantages
Much more energy
efficient per rider
than cars and planes
are
Costly to run and
maintain
Less air pollution than
cars and planes
Causes noise and
vibration for nearby
residents
Can reduce need for
air travel,
cars, roads, and
parking areas
Adds some risk
of collision at car
crossings
Trade-Offs
54. Potential Routes for High-Speed Bullet
Trains in the U.S. and Parts of Canada
Fig. 22-18, p. 602
55. 22-4 How Important Is Urban Land-
Use Planning?
• Concept 22-4 Urban land-use planning can help to
reduce uncontrolled sprawl and slow the resulting
degradation of air, water, land, biodiversity, and
other natural resources.
56. Conventional Land-Use Planning
• Land-use planning
• Encourages future population growth
• Encourages economic development
• Revenues: property taxes
• 90% of local government revenue in the U.S.
• Environmental and social consequences
• Zoning
• Problems and potential benefits
• Mixed-use zoning
57. Smart Growth Works (1)
• Smart growth
• Reduces dependence on cars
• Controls and directs sprawl
• Cuts wasteful resource
• Uses zoning laws to channel growth
58. Smart Growth Works (2)
• Curitiba, Brazil
• China: stand on urban sprawl
• Europe: compact cities
60. Fig. 22-19, p. 604
Solutions
Smart Growth Tools
Limits and
Regulations
Protection
Preserve open space
Limit building permits
Draw urban growth boundaries Prohibit certain types
of development
Taxes
Buy new open space
Create greenbelts around
cities Tax land, not buildings
Tax land on value of actual use
instead of on highest value as
developed land
Zoning Promote mixed use
of housing and small
businesses
Concentrate development
along mass transportation
routes For owners agreeing not to allow
certain types of development
Tax Breaks
For cleaning up and developing
abandoned urban sites
Planning Ecological
land-use planning
Revitalization and New Growth
Revitalize existing towns and cities
Environmental
impact analysis
Integrated regional planning Build well-planned new towns and
villages within cities
61. SOLUTIONS
Smart Growth Tools
Protection
Preserve existing open space
Buy new open space
Buy development rights that prohibit
certain types of development on land
parcels
Limits and
Regulations
Limit building permits
Urban growth boundaries
Greenbelts around cities
Public review of new development
Tax land, not buildings
Taxes
Tax land on value of actual use (such as
forest and agriculture) instead of on
highest value as developed land
Zoning
Encourage mixed use of housing
and small businesses
Concentrate development along
mass transportation routes
Promote high-density cluster
housing developments
Tax Breaks
For owners agreeing not to allow certain
types of development (conservation
easements)
For cleaning up and developing
abandoned urban sites
Planning
Ecological land-use planning
Environmental impact analysis
Integrated regional planning
State and national planning
Revitalization and New Growth
Revitalize existing towns and cities
Build well-planned new towns and
villages within cities
Stepped Art
Fig. 22-19, p. 604
62. Case Study: Smart Growth in Portland,
Oregon
• Since 1975
• Population grew 50%
• Urban area expanded 2%
• Efficient light-rail and bus system
• Abundant green space and parks
• Clustered, mixed-use neighborhoods
• Air pollution reduced 86%
• Greenest city in the United States
63. Preserving and Using Open Space
• Urban growth boundary
• U.S. states: Washington, Oregon, and Tennessee
• Municipal parks
• U.S. cities: New York City and San Francisco
• Greenbelts
• Canadian cities: Vancouver and Toronto
• Western European cities
65. 22-5 How Can Cities Become More
Sustainable and Livable?
• Concept 22-5 An ecocity allows people to choose
walking, biking, or mass transit for most
transportation needs; to recycle or reuse most of
their wastes; to grow much of their food; and to
protect biodiversity by preserving surrounding land.
