Sliding per capita income is leading to low investments in public services. Medicaid and Prison spending are squeezing out investments in education, further driving down personal incomes. Over the next decade the aging baby-boomers and an increasingly diverse population will put more pressure on government revenues. Oregon is trapped in a "circle of scarcity." Breaking out of it is the most important task for Oregon's business, elected and community leaders today.
SPG Trend Advisors and its affiliate, Sage Policy Group, have made presentations on local and regional economies, the national economy, international and geopolitical issues and capital market events. We offer these presentations for our readers to gain additional information from our commentaries and further explanation of our analyses and forecasts.
SPG Trend Advisors and its affiliate, Sage Policy Group, have made presentations on local and regional economies, the national economy, international and geopolitical issues and capital market events. We offer these presentations for our readers to gain additional information from our commentaries and further explanation of our analyses and forecasts.
Politicians will face major voter backlash if they advocate cuts in Social Security benefits or choose deficit reduction over job creation, according to a poll by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner commissioned by the Campaign for America’s Future and Democracy Corps, with support from MoveOn.org; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, and the Service Employees International Union.
SPG Trend Advisors and its affiliate, Sage Policy Group, have made presentations on local and regional economies, the national economy, international and geopolitical issues and capital market events. We offer these presentations for our readers to gain additional information from our commentaries and further explanation of our analyses and forecasts.
SPG Trend Advisors and its affiliate, Sage Policy Group, have made presentations on local and regional economies, the national economy, international and geopolitical issues and capital market events. We offer these presentations for our readers to gain additional information from our commentaries and further explanation of our analyses and forecasts.
Politicians will face major voter backlash if they advocate cuts in Social Security benefits or choose deficit reduction over job creation, according to a poll by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner commissioned by the Campaign for America’s Future and Democracy Corps, with support from MoveOn.org; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, and the Service Employees International Union.
This presentation is one look at Ontario minimum wage changes. Job losses being forecasts are always dependent on assumptions. The job losses that may result in minimum wage changes range from 50,000 to 185,000.
Canada’s economy is leaving more behind as the Federal Liberals have failed on many economic policies like the following goods to market (pipelines have not been built) or regulatory approval process drags out decisions (East-West cancelled, mines are not being developed, etc.) or Inability to sign new trade deal and/or re-negotiate existing agreements
Canada’s inflation rate grew by nearly 50% in November due to higher energy costs. These same energy costs will be hit with carbon taxation by all provinces starting January 2018
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
A new study published by global research company IHS titled "America's New Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Gas Revolution and the US Economy - Volume 3: A Manufacturing Renaissance". This is the third and final volume in a series that started in October 2011. The study finds that the average American household saved $1,200 in 2012 directly due to shale energy--through lower utility bills and through lower cost of goods purchased because manufacturing costs have dropped from lower energy costs. The study also finds that by 2025 the shale revolution will have directly created 3.9 million jobs in the U.S.--a truly staggering number.
Does raising minimum wage reduce poverty canada - may 2017paul young cpa, cga
Government is looking at ways to help people. The problem is forcing more rules and regulations will do little to help people as business will always look for ways to reduce cost.
This presentation looks at the government finances for Canada. The focus is on the federal government and will include key drivers of the economy which are job creation and GDP growth.
Canada as well as other major economies have been faced with slow growth since 2000. The problem is that it will take many policies to support economic growth which many government do not grasp when their various parties are the ruling government.
It takes balance approach between spending and taxation to actually support the conditions that will drive private sector growth.
AS Macro - Unemployment and the Labour Markettutor2u
Unemployment is one of the major macro-economic
performance indicators. The more unemployed people
in our economy the more we are producing below our
potential, less income is earned (reducing saving,
consumption and tax revenue) and there is a negative
impact on the welfare of society.
