International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FARM POWER IN INDIA –
Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field operations for increasing production and productivity of land.
Farm power is used for operating different types of machinery like tillage, planting, plant protection, harvesting and threshing machinery.
India is said to be an agricultural base country directly or indirectly 75% of the people are dependent on farming in this agriculture sector there is a lot of fieldwork such as weeding, reaping, sowing, etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests fungi, and diseases for which various pesticides, fungicides, and nutrients are sprayed on crop protection.
In today's world, one uses many different spraying technologies using energies like electrical energies, solar energies, and chemical energy of fuels. This fact makes one know that how a large amount of energy is getting used at such a place where mechanical energy can be used instead of direct energy sources farmers are facing enormous problems while spraying the pesticide like tank capacity is very small, high cost and spraying time taken more. In order to reduce the problems, different type of sprayers has been introduced in the market, but these devices do not meet the specified problems of farmers. To solve these difficulties new equipment that is mechanically operated wheel driven sprayer, it is a portable device and does not need any fuel to operate, which is easy to move and spray the pesticide by moving the wheel is to be developed. This wheel-operated pesticide spray equipment consumes less time and achieves uniform nozzle pressure; a crank mechanism with a piston pump which is driven by a wheel is also used. The main aim of the paper is to be developing a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump for Indian middle-class farmers. In our project we use a slider-crank mechanism to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion to operate the pump, thus the pesticide is spread through the nozzle. This work gives a continuous flow of pesticide at required pressure and height. A special arrangement is implemented in this project to adjust the pressure as high or low.
We also use a weed cuter in our model for removing unwanted plants. By using an agricultural sprayer, spraying time, and weeding time, human efforts reduce and results in cost reduction.
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Non-Exhaustible Solar-Power Based Insecticide or Bio-fertilizer Sprayer for U...IJERA Editor
Agronomics is a profession of many related sequential and sometimes concurrent tedious processes and methodologies. The Primary process among many is the spraying of insecticides, pesticides, liquefied fertilizers in the agricultural farmlands. The typical rice growing land requires extensive spraying during its growing stages. The manual methods to spray the insecticides or fertilizers are: a person fixing a sprayer to a container and manually actuating a lever to generate pressure and pumping the contents through a tube or a mobile vehicle carrying an inbuilt compressor and sprayer unit which has to be manually driven by a human operator. These conventional methods are more fuel consuming and are also susceptible to human errors causing more uneven spraying and causes large wastage of the costly insecticides. . Another big drawback in human operated systems is that the operator is more exposed to the harmful ingredients of the toxic insecticides during spraying. Long term exposure in the entire season will extremely harm the operator and as well as the surrounding people and animal’s health as bullocks are the laboring animals in the farmlands at larger areas of farmlands in south-Asia even now. This is a small effort which can be observed as an alternate to these manual methods. The proposed Automatic sprayer system is a three wheeled vehicle which sprays insecticide in any given farmland especially the rice growing south Asia zone where human involvement is to the large extent. The vehicle is powered by using solar powered battery which brings down the running cost. The control of the vehicle is achieved using an inbuilt microcontroller unit which is programmed so as to respond to the wireless device.
FARM POWER IN INDIA –
Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field operations for increasing production and productivity of land.
Farm power is used for operating different types of machinery like tillage, planting, plant protection, harvesting and threshing machinery.
India is said to be an agricultural base country directly or indirectly 75% of the people are dependent on farming in this agriculture sector there is a lot of fieldwork such as weeding, reaping, sowing, etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests fungi, and diseases for which various pesticides, fungicides, and nutrients are sprayed on crop protection.
In today's world, one uses many different spraying technologies using energies like electrical energies, solar energies, and chemical energy of fuels. This fact makes one know that how a large amount of energy is getting used at such a place where mechanical energy can be used instead of direct energy sources farmers are facing enormous problems while spraying the pesticide like tank capacity is very small, high cost and spraying time taken more. In order to reduce the problems, different type of sprayers has been introduced in the market, but these devices do not meet the specified problems of farmers. To solve these difficulties new equipment that is mechanically operated wheel driven sprayer, it is a portable device and does not need any fuel to operate, which is easy to move and spray the pesticide by moving the wheel is to be developed. This wheel-operated pesticide spray equipment consumes less time and achieves uniform nozzle pressure; a crank mechanism with a piston pump which is driven by a wheel is also used. The main aim of the paper is to be developing a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump for Indian middle-class farmers. In our project we use a slider-crank mechanism to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion to operate the pump, thus the pesticide is spread through the nozzle. This work gives a continuous flow of pesticide at required pressure and height. A special arrangement is implemented in this project to adjust the pressure as high or low.