66. New Urbanism Is Growing
• Conventional housing development
• Cluster development
• New urbanism, old villageism
• Walkability
• Mixed-use and diversity
• Quality urban design
• Environmental sustainability
• Smart transportation
70. Fig. 22-21c, p. 606
Cluster
Cluster housing
development
Creek
Cluster
Pond
71. Case Study: New Urban Village of
Vauban
• Suburb of Freiburg, Germany
• Car use heavily discouraged with high parking fees =
$40,000 for a parking space
• All homes within walking distance of
• Trains and other public transit
• Stores, banks, restaurants, schools
• Much use of renewable energy
72. The Ecocity Concept: Cities for
People Not Cars
• Ecocities or green cities
• Build and redesign for people
• Use renewable energy resources
• Recycle and purify water
• Use energy and matter resources efficiently
• Prevent pollution and reduce waste
• Recycle, reuse and compost municipal waste
• Protect and support biodiversity
• Urban gardens; farmers markets
• Zoning and other tools for sustainability
74. The Ecovillage Movement Is Growing
• Ecovillage movement
• Eco-hoods
• 1993: ecovillage in Los Angeles, CA, U.S.
• What is making it work?
• Other ecovillages
• Success stories
75. Case Study: A Living Building
• Living Building
• Designed to fit in with local climate, vegetation, other
characteristics
• Energy met solely by renewable resources
• Capture, treat, reuse all water
• Highly energy efficient
• Esthetically pleasing
76. Omega Center for Sustainable Living in
Rhinebeck, New York
Fig. 22-22, p. 609
77. Three Big Ideas
1. Urbanization is increasing steadily and the numbers
and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly,
especially in less-developed countries.
2. Most urban areas are unsustainable with their large
and growing ecological footprints and high levels of
poverty.
3. Urban areas can be made more sustainable and
livable just as some cities and villages already are.
Editor's Notes
Figure 22.1: Solutions.
This bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Curitiba, Brazil, moves large numbers of passengers around rapidly because each of the system’s five major “spokes,” connecting the city center with outlying districts, has two express lanes used only by buses. Double- and triple-length bus sections are coupled together as needed to carry up to 300 passengers. Boarding is speeded up by the use of extra-wide bus doors and boarding platforms under glass tubes where passengers can pay before getting on the bus (top left).
Figure 22.1: Solutions.
This bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Curitiba, Brazil, moves large numbers of passengers around rapidly because each of the system’s five major “spokes,” connecting the city center with outlying districts, has two express lanes used only by buses. Double- and triple-length bus sections are coupled together as needed to carry up to 300 passengers. Boarding is speeded up by the use of extra-wide bus doors and boarding platforms under glass tubes where passengers can pay before getting on the bus (top left).
Figure 22.2: About half of the world’s people live in urban areas, or cities, such as Shanghai, China (top), and their surrounding suburban areas such as this one in Southern California (middle). The other half live in rural areas—in villages such as this one in the southern African country of Malawi (bottom), in small towns, or in the countryside.
Figure 22.3: This graph tracks urban population growth for the world, as well as for less-developed countries and more-developed countries, 1950–2010, with projections to 2030. Question: Why do you think the growth in urban populations is much higher in less-developed countries than in more-developed countries? (Data from United Nations Population Division)
Figure 22.3: This graph tracks urban population growth for the world, as well as for less-developed countries and more-developed countries, 1950–2010, with projections to 2030. Question: Why do you think the growth in urban populations is much higher in less-developed countries than in more-developed countries? (Data from United Nations Population Division)
Figure 22.4: Global outlook: Major urban areas throughout the world are revealed in these satellite images of the earth at night, showing city lights. Currently, the 50% of the world’s people who live in urban areas occupy about 2% of the earth’s land area. Note that most of the urban areas are found along the continental coasts, which explains why most of Africa and much of the interior of South America, Asia, and Australia are dark at night. This figure also shows the populations of the world’s 18 megacities (each with 10 million or more people) in 2010. All but three are located in less-developed countries. Question: In order, what were the world’s five most populous cities in 2010? (Data from National Geophysics Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and United Nations)
Figure 22.4: Global outlook: Major urban areas throughout the world are revealed in these satellite images of the earth at night, showing city lights. Currently, the 50% of the world’s people who live in urban areas occupy about 2% of the earth’s land area. Note that most of the urban areas are found along the continental coasts, which explains why most of Africa and much of the interior of South America, Asia, and Australia are dark at night. This figure also shows the populations of the world’s 18 megacities (each with 10 million or more people) in 2010. All but three are located in less-developed countries. Question: In order, what were the world’s five most populous cities in 2010? (Data from National Geophysics Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and United Nations)
Figure 22.5: This is a typical daily traffic jam of people, carts, bicycle taxis, and other vehicles in an older section of Delhi, India—a city with 13 million people.