These slides are from our January 2014 revision workshops for unit 3 microeconomics. They focus on some of the arguments surrounding the possible introduction of a £7 per hour national minimum wage in the UK
by Sako Musterd (October, 2009), Urban Geography University of Amsterdam
ACRE = Accommodating Creative Knowledge: Competitiveness of European Metropolitan Regions within the Enlarged Union
This presentation is one look at Ontario minimum wage changes. Job losses being forecasts are always dependent on assumptions. The job losses that may result in minimum wage changes range from 50,000 to 185,000.
Canada’s economy is leaving more behind as the Federal Liberals have failed on many economic policies like the following goods to market (pipelines have not been built) or regulatory approval process drags out decisions (East-West cancelled, mines are not being developed, etc.) or Inability to sign new trade deal and/or re-negotiate existing agreements
Canada’s inflation rate grew by nearly 50% in November due to higher energy costs. These same energy costs will be hit with carbon taxation by all provinces starting January 2018
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
A new study published by global research company IHS titled "America's New Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Gas Revolution and the US Economy - Volume 3: A Manufacturing Renaissance". This is the third and final volume in a series that started in October 2011. The study finds that the average American household saved $1,200 in 2012 directly due to shale energy--through lower utility bills and through lower cost of goods purchased because manufacturing costs have dropped from lower energy costs. The study also finds that by 2025 the shale revolution will have directly created 3.9 million jobs in the U.S.--a truly staggering number.
Does raising minimum wage reduce poverty canada - may 2017paul young cpa, cga
Government is looking at ways to help people. The problem is forcing more rules and regulations will do little to help people as business will always look for ways to reduce cost.
This presentation looks at the government finances for Canada. The focus is on the federal government and will include key drivers of the economy which are job creation and GDP growth.
Canada as well as other major economies have been faced with slow growth since 2000. The problem is that it will take many policies to support economic growth which many government do not grasp when their various parties are the ruling government.
It takes balance approach between spending and taxation to actually support the conditions that will drive private sector growth.
AS Macro - Unemployment and the Labour Markettutor2u
Unemployment is one of the major macro-economic
performance indicators. The more unemployed people
in our economy the more we are producing below our
potential, less income is earned (reducing saving,
consumption and tax revenue) and there is a negative
impact on the welfare of society.
These slides are from our January 2014 revision workshops for unit 3 microeconomics. They focus on some of the arguments surrounding the possible introduction of a £7 per hour national minimum wage in the UK
by Sako Musterd (October, 2009), Urban Geography University of Amsterdam
ACRE = Accommodating Creative Knowledge: Competitiveness of European Metropolitan Regions within the Enlarged Union
Beyond assisting doctors, Payment Automation Network, Inc. also specializes in helping all kinds of businesses increase their cash flow using next generation in technology. On this site business owners will find solutions that will help them increase the amount of money they collect from customers and decrease the time it takes to collect it!
•Pre-Authorized Checking
•Profit Recovery Service
•Checks by Phone
•Follow Up Marketing Program
•Loan Servicing
www.PaymentAutomation.net
Trabajo en grupo sistema nervioso autonomoPao Ashqui
El sistema nervioso autónomo o vegetativo es, pues, la parte del sistema nervioso relacionada con la regulación de las funciones de la vida vegetativa (respiración, digestión, circulación, excreción, etc.) que no está sometido a la voluntad. Como su nombre lo indica, es un sistema autónomo .
Global Network of Payment Flows - Presentation at Commerzbank Cash ForumKimmo Soramaki
The presentation summarizes results from the research paper by Samantha Cook and myself on "The Global Network of Payment Flows" and discusses other applications of payment data for gaining business insights or for improving risk models.