We also use a weed cuter in our model for removing unwanted plants. By using an agricultural sprayer, spraying time, and weeding time, human efforts reduce and results in cost reduction.
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Non-Exhaustible Solar-Power Based Insecticide or Bio-fertilizer Sprayer for U...IJERA Editor
Agronomics is a profession of many related sequential and sometimes concurrent tedious processes and methodologies. The Primary process among many is the spraying of insecticides, pesticides, liquefied fertilizers in the agricultural farmlands. The typical rice growing land requires extensive spraying during its growing stages. The manual methods to spray the insecticides or fertilizers are: a person fixing a sprayer to a container and manually actuating a lever to generate pressure and pumping the contents through a tube or a mobile vehicle carrying an inbuilt compressor and sprayer unit which has to be manually driven by a human operator. These conventional methods are more fuel consuming and are also susceptible to human errors causing more uneven spraying and causes large wastage of the costly insecticides. . Another big drawback in human operated systems is that the operator is more exposed to the harmful ingredients of the toxic insecticides during spraying. Long term exposure in the entire season will extremely harm the operator and as well as the surrounding people and animal’s health as bullocks are the laboring animals in the farmlands at larger areas of farmlands in south-Asia even now. This is a small effort which can be observed as an alternate to these manual methods. The proposed Automatic sprayer system is a three wheeled vehicle which sprays insecticide in any given farmland especially the rice growing south Asia zone where human involvement is to the large extent. The vehicle is powered by using solar powered battery which brings down the running cost. The control of the vehicle is achieved using an inbuilt microcontroller unit which is programmed so as to respond to the wireless device.
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially the food. Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. Different types of solar dryers have been designed, developed and tested in the different regions.
The process involved in sugarcane harvesting is base cutting of sugarcane, detopping, detrashing, bundle making and transporting the harvested cane to sugar mills.
Manual sugarcane harvesting is a very labor-intensive and laborious activity.
About 850-1000 man working hours per hectare is required for harvesting of sugarcane manually. Detopping and detrashing of crop itself takes about two-third of manpower required for harvesting. Delayed harvesting affects the quality of sugarcane, yield, juice quality and sugar recovery.
Mechanical harvesting also makes green cane harvesting possible, which reduces Green House Gas emissions. Sugarcane harvester should be capable to perform the following sequence of functions:
1- Gather and feed the cane toward the functional mechanisms
2- Cut the base of cane stalk.
3- Cut the green top of the cane stalk.
4- Feed cane stalks inside the machine.
5- Chop cane stalks into billets.
6- Blow out green tops and dry leaves.
7- Elevate chopped cane up to be loaded on a vehicle.
climate-smart technologies and practices addresses the challenge of how to transition to a climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at a large scale for enabling agricultural systems to be transformed and reoriented to support food security under the new realities of climate change.CSA as “agriculture that sustainably increases productivity enhances resilient (adaption), reduces/removes GHGs ( Mitigation) where possible, and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals.
Drying is an important unit operation in food processing which aids in preservationthrough the lowering of water activity of the product by evaporation of water. Using a solar dryer is comparatively cheaper and more efficient. Some solar dryersrun
without electrical grid power or fossil fuels. Various kinds of solar dryers that are widely used today. The indirect direct and mixed mode dryers that have shown potential in drying agricultural products in the tropical and subtropical countries are discussed. Aside from identifying the active and passive mode solar dryers, we also high light the environmental influence on solar energy (harnessing) that plays a vital role in the solar drying sector and related technologies that can help improve existingsolar dryers.
A transplanter is an Agriculture machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field. This is very important as it reduces the time taken to transplant seedlings (when compared to manual transplanting), thus allowing more time for harvesting. It also reduces the use of manual energy. Paddy transplanter machines are comes in 2 , 3 , 4 up-to 6 rows for large capacity field .