Figure 22.6: The major urban areas in the United States are revealed in satellite images of the earth at night showing city lights (top). About eight of every ten Americans live in urban areas, which occupy a small but growing fraction of the country’s land area. The cities identified in the image are the fastest-growing metropolitan areas. Nearly half (48%) of all Americans live in cities of 1 million or more people, most of which are projected to merge into huge urban areas shown as shaded sections in the bottom map. Question: Why are many of the largest urban areas located near water? (Data from National Geophysical Data Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Census Bureau)
Figure 22.7: These satellite images show the growth of urban sprawl in and around the U.S. city of Las Vegas, Nevada, between 1973 and 2003—a process that continues. Between 1970 and 2009, the population of water-short Clark County, which includes Las Vegas, more than quadrupled from 463,000 to around 1.9 million, making it one of the nation’s fastest-growing urban areas. Question: What might be a limiting factor on population growth in Las Vegas?
Figure 22.8: These are some of the undesirable impacts of urban sprawl or car-dependent development. Question: Which five of these effects do you think are the most harmful?
Figure 22.8: These are some of the undesirable impacts of urban sprawl or car-dependent development. Question: Which five of these effects do you think are the most harmful?
Figure 22.9: Natural capital degradation.
Urban areas are rarely sustainable systems. The typical city depends on large nonurban areas for huge inputs of matter and energy resources, while it generates large outputs of waste matter and heat. According to an analysis by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, developers of the ecological footprint concept, London, England, requires an area 58 times as large as the city to supply its residents with resources (see area outlined in red on map below). They estimate that if all of the world’s people used resources at the same rate as Londoners do, it would take at least three more planet Earths to meet their needs. Question: How would you apply the three principles of sustainability (see back cover) to lessen some of these impacts?
Figure 22.9: Natural capital degradation.
Urban areas are rarely sustainable systems. The typical city depends on large nonurban areas for huge inputs of matter and energy resources, while it generates large outputs of waste matter and heat. According to an analysis by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, developers of the ecological footprint concept, London, England, requires an area 58 times as large as the city to supply its residents with resources (see area outlined in red on map below). They estimate that if all of the world’s people used resources at the same rate as Londoners do, it would take at least three more planet Earths to meet their needs. Question: How would you apply the three principles of sustainability (see back cover) to lessen some of these impacts?
Figure 22.10: This chart lists noise levels of some common sounds (in decibel-A [dbA] sound pressure units). You are being exposed to a sound level high enough to cause permanent hearing damage if a noise requires you to raise your voice to be heard, if a noise causes your ears to ring, or if a noise makes nearby speech seem muffled. Prolonged exposure to lower noise levels and occasional loud sounds may not damage your hearing, but such exposure can greatly increase internal stress. Question: How many times per day are your ears subjected to noise levels of 85 dbA or more?
Figure 22.10: This chart lists noise levels of some common sounds (in decibel-A [dbA] sound pressure units). You are being exposed to a sound level high enough to cause permanent hearing damage if a noise requires you to raise your voice to be heard, if a noise causes your ears to ring, or if a noise makes nearby speech seem muffled. Prolonged exposure to lower noise levels and occasional loud sounds may not damage your hearing, but such exposure can greatly increase internal stress. Question: How many times per day are your ears subjected to noise levels of 85 dbA or more?
Figure 22.11: Global outlook: Extreme poverty forces hundreds of millions of people to live in slums and shantytowns, such as this one in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with no access to adequate water supplies, sewage disposal, and other vital services.