Mobile Money in Indonesia: Landscape and Developments, 2015Jeffrey BAHAR
History, development of mobile money in Indonesia with detail analysis on its functionalities, segments served, service providers. Presented in Mobile Wallet 2015 Workshop, August 2015
Breaking Out of a Circle of Scarcity: The Oregon Business Plan's Challenge f...The Oregon Business Plan
Oregon's per capita income has been sliding compared to the rest of the nation for more than a decade. The current recession is the deepest since the Great Depression, and will take years to come out of. These trends are hurting Oregon families and our budgets for public services like education. Of the dollars we do have available for public services, Oregon is spending more on Medicaid and Prisons and less on education. Over the next decade the aging baby-boomers and an increasingly diverse population will exacerbate these trends. Oregon is trapped in a "circle of scarcity." Breaking out of it is the most important task for Oregon's business, elected and community leaders today. The Oregon Business Plan proposes a three-part approach: 1. Redesign state budgeting and services to deliver more bang for the buck. 2. Reform the tax system to improve stability of revenues and incentives for economic growth. 3. Pursue a targeted "jobs" agenda to improve the business climate.
Please take the opportunity to view this presentation on why there are positives out there in the market, while looking at those that still concern us!
Today’s Economic Landscape and What’s on the Other SideSavannah Whaley
SPG Trend Advisors is a boutique consultancy that provides global economic research for business and other decision makers. With fifty years combined experience between the principals, and through its website, SPG Trend Advisors provides insightful analysis and forecasting to prepare senior executives for tomorrows trends.
Thirty years of growing income inequality, corporate tax cuts and personal tax breaks for the wealthy have undermined the livelihood of working people and set up a state budget crisis which does not need to
exist. We present alternative tax proposals and issue a warning of the ominous consequences of privatization, layoffs and state service cuts for all New Yorkers.
Fred Dickson, Chief Investment Strategist for DA Davidson spoke at the Southern Oregon Business Conference on January 26, 2011. While our region has some specific challenges, it is good to hear that we are avoiding a double-dip recession and we can expect to continue a slow recovery.
We are facing some very difficult budget choices and challenges for Massachusetts for Fiscal Year 2011 (July 2010 - July 2011). Governor Patrick and his administration are holding a series of hearings and forums around the state to get input and ideas from citizens where this presentation is included. To learn more about the hearings and forums, visit www.mass.gov/governor/forums
If you weren't able to make a hearing or forum or want to be prepared before you attend one, this presentation is about 9 minutes long and will give you a basic overview of the budget situation. Please review it, then visit our blog at www.mass.gov/blog/engage to comment and share your ideas.
Gail Krumenauer, an economist with the Oregon Workforce and Economic Research Division present new labor market information to Marylhurst University students and alumni at a Workforce 21 event on February 1, 2011.
Over 200 people attended the 5th Annual Petoskey Regional Chamber of Commerce State of the Community Luncheon held today in Ovation Hall of Odawa Casino Resort. This event was sponsored by Chase. We send special thanks to our speakers; Dr. John Scholten, Chris Etienne, Reezie DeVet and Carlin Smith. We also thank Dan Ledingham, who serves as Chairman of the State of the Community Luncheon
I tell you, even rocks crack, And not because of age.For years.docxwilcockiris
I tell you, even rocks crack,
And not because of age.
For years they lie on their backs
In the heat and the cold,
So many years,
It almost seems peaceful.
They don’t move, so cracked stay hidden.
A kind of pride.
Years pass over them, waiting.
Whoever is going to shatter them
Hasn’t come yet.
And so the moss flourishes, the seaweed whips around,
The sea pushes through and rolls back
The rocks seem motionless.
Till a little seal comes to rub against them,
Comes and goes away.
And suddenly the rock has an open wound.
I told you,when rocks break, it happens by surprise.
And people,too.