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Combine Harvester: Opportunities and Prospects as Resource Conservation Techn...UTKARSH DWIVEDI
Topics to be discussed
Introduction-
The technologies which conserve resources and ensure their optimal utilization and input use-efficiency are termed as resource conservation technology (RCT).
Farm machines such as laser leveller, zero-till seed drill, paddy drum seeder, bed planter, rice transplanter, rotavator, straw reaper, happy seeder etc.
According to MNRE (2009), the amount of crop residues generated was 500 million tonnes (MT) and surplus was 141 MT. Out of 82 MT estimated surplus residues from the cereal crops, 44 MT is from rice alone followed by 24.5 MT from wheat.
Farmers find it easier to opt for burning the residue in the open field compared to other residue management techniques to avoid delay of sowing of next crops.
Objective
Conservation machineries adopted under RCT
Combine harvesting in India
Conclusion
References
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially the food. Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. Different types of solar dryers have been designed, developed and tested in the different regions.
The process involved in sugarcane harvesting is base cutting of sugarcane, detopping, detrashing, bundle making and transporting the harvested cane to sugar mills.
Manual sugarcane harvesting is a very labor-intensive and laborious activity.
About 850-1000 man working hours per hectare is required for harvesting of sugarcane manually. Detopping and detrashing of crop itself takes about two-third of manpower required for harvesting. Delayed harvesting affects the quality of sugarcane, yield, juice quality and sugar recovery.
Mechanical harvesting also makes green cane harvesting possible, which reduces Green House Gas emissions. Sugarcane harvester should be capable to perform the following sequence of functions:
1- Gather and feed the cane toward the functional mechanisms
2- Cut the base of cane stalk.
3- Cut the green top of the cane stalk.
4- Feed cane stalks inside the machine.
5- Chop cane stalks into billets.
6- Blow out green tops and dry leaves.
7- Elevate chopped cane up to be loaded on a vehicle.
climate-smart technologies and practices addresses the challenge of how to transition to a climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at a large scale for enabling agricultural systems to be transformed and reoriented to support food security under the new realities of climate change.CSA as “agriculture that sustainably increases productivity enhances resilient (adaption), reduces/removes GHGs ( Mitigation) where possible, and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals.
Drying is an important unit operation in food processing which aids in preservationthrough the lowering of water activity of the product by evaporation of water. Using a solar dryer is comparatively cheaper and more efficient. Some solar dryersrun
without electrical grid power or fossil fuels. Various kinds of solar dryers that are widely used today. The indirect direct and mixed mode dryers that have shown potential in drying agricultural products in the tropical and subtropical countries are discussed. Aside from identifying the active and passive mode solar dryers, we also high light the environmental influence on solar energy (harnessing) that plays a vital role in the solar drying sector and related technologies that can help improve existingsolar dryers.
A transplanter is an Agriculture machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field. This is very important as it reduces the time taken to transplant seedlings (when compared to manual transplanting), thus allowing more time for harvesting. It also reduces the use of manual energy. Paddy transplanter machines are comes in 2 , 3 , 4 up-to 6 rows for large capacity field .
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Combine Harvester: Opportunities and Prospects as Resource Conservation Techn...UTKARSH DWIVEDI
Topics to be discussed
Introduction-
The technologies which conserve resources and ensure their optimal utilization and input use-efficiency are termed as resource conservation technology (RCT).
Farm machines such as laser leveller, zero-till seed drill, paddy drum seeder, bed planter, rice transplanter, rotavator, straw reaper, happy seeder etc.
According to MNRE (2009), the amount of crop residues generated was 500 million tonnes (MT) and surplus was 141 MT. Out of 82 MT estimated surplus residues from the cereal crops, 44 MT is from rice alone followed by 24.5 MT from wheat.
Farmers find it easier to opt for burning the residue in the open field compared to other residue management techniques to avoid delay of sowing of next crops.
Objective
Conservation machineries adopted under RCT
Combine harvesting in India
Conclusion
References
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The main objective of the work is to develop the manually operated rotary lawn mower to clean the lawn. Rotary mower has a set of three wheels,one front wheel and two rear wheels. The shaft between the two rear wheels is connected to the compound gear train system. The wheels are rotated in forward motion and bevel gear system convert the forward motion to the vertical motion. The bevel gear system is connected to the blade and the blade is a low lift blade used for low speed. This lawn mower is used to minimize the cost and power requirement for domestic purpose. Since heavy machine cannot be introduced in domestic purpose due to the limited space of lawn.