Figure 22.12: Photochemical smog in Mexico City, Mexico, is caused by cars and factories that generate pollutants and by the city’s location within a bowl-shaped valley that traps emissions, causing them to accumulate to dangerous levels.
Figure 22.13: Concrete cloverleafs like this tangled network of thruways in the U.S. city of Los Angeles, California, are found in most of the world’s increasingly car-dependent cities.
Figure 22.14: Bicycle use has advantages and disadvantages. The key to increasing bicycle use is the creation of bicycle-friendly systems, including bike lanes. Some cities actually provide bicycles that people can rent at a very low cost. In addition, Japan and the Netherlands strive to integrate the use of bicycles and commuter rail by providing secure bicycle parking at rail stations. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.14: Bicycle use has advantages and disadvantages. The key to increasing bicycle use is the creation of bicycle-friendly systems, including bike lanes. Some cities actually provide bicycles that people can rent at a very low cost. In addition, Japan and the Netherlands strive to integrate the use of bicycles and commuter rail by providing secure bicycle parking at rail stations. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.15: Mass transit rail systems in urban areas have advantages and disadvantages. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.15: Mass transit rail systems in urban areas have advantages and disadvantages. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.16: Bus rapid transit systems (where several buses running in express lanes can be coupled together) and conventional bus systems in urban areas have advantages and disadvantages. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.16: Bus rapid transit systems (where several buses running in express lanes can be coupled together) and conventional bus systems in urban areas have advantages and disadvantages. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.17: Rapid-rail systems between urban areas have advantages and disadvantages. Western Europe and Japan have high-speed bullet trains that travel between cities at up to 306 kilometers (190 miles) per hour. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.17: Rapid-rail systems between urban areas have advantages and disadvantages. Western Europe and Japan have high-speed bullet trains that travel between cities at up to 306 kilometers (190 miles) per hour. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 22.18: Solutions.
Some potential routes for high-speed bullet trains in the United States and parts of Canada are shown here. Such a system would allow rapid, comfortable, safe, and affordable travel between major cities in a region. It would greatly reduce dependence on cars, buses, and airplanes for trips between these urban areas and would also decrease greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of air pollution. Question: Why do you think such a system has not been developed in the United States? (Data from High Speed Rail Association, U.S. Department of Transportation, Amtrak)
Figure 22.19: We can use these smart growth or new urbanism tools to prevent and control urban growth and sprawl. Questions: Which five of these tools do you think would be the best methods for preventing or controlling urban sprawl? Which, if any, of these tools are used in your community?
Figure 22.19: We can use these smart growth or new urbanism tools to prevent and control urban growth and sprawl. Questions: Which five of these tools do you think would be the best methods for preventing or controlling urban sprawl? Which, if any, of these tools are used in your community?
Figure 22.20: With almost 344 hectares (850 acres) that include woodlands, lawns, and small lakes and ponds, New York City’s Central Park is a dramatic example of a large open space in the center of a major urban area.
Figure 22.21: These models compare a conventional housing development (middle) with a cluster housing development (bottom). With a cluster development, houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on part of the tract. The rest, typically 30–50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and cycling paths.
Figure 22.21: These models compare a conventional housing development (middle) with a cluster housing development (bottom). With a cluster development, houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on part of the tract. The rest, typically 30–50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and cycling paths.
Figure 22.21: These models compare a conventional housing development (middle) with a cluster housing development (bottom). With a cluster development, houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on part of the tract. The rest, typically 30–50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and cycling paths.
Figure 22.21: These models compare a conventional housing development (middle) with a cluster housing development (bottom). With a cluster development, houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on part of the tract. The rest, typically 30–50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and cycling paths.
Figure 22.22: In 2009, the Omega Institute opened the doors to the Omega Center for Sustainable Living (OCSL), a pioneering project in sustainable building design. The OCSL is self-sustaining, in that it recycles its wastewater, is heated and cooled by a geothermal system, and generates electricity using panels of solar cells. The building also adds little or no carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.