interoffice memorandumto:
Kara Cobb, CEOfrom:subject:
Maya Angelou once said, “You may encounter many defeats, but you must not be defeated. In fact, it may be necessary to encounter the defeats, so you can know who you are, what you can rise from, how you can still come out of it.” Despite the state of the economy over the past six years and the flat first quarter’s sales, our company is poised to be successful once again. Tough times don’t last tough people do, and if these last six years have showed us anything, it’s that we can overcome any obstacle that lies in our way. People will always need plumbing parts and hardware regardless of the economic state of the country. Thanks to our longstanding relationships with companies such as Delta, American Standard, and Kohler, we will continue to provide our exceptional products and services as the revival of the U.S. economy blooms into fruition. Without a doubt, America’s economy has vastly improved since the recession, but recent policy changes made by the current administration in the White House may be the key to our growth and success. The U.S. GDP has been below the normal average by 3% over the last decade and America is going to take action in an effort to alleviate this problem. According to analysis done by the Congressional Budget Office, more than 70% of the corporate tax burden falls the workforce of America. With this burden, workers across the country have less money to spend on housing and equipment most home owner need. The tax cut will cut the Federal corporate tax rate by 15% and give business the opportunity to write off non-structure capital investments. This can increase the household income by around $4,000 and raise the GDP by 3 to 5 percent. Factoring this in with the fact that the economy has been trending upward, we’re on the right side of the recession. Gasoline prices are low again and consumers are more likely to spend now that borrowing rates are historically low. Furthermore, American consumers have been spending more than they have ever in the past six years, this accounts for around 70% of the American economy. The tac cut will aid this tremendously as well. In the manufacturing sector the countries manufacturing expanded for three months straight. As if the situation weren’t promising enough, the ISM reported that the service sector has been constantly expanding for over .
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Chapter-8th-Recent Developments in Indian Politics-PPT.pptx
Breaking Out of a Circle of Scarcity: The Oregon Business Plan's Challenge for the 2010s and Beyond
1. Breaking Out of a Circle of Scarcity Oregon Business Plan’s Challenge for the 2010s and Beyond Summer 2010
2. Overview The Circle of Prosperity: The Foundation of the Oregon Business Plan agenda The Circle of Scarcity: The reality of Oregon since 1997 Framing the Challenge for the next decade Getting to Work: The OBP agenda for 2010
4. The Circle of Prosperity Starts with a Strong Economy: So where Does Oregon Stand?
5. Oregon prospers in the 1970s, fueled by a strong timber economy Per Capita Income Expressed as a Share of the U.S. Average, 1969-1979 Oregon Washington
6. The 1980s hit the Northwest hard Per Capita Income Expressed as a Share of the U.S. Average, 1969-1988 Oregon Washington
7. During the early to mid-1990s, Northwest economies diversify and outpace US growth Per Capita Income Expressed as a Share of the U.S. Average, 1969-1997 Oregon Washington
8. Since 1997, Oregon’s income has fallen off the US pace Per Capita Income Expressed as a Share of the U.S. Average, 1969-2008 Oregon Washington
9. Per capita incomes in our metro areas lag their peers… Personal income per capita, percentage of the national average, 1969 to 2008 Source: BEA; metropolitan counties are Benton,Clackamas, Columbia, Deschutes, Jackson, Lane, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Washington, and Yamhill
10. Non-metro Oregon, once an income leader, has never recovered from the 1980s. Personal income per capita, percentage of the national average, 1969 to 2008 Source: BEA; metropolitan counties are Benton,Clackamas, Columbia, Deschutes, Jackson, Lane, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Washington, and Yamhill
21. Tradeoffs: In the state’s General Fund, the crowding out of education has been pronounced during the past decade…
22. Three decades in review Oregon’s income per capita income did not keep pace with the US or peer states over the past thirty years. As a share of total personal income, government revenues and expenditures have remained roughly constant for the past thirty years despite many changes in taxes and fees. Because Oregon’s personal income has declined, public spending per capita has declined. Medicaid and corrections spending have grown as a share of personal income; Education spending has declined as share of income. All other public services—police, fire, parks, highways etc.—have remained a roughly constant share of income.