A New Approach in Manufacturing of Reverse Vending MachineIJAEMSJORNAL
Reverse vending machine is a concept or an idea which inculcate the habit of recycling the waste materials. Reverse vending machine will be working by taking recyclable waste into the machine and gives a use full thing as a token of appreciation. The aim of this project is to design and fabricate a reverse vending machine which takes recyclable waste into the machine and displays a token of appreciation. The machine can accept a plastic bottle of 90mm diameter without cap and tin cans can be accepted and crushed and stored. The machine has a capacity of storing 50 plastic bottles and 50 tin cans. There basically two parts, one is the mechanical part and the other is the electronics part. The mechanical part is used to crush the recyclable waste which is kept in the machine so that more plastic and cans can be recycled and stored. The electronics part which consist of sensor and microcontroller, is used to take the correct input and segregate the waste into its respective categories and give a token of appreciation as a LCD display. The whole system is automated by the help of electronics. Combining both parts will give a reverse vending machine. Reverse vending machine will be working by taking recyclable waste into the machine and gives a use full thing as a token of appreciation. With limited resources in the world, we need to start preserving them and put an end to wastage. Being encouraged to recycle through a rewards system.To encourage recycling process we are designing and manufacturing reverse vending machine.
With the enhancement of environmental awareness, more and more people tend to use the clean energy.
The black coal is being replaced by the clean energy; biomass briquette is quite a best alternative choice. That’s why briquetting plant is growing in demand and everyone choose to purchase it.
Review paper on “Various aspects of Weeders for Economical Cultivation”IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
“Design and Fabrication of Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator Machine”IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In India, groundnut is grown on a small scale by farmer. The major problem in groundnut production in our country like India is the lack of groundnut processing machines available to farmers. The main aim of this project is to design and fabricates a low cost groundnut decorticator machine which will help small farmer to decorticate finished groundnut instead of unfinisheds groundnut. This groundnut decorticator machine works on quick return mechanism main working of this project. In which we made a pendulum with rubber pad is fitted on a shaft. The rubber pad is used for free crushing of groundnut and to reduce the damage of groundnut. If we go on continuous work we got greater output in very short time. The study reveal that pedal operated groundnut decorticator gave an output of 49 kg/hour which was more than hand operated decorticator. This machine requires less effort to decorticate groundnut with higher output. The performance of machine was evaluated in terms of throughput capacity, decorticating efficiency and damage percentage. By keeping this point in our mind we think that we should make such machine whose production capacity is more and machine get pedal operated. The small scale farmers and can start their business by investing less capital.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
Ci4301487491
1. Libin Samuel et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.487-491
www.ijera.com 487 | P a g e
Design of Waste Shredder Machine
Asst. Prof. S.Nithyananth1
, Libin Samuel2
, Nithin Mathew2
, S.Suraj2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Jay Shri Ram Group of Institutions Tirupur-638660
Department of Mechanical Engineering Jay Shri Ram Group of Institutions Tirupur-638660
Abstract
The conventional agro-waste disposal is a traditional and oldest method of waste disposal in which agriculture
wastes are dumped as it is to degrade in a particular place for decomposing. As the wastes are dumped as such,
it takes more time to degrade and it causes environmental pollution. The waste shredder machine aims to reduce
the agro waste and convert it into useful nourishing fertilizer. It decreases the man work making the farm neat
and clean. Also it reduces the heap amount of pollution, disease causing agro-wastes and produces a better
fertilizer with vermin compost.
The waste shredder machine is an attachment as like a ploughing attachment. In the shredder attachment input
power and rigid support is provided by a KAMCO Tera-trac 4W tractor by means of PTO (power take off) shaft
and three point linkage. PTO shaft of the tractor acts as a basic power input and the three point linkage provide a
rigid support to the machine. Various kinds of blades are used for chipping and powdering operations like
sawing blades, rotatory blades, and triangular shape blades. The blades are mounted on the shaft. The power is
transmitted to another shaft by means of pulley and belt. For designing waste shredder machine, Creo
parametric 1.0 software is used.
