Chronic periodontitis is the most prevalent form of periodontitis, characterized as an infectious disease that leads to inflammation, attachment loss, and bone loss in supporting tissues of the teeth. It affects both sexes equally, primarily occurs in adults but can manifest in children, and is influenced by various risk factors including smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition. Treatment includes both non-surgical and surgical options, with prognosis varying based on the severity of the disease and patient compliance with oral hygiene practices.

3. Chronic
Periodontitis
Dr. Abhishek Gaur
MDS, F.A.G.E., (Ph.D.)
Department of Periodontics & Implantology

4. Chronic periodontitis, formerly known as adult periodontitis
or chronic adult periodontitis, is the most prevalent form of
periodontitis.
It is generally considered to be a slowly progressing disease.
Although chronic periodontitis is most frequently observed
in adults, it can occur in children and adolescents in response
to chronic plaque and calculus accumulation.

5. Chronic periodontitis has been defined as “an
infectious disease resulting in inflammation with in
supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment
loss and bone loss”.

6. Major Clinical & Etiologic
Characteristics of the
Disease
1. Microbial plaque formation.
2. Periodontal inflammation.
3. Loss of attachment and alveolar bone.

7. Prevalence
1.Effects both sexes equally.
2.Increases with age.
3.Age associated disease not age
related
4.occurs depending on disease
duration.

8. CLINICAL
FEATURES

9. 1. Most prevalent in adults but can occur in
children and adolescents.(age-35+yrs).
2. Supra-gingival and sub-gingival plaque
accumulation (frequently associated with
calculus).
3. Gingival inflammation
4. Pocket formation
5. Loss of periodontal attachment
6. Occasional suppuration
7. Poor oral hygiene – gingiva is typically may be
slightly to moderately swollen.

10. 1. Color- pale red to magenta
2. Consistency – soft or firm
3. Surface topography – loss
of stippling
4. Blunted or rolled gingival
margin
5. Flattened or cratered
papillae.
6. Tooth mobility.
7. Furcation involvement.
8. Spontaneous gingival
bleeding.
9. Pocket depths are variable
and both supra-bony and
intra-bony pockets can be
found.

11. Symptoms
1. Bleeding gums during brushing or eating.
2. Increasing spacing between teeth as a result of tooth
movement.
3. Loose teeth
4. Usually painless, but sometimes localised dull pain
radiating deep into the jaw.
5. Sensitivity to heat, cold, or both due to exposed roots.
6. Food impaction
7. Halitosis
8. Gingival tenderness or itching.

12. Types
Of
Chronic
Periodontitis

13. Localised:
<30% of the sites assessed in oral cavity demonstrate
attachment loss and bone loss.
Generalised:
>30% of the sites assessed demonstrate attachment loss and
bone loss.
The pattern of bone loss in chronic periodontitis can be vertical
or horizontal.

16. Clinical Diagnosis
1. Inflammation of the marginal gingiva
extent to the attached gingiva.
2. Clinical attachment loss.
3. Radiographs(in case of bone loss).

17. Risk Factors For Disease
1. Prior History of Periodontitis
2. Local Factors
3. Systemic Factors
4. Environmental and Behavioural Factors
5. Genetic Factors

18. Systemic Factors
Non Genetic
1. Smoking is a major risk factor
2. Diabetes
3. Conditions associated with compromised immune responses (e.g. HIV)
4. Nutritional defects
5. Osteoporosis
6. Medications that cause drug induced gingival overgrowth (e.g. some calcium
channel blockers, phenytoin, cyclosporine).
Genetic factors (as yet poorly defined)

19. Smoking
Undoubtedly one of the main and most prevalent, risk
factors for chronic periodontitis, risk calculations
suggesting 40% of the cases of chronic periodontitis may
be attributable to smoking.
It has been estimated that there are 1.1 billlion are
smokers worldwide and 182 million (16.6%) of them live
in India.

20. Age
1. Both the prevalence and severity of
periodontal disease increases with age.
2. Intake of medications.
3. Decreased immune function.
4. Altered nutritional status interaction.

21. Osteoporosis
• It is a disease characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of
bone structure that causes bone fragility and increases the risk of
fracture.
• Both osteoporosis and periodontal diseases are bone resorptive
diseases.
• Osteoporosis could be a risk factor for the progression of chronic
periodontal disease.
• A direct association between skeletal and periodontal disease as
measured by loss of inter-proximal alveolar bone in
postmenopausal women has been reported.

22. AIDS epidemics in US suggests HIV
positive patients especially those with
AIDS and low count of T
Lymphocytes(CD4 <200 cells/ml) were
at increased risk of chronic
periodontitis.

24. Treatment
NON-SURGICAL THERAPY
1. Initial therapy ( scaling and root planing)
2. Antimicrobial therapy – as an adjunct to routine periodontal
therapy.
3. Improvement in oral hygiene.
4. Instruction, reinforcement, evaluation of plaque control
records.
5. Removal of all the factors contributing to plaque
accumulation, e.g. correction of ill-fitting appliances, over
contoured crowns, overhanging restorations, etc..

25. SURGICAL THERAPY
A variety of surgical treatment modalities may be appropriate in
managing the patient.
1. Pocket elimination procedures.
2. Regenerative therapy :
A. Bone replacement grafts;
B. Guided tissue regeneration;
C. Combined regenerative techniques.
3. Resective therapy :
A. Flaps with or without osseous surgery;
B. Gingivectomy.

27. Prognosis
Slight to moderate periodontitis, the prognosis is usually
good provided , the inflammation can be controlled through
good oral hygiene and the removal of local plaque retentive
factors.
In patients with more severe disease, as evidenced by
furcation involvements and increasing mobility, or in patients
who are noncompliant with oral hygiene practices, the
prognosis may be downgraded from fair to poor.