The document is a maths project on circles that defines key terms like radius, diameter, chord, arc, and sector. It also outlines 12 theorems related to circles, such as equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre and the perpendicular from the centre of a circle bisects any chord. The document concludes with a joke about a hen playing billiards without a stick.

1. MATHS PROJECT
TOPIC
CIRCLES
M
.RAMKI

2. INTRODUCTION
You may have come across many object in daily life,
which are round in shape, such as wheels of a
vehicle, clocks, coins, buttons of a shirt, etc. In a
clock, the second’s hand goes round the dial of the
clock rapidly and its tip moves in a round path. This
path traced by the tip of the second’s hand is called
a CIRCLE.

3. Circles and Its Related Terms
Definition :
The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed
distance froma fixed point in the plain, is calleda circle.
The fixed point is called the centre of the
circle and the fixed distance is called the
radius of the circle.

4. A circle divides the plain on which it lies into
three parts . They are :
(i) Inside the circle, which is also called the
interior of the circle.
(ii) The circle.
(iii)Outside the circle, which is also called the
exterior of the circle.
The circle and its interior make up the circular
region.

5. The upcoming activities will make you
know more about the TERMS and
DEFINITIONS related to CIRCLES.

6. Activity --------------------------------- 1
Take two points P & Q on a circle,
then the line segment PQ is called
a chord of a circle. The chord, which
passes through the centre of the
circle, is called a diameter of the
circle. As in the case of radius, the
word ‘diameter’ is also used in two
senses, ie., as a line segment and
also as its length. In the figure
aside, AOB is a diameter of the
circle.
o
Figure
A
P
B
Q

7. Activity -------------------------- 2
A piece of a circle between
two points is called an arc.
Look at the pieces of the
circle between two points P
& Q in figure. The longer
piece is called the major arc PQ
and the shorter piece is
called the minor arc PQ. When
P & Q are ends of a diameter,
then both arcs are equal and
each is called a semicircle.
.
R
Major arc PQ
Minor arc PQ
P Q
Figure

8. The length of the complete circle is called its
circumference. The region between a chord
and either of its arcs is called a segment of
the circular region of the circle. There are
two types of segments also, which are the
major segment and the minor segment (fig 1).
The region between an arc and the two radii,
joining the centre to the end points of the
arc is called a sector. Like segments, the
minor arc corresponds to the minor sector
and the major arc corresponds to the major
sector. In fig 2, the region OPQ is the minor
sector and remaining part of the circular
region is the major sector. When two arcs are
equal, ie., each is a semicircle, then both
segments and both sectors become the same
and each is known as a semicircularregion.
P Q
Figure 1
P Q
Figure 2
Major
segment
Minor
segment
Major sector
O
Minor sector

9. Angle Subtended by a Chord at a
Point
Take a line segment PQ and a point R not
on the line containing PQ. Join PR and
QR. Then <PRQ is called the angle
subtended by the line segment PQ at the
point R. <POQ is the angle subtended by
the chord PQ at the centre O, <PRQ and
<PSQ are respectively the angles
subtended by PQ at points R & S on the
major and minor arcs PQ.
.R
. O
P Q
.
S
Figure

10. THEOREMS OF CIRCLES
SOME OF THE THEOREMS WHICH YOU
WILL BE SEEING IN THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES WILL MAKE YOU UNDERSTAND
MORE ABOUT CIRCLES.

11. Theorem - 1
Equal chords of a circle
subtend equal angles at the
centre.

12. Theorem - 2
If the angle subtended by
the chords of a circle at
the centre are equal, then
the chords are equal.

13. Theorem - 3
The perpendicular from the
centre of a circle to a
chord bisects the chord.

14. Theorem - 4
The line drawn through
the centre of a circle
to bisect a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.

15. Theorem - 5
There is one and only one
circle passing through three
given non-collinear points.

16. Theorem - 6
Equal chords of a circle
(or of congruent circles ) are
equidistant from the centre.

17. Theorem - 7
Chords equidistant from
the centre of a circle
are equal in length.

18. Theorem - 8
The angle subtended by
an arc at the centre is
double the angle subtended
by it at any point on the
remaining part of the
circle.

19. Theorem - 9
Angles in the same
segment of a circle are
equal.

20. Theorem - 10
If a line segment joining two
points subtends equal angles at
two other points lying on the
same side of the line
containing the line segment,
the four points lie on a
circle, ie., they are concyclic.

21. Theorem - 11
The sum of either pair
of opposite angles of a
cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.

22. Theorem - 12
If the sum of a pair of
opposite angles of a
quadrilateral is 180°, the
quadrilateral is cyclic.

23. A JOKE ON CIRCLES
THERE IS A JOKE ON CIRCLES WHICH IS
VERY INTERESTING.
I THINK YOU ALL WILL
LIKE IT
AND
ENJOY IT.

24. HAVE YOU ALL SEEN A BILLIARDS GAME, THE BALL USED
IN IT IS CIRCLE IN SHAPE. I THINK YOU ALL KNOW THIS,
BUT HAVE YOU SEEN A HEN PLAYING IT WITHOUT A STICK.
DO YOU WANT TO SEE IT ?
COME LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT IT.