Keywords: Agro waste, Environmental pollution, fertilizer, vermin compost,PTO, Sawing Blades, Creo
I. INTRODUCTION
Agricultural production leaves considerable
amounts of agricultural waste. Some of it is recycled
into the agricultural production as fertilizer, while
large amounts remain unused – and in many instances
pose a disposal problem. Uncontrolled burning in the
fields is not only a hazardous disposal solution - it is
also wasting useful energy. With efficient collection
systems, waste from agricultural production can be
utilized as fuel for power and heat production.
In some agricultural industries large amounts of
biomass waste is already concentrated and readily
available for utilization.
AGRO-WASTE
Agricultural waste, which includes both
natural (organic) and non-natural wastes, is a general
term used to describe waste produced on a farm
through various farming activities. It has variously
been estimated that these wastes can account for over
30% of worldwide agricultural productivity.
The boundaries to accommodate agricultural waste
derived from agriculture and farming activities are
identified in this. Examples will be provided of how
agriculture and various practices adopted at farm-
scale impact on the environment. When discharged to
the environment, agricultural wastes can be both
beneficial and detrimental to living matter and it will
therefore also address the pros and cons of waste
derived from agriculture in today’s environment.
Given agricultural wastes are not restricted to a
particular location, but rather are distributed widely,
their effect on natural resources such as surface and
ground waters, soil and crops, as well as human
health, will also be addressed.
Following sectors of agricultural waste utilization are
presented in this section:
Waste in Forest Industry
Waste in Other Agricultural Industries
Waste in Rice Industry
Waste in Sugar Industry
II. WASTE SHREDDER MACHINE
Shredder machine is used for shredding i.e.
converting macro agricultural waste products into
small or micro easily decomposable form, which can
be used as organic manure. Any Organic matter
which is considered to be a waste is not at all a waste.
it can convert to any type of farm waste, garden
waste etc...(Dry & wet) into highly nutrient organic
manure by using shredder machine. ( Bibhu Prasad
Panda 2013).
It can shred hard and soft farm waste such as:
Coconut husk
Coconut frond
Branches of trees
Harvested banana trees
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Libin Samuel et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.487-491
www.ijera.com 488 | P a g e
Woods
Leaves
Peals
High quality Waste Shredder is designed to
keep the environment pollution free by shredding
waste materials. Solid Waste Shredder designed is
perfect to shred all kinds of waste products.
The following are the salient features of our
machine:
The organic matter shredded will be in small
pieces to enable the farmer to make use of the
same for manufacturing direct manure/ organic
manure and Vermin Compost
Shredder can be operated with a Tractor - PTO
Operated. The Power from the Tractor – 35 HP
and above - is transmitted to the shredder
assembly. The Assembly consists of one fixed
blade and five circular blades
The sturdy construction of machine assures the
long life and durability of the machine
III. KAMCO TeraTRAC 4W tractor
Kerala Agro Machinery Corporation
Limited (KAMCO), a state government enterprise
marked its foray into manufacturing of tractors as a
result TeraTRAC 4W (fig.1.1) formed and it Sensing
good demand, the corporation plans to market
tractors in domestic as well as overseas markets. The
company is rolling out the tractors which feature a
15-HP diesel engine, power steering, and four-wheel
drive. Its engine is KOHLER LOMBARDINI KDW
702 engine and it’s a water-cooled four stroke engine.
It has two cylinders to get a continuous 11.5kw
operation and having a displacement of 686 cc. Its
engine power is 11.5kw at 3200rpm and PTO power
is 10kw at 3200 rpm. This tractor has 9L of fuel tank
capacity and it possesses three point hitches for
linkage purpose
Figure.1.1 KAMCO TeraTRAC 4W tractor
Specifications
Engine
KOHLER LOMBARDINI
KDW 702
Type
Diesel engine, water-cooled,
four stroke
Power Continuous 11.5kw
No.ofcylinders 2
Total
displacement
686 cc
Engine gross
power
11.5@3200rpm KW
Engine net power 11.5@3200rpm KW
PTO Power 10.0@3200
Fuel tank
capacity
9 L
Hydraulic control
system
Position Control Valve
Pump capacity 12L/min
Three point hitch Category 1
Max. lift force at
lift points
3000 N
24 in. behind 2400 N
Front tire 5.0*10" ,4 ply
Rear tire 6.5*16" ,6 ply
Weight 550kg
Overall Length 2236 mm
Overall width 875 mm
Overall height 1820 mm
Wheelbase 1228 mm
Minimum ground
clearance
210 mm
Light Unit 12 volts, 40 Watts
Table.1.1 Specification of KAMCO TeraTRAC 4W
tractor
Advantages:
Waste shredder machine reduces the amount of
agro-wastes from the farm and make the farm
neat and clean.