26. Costs of an Aging Population will Hit SoonProjections indicate public employee retirement and Medicaid costs could demand an additional 1.1% point of total personal income. Source: ECONorthwest calculations using data from Mercer, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Health Affairs
27. Anticipated slow job recovery will curb revenue growth… Change in Oregon employment starting… Sources: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; Oregon Office of Economic Analysis
29. A Preview of Coming Events? General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
30. The state will have roughly the same amount of tax revenue for 11-13 as it did for 09-11 General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
31. but PERS alone will take up $431 million General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
32. …even if we could hold human services growth to 10% (it grew by 20% last year) General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
33. …and public safety spending growth to 6% General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
34. …and K-12 education spending constant General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
35. Higher education could see cuts of 54% General/Lottery Fund Resources and Expenditures (in millions)
36. And now, (with no sales tax), Oregon is ever more reliant on income tax M 66 & 67
37. Will we circle into a drain? Low investments in education and high income tax rates threaten further erosion of personal income levels The U.S. and Oregon economies appear poised for a slow, jobless recovery. Aging of the Baby Boom generation will increase the age 65+ population by 46% during 2010-2020, putting upward pressure on Medicaid spending. High health inflation will continue, which will drive up the costs of Medicaid and public employee compensation. Legacy costs of a poorly managed/conceived public employee pension system have come due.
39. Two Possible Paths Going Forward Replay the debate of the 2000s Refocus the debate “Taxes are inadequate; businesses and wealthy Oregonians pay too little.” vs. “Public employees are underproductive, overcompensated, and protected during economic downturns.” Grow jobs and income Reinvent the state budgeting process and delivery of state services. Reform the tax system to promote stability and provide incentives for high-wage job growth.
43. How Can We Grow Jobs and Income? Agree that it is important, in GOOD times, not just bad. Agree that increasing incomes is the best way we can support families, public services and non-profits. Build community culture that respects business and responds to needs. (Attitude of public officials is important).
45. Listen to our key industry clusters Most high wage jobs come either directly or indirectly from traded-sector (export) industries. These industries compete on innovation. Traded sector success isn’t random Traded sector companies cluster Similar and related businesses draw advantages from proximity Places specialize
46. Oregon Industry Clusters High Tech Semiconductors and electronic components Software Bioscience Advanced Manufacturing Metals Machinery Transportation Equipment Wood products Footwear, sports apparel and outdoor gear Natural Resources Forestry and Wood Products Ag Food processing Tourism Clean Technology Solar manufacturing Environmental Technology and Services Electric vehicles Green building and design Wind energy
47.
48. Astoria, Baker City, Bend, Burns, Clackamas, Corvallis, Eugene, John Day, Klamath Falls, Medford, Pendleton, Salem
49. Bring business and community leaders together to discuss the facts about Oregon’s economic and budgetary trajectory.
50.
51. And develop cross-cutting initiatives and set priorities among them. Improve public finance and budgeting Strengthen education and workforce development Reduce health care cost and improve quality Enhance transportation infrastructure Strengthen our capacity for economic innovation (research, commercialization, product and process innovation) Ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy Address water and sewer access and price Strengthen business finance and access to capital Ensure the availability of shovel-ready, industrial land. Streamline regulatory and permitting processes
53. Reinvent Public Services The Foundation Implementation 10-Year forecasts of revenues, expenditures, key client populations, and per unit spending. Outcomes-based budgets Design labs The Oregon Health Policy Commission Oregon Education Investment Board Transparent budgeting Higher education governance Progression through demonstrated proficiency Incentives for perpetual innovation Right size prisons
57. Step 3: Revamp the tax structure to encourage stability and income growth
58. Revamp the tax structure and encourage income growth Bolster the state savings account by diverting corporate and personal kickers to a reserve fund. Reduce capital gains and income taxes selectively to encourage investment in promising Oregon companies. Adjust the new corporate sales tax that punishes high sales/low margin businesses Seek the opportunity for comprehensive tax reform in the wake of tough 2011 session and unwinding federal timber payments
59. With no sales tax and average property tax, Oregon relies heavily on income taxes M 66 & 67
60. Tax Policy-Tweaks and OverhaulsIs it time to address an over-reliance on the income tax?
61. Tax Policy-Tweaks and Overhauls Tax packages, discussed by the Revenue Restructuring Committee (RRC) and others, increase net revenues between 0.2% and 0.4% of personal income; Stand-alone sales taxes, with no personal income offsets, could add more.