It converts the solid wastes which are too hard to
decompose and digest to very small pieces and it
will decompose easily.
The agro waste causes so many environmental
issues like Health hazard. It produces harmful
substances such as sulphur dioxide (so2), silicon
dioxide (sio2) and inhalable particles are emitted
into the air in burning straws, that can be
prevented it by shredder machine.
Smog, as a result of straw burning gives rise to
decrease in air visibility which has adverse
impact on environment road traffic and aviation
safety. This can be prevented it by using
shredder machine.
3. Libin Samuel et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.487-491
www.ijera.com 489 | P a g e
The output of the wastes is good for vermin-
compost and it’s a good bio fertilizer for
cultivation.
The bio-waste outputs can be used as a nutrient
food for cattle and other domestic animals.
Application:
The waste shredder machine can be applied not
only in mass level but also small level
agricultural field.
The Coconut husk and Coconut fronds can be
easily converted to small pieces and can be use
as a good fertilizer for coconut cultivation.
It can be used in forest industry to convert the
heap amount of tree branches and leaves
including peals to useful fertilizer or vermin-
compost.
Power take-off shaft (PTO):
A power take-off or PTO (fig.1.2) is one of
the several methods for taking power from a power
source, such as a running engine, and transmitting it
to an application such as an attached implement or
separate machines. Most commonly, it is a system
comprising a splined output shaft on a tractor or
truck, designed so that a PTO shaft, a kind of drive
shaft, can be easily connected and disconnected, and
a corresponding input shaft on the application end.
The power take-off allows implements to draw
energy from the engine. Semi-permanently mounted
power take-offs can also be found on industrial and
marine engines. These applications typically use a
drive shaft and bolted joint to transmit power to a
secondary implement or accessory. In the case of a
marine application, such shafts may be used to power
fire pumps.[ Kim 2008].
Figure.1.2 Power take-off shaft
PTO (Engine speed) 540,1000 rpm
Steering Hydraulic
Transmission 4 Forward and 2 Reverse
Brake Oil immersed
Minimum turning
radius (with brake)
2.56 m
Traveling speed 17.74 max km/h
Table1.2 Specification of PTO shaft
Three point hitch
The three-point hitch most often refers to the
way ploughs and other implements are attached to an
agricultural tractor. The three points resemble either a
triangle, or the letter A. Three point attachments are
the simplest and the only statically determinate way
of joining two bodies in engineering. A three point
hitch attaches the implement to the tractor so that the
orientation of the implement is fixed with respect to
the tractor and the arm position of the hitch. The
tractor carries some or all of the weight of the
implement. The other main mechanism for attaching
a load is through a drawbar, a single point, pivoting
attachment where the implement or trailer is not in a
fixed position with respect to the tractor. The three-
point hitch (fig.1.3) is made up of several
components working together. These include the
tractor's hydraulic system, attaching points, the lifting
arms, and stabilizers.
Figure.1.3 Three point hitch
Three-point hitches are composed of three
movable arms. The two lower arms the hitch lifting
arms are controlled by the hydraulic system, and
provide lifting, lowering, and even tilting to the arms.
The upper center arm called the top link is movable,
but is usually not powered by the tractor's hydraulic
system. Each arm has an attachment device to
connect implements to the hitch. Each hitch has
attachment holes for attaching implements, and the
implement has posts that fit through the holes. The
implement is secured by placing a pin on the ends of
the posts.
IV. Design parameter Blades
The most important parts of the waste
shredder machine are its blades.Various kinds of
blades are used for chipping and powdering
operations like sawing blades, rotatory blades, and
triangular shape blades. The blades are mounted on
the shaft.
4. Libin Samuel et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.487-491
www.ijera.com 490 | P a g e
Crushing blade
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.4 crushing blade
This blade is used for crushing the
agrowaste. This blade is positioned on the top.
Total length of the blade: 900mm
Thickness of the blade : 50mm
Consecutive distance between the blades: 66mm
Radius of the blade : 165mm
Chipping blade
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.5 Chipping Blade
This blade is positioned in between the
crushing blade and powdering blade. Main purpose
of this blade is to cut the waste material into small
pieces. Here we used two chipping blades on the
shaft at different angles.
Length of the blade: 300mm
Width of the blade : 60mm
Sleeve radius : 35mm
Shaft radius : 30mm
Powdering blade
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.6 Powdering Blade
This blade is used for powdering the agro-
waste to get maximum fineness. This blade is placed
is positioned at the lower most part of the machine.
Length of the blades: 250mm
Sleeve radius : 35mm
Shaft radius : 30mm
Shaft
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.7 Shaft
Shafts is used for carrying two different
blades and provide input power to the blade. Here,
shaft is placed in horizontal manner.
Length of the shaft: 800mm
Diameter of the shaft: 60mm
Bevel gear
Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the
two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the
gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears
are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees
apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as
well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone.
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.8 Bevel Gear
Larger diameter of the bevel gear : 240mm
Smaller diameter of the bevel gear: 190mm
Diameter of the shaft : 60mm
Thickness of the gear : 17mm
Protecting shield
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.9 Protecting Shield
R35
R30
250
5. Libin Samuel et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.487-491
www.ijera.com 491 | P a g e
Main purpose of the protecting shield is to
protect the worker from sudden accidents during
operation. It also provide a rigid support to the
machine
Length of the shield: 2000mm
Breadth of the shield: 1000mm
Thickness of the shield: 20mm
Cross sectional view
(All dimensions are in mm)
Figure. 1.10 Cross Sectional View
Above diagram shows the cross sectional
view of the waste shredder machine.This diagram
shows the clear arrangement of blades and shaft.
Hopper is placed on the top of the machine to take
the input waste. At the bottom a base is provided for
having a rigid support to the machine.
V. Conclusion
This project provides a view of design about
a waste shredder machine with respect to the
specification features of ‘kamcoTeratrac 4w’ tractor.
The waste shredder machine will reduce the agro
waste and convert it into useful nourishing
fertilizer.Power input is taken from the power take
off shaft (PTO) of the tractor.Three point linkages
provide rigid support and reduce the vibration. It can
also be used for the mobility of shredder machine.
Power from the PTO shaft is transferred to the
shredder machine by using guarded shaft. Speed can
be increased by changing the gear ratio and it is
possible to transfer power by using pulley and belt
system. Various kinds of blades can be used for the
chipping and powdering operations like sawing
blades, rotatory blades, and triangular shape blades.
These types of blades are used to attain maximum
fineness.Creo parametric 1.0 which is convenient for
designing a 3D model, is used for designing the
waste shredder machine.
Reference
[1] Bibhu Prasad Panda. 2012, ‘Enhanced
bioaccumulationofastaxanthininPhaffiarhod
ozyma by utilising low cost agro products as
fermentationsubstrate’ Vol.2, pp.58-63.
[2] Binder.C.2003, 'optimization of waste
management systems by integrating material
fluxes, agents and regulatory mechanisms –
the case of bio-waste’. Vol7, p.88-122.
[3] Boon.N.E. 2009, ‘Mapping system for
tractor-implement performance’, Vol.2,
pp.1-11.
[4] Chang-Hyun Choi. 2013, ‘Effects of gear
selection of an agricultural tractor on
transmission and PTO load during rotary
tillage’, Vol.134, pp.90-96.
[5] Jare´n.C 2006, ‘Design Calculations on
Roll-over Protective Structures for
Agricultural Tractors’ Vol.96, No.2, pp.181-
191.
[6] Kim K.U. 2008, ‘Reduction of PTO rattle
noise of an agricultural tractor using an anti-
backlash gear’, Vol.100, pp.349-354.
[7] Michael LaBarbera. 2008, ‘Functional
consequences of tooth design: effects of
blade shape on energetics of cutting’ Vol.
211, pp. 3619-3626
[8] Somasundaram .E. 2007, ‘Effect of Agro-
Industrial Wastes on Soil Properties and
Yield of Irrigated Finger Millet’ Vol.3, pp.
153-156.
[9] Trabzon.2008, ‘Heavy metal adsorption onto
agro-based waste materials’ Vol.157, pp.
220-229.