This document discusses evolution and how living things change over time through natural selection. It provides examples of how evolution has led to changes in species, including Darwin's finches which evolved different beak shapes adapted to different food sources on the Galapagos Islands. The document also discusses evidence of evolution such as antibiotic resistant bacteria and pesticide resistant insects, which have evolved in response to environmental changes introduced by humans. Overall, the document aims to explain key concepts of evolution and natural selection through examples, diagrams, and questions.

1. Do Now:
read and
highlight
the
evolution
review
packet!

2. Things are always changing.

3. People are always changing

7. Cities are always changing

9. fashion changes

12. Even our footwear changes

16. Man! My
dogs are
barking!
GROWL!
Whoof!

17. too!

18. Human beings have trouble believing that
individuals, cities and fashions change over
time….. for most of human history, people didn’t
think that .
, some still believe this!

19. WHY?

20. WHY?

21. we can cities in our lifetimes….

22. we can fashions in our
I used to
lifetimes…. Now I’m
only into
like
classical
things. !

23. we can people in our
lifetimes….

24. Because of the time intervals needed for
evolutionary change, (thousands of years,
millions of years, billions of years) for most of
human history, people had no idea that species
couldevolve.

25. For most of human history, people thought
that living things were ALWAYS the same
way they appear NOW!
They were wrong!

26. The pioneering work of
science
over a long period of time…..

27. AFTER Darwin
and proven that
living things evolve.

28. Earth is 4.5 billions of years old-
plenty of time for evolution to
happen

29. Evolutionary
trees:

30. .
.
.
which species are
more which
are closely .
• They show the species
the species.

31. How to read an evolutionary tree
diagram:
• Species A is the
of all the other species.(
)
• Species D, E and F are all
( ).
• Species B and C are (still
alive in the present)(
)
• Species E and F are more closely
related to each other than to
species D. (
)

32. Some typical evolution tree diagram
questions:

33. Which species the common ancestor
of all the other species?

34. A is the common ancestor of all the other
species. All the branches lead back to it.

35. Name the 6 species that are now
extinct. SUPPORT your answer.

36. C, D, H, L, O and P are all extinct. we know they are
extinct because the tree diagrams show their
branches ending in the past.

37. When did species L go extinct?

38. ~30 million years
ago.

39. Which species are still alive? SUPPORT your answer.

40. J, K & M, are still alive, because the diagram shows
them in the present time.

41. Which species is the common ancestor of J and K?

42. I is the common ancestor J & K branch from it.

43. Which species are the most closely related O & P or O AND H?
SUPPORT your answer.

44. O & P are more related to each other because
they’re on the same branch.

45. Which species has the most similar DNA to species
J? support your answer.

46. Species J & K have the most similar DNA. They’re on
the same branch.

47. The following are some evolutionary
tree diagrams from past regents.

59. What is a “fossil”?

60. What is a “fossil”?

61. Now answer 1-27.

63. Charles Darwin devised
(the theory of evolution):
The theory of natural selection
says four things:
1. many many
variations in populations.
2. always
.
3. for the
4.
tend to
competitions

64. 1. many, many, many
of organisms

67. 2. always .
They have the
’s limited resources

68. 3. Because resources are limited,
Mine!
.
NO
MINE!
MINE!
OURS!
No
mine!
NO
OURS!
NO
MINE! MINE!

69. 4.
competitions
I took this away You’re a good
from another bird “breadwinner”.
just for you! Yes I’ll marry
Will you marry me? you!
I hope our
offspring
come out just
like you!
THE
WINNER!

70. , the of natural
selection the big changes of

71. :

72. Species walk a tightrope through
life… by !

73. Species try to find food…
Hey Paul,
Finally
do you
some
hear
“grub”
something?
Yeah! I’m so
hungry, I can
eat a horse!
You’re
ALWAYS
hearing
“something”.
Eat some of
this delicious
grass and
stop
worrying so
much!

74. I’m out
of
here!
And species try
food! Who “wasted”
their money on
a bike now?
Paul! Wait
for me!

75. Living things are in a fight;
for , , hierarchical position
and they don’t !
The habitat, the
niche, the
cheese 1..2..3..
Minnie
Mouse are
!!!
Why do
I see
stars?

77. Every individual born through sexual
reproduction is a unique and born with
a unique mixture traits.

78. ( meiosis)
( fertilization);
different &
.

79. My momma said:
Sexual reproduction is
like a box of chocolates,
you don’t know what
you’re gonna get.

80. Sexual reproduction could produce an
organism that is sweeter than others….

81. Sexual reproduction could produce an
organism with a harder shell….

82. Sexual reproduction could even produce
an organism with a stronger immune
system against new diseases!

83. “ ”!

84. means

85. Example: in “I am Legend”, these
characters were “fit” because they were
immune to the Crippen Virus! They
survived while all the “unfit’ died out.

86. Now answer 28- 57.

89. • Geographic isolation is different
(separated) by oceans or
mountains etc.
• They are in different environments, having different
foods, facing different dangers.
they
.

90. Example: geographic isolation has turned
the African and Asian elephants into
different species. WHY?

92. These are the Galapagos Islands.
Darwin spent a few weeks studying the
isolated organisms there.

93. especially the
(evolution).

94. These are Darwin’s finches.

95. each of
that were similar but

96. and the geographic isolation
.

97. the
.

98. you WILL see this chart on the regents exam. You
MUST know how to interpret it!

99. the outer circle shows the finch’s bill and its name.

100. the next two inner circles describe the type of bill.

101. the innermost circle shows the type of food the finch
eats.

102. what kind of bill does the large ground finch have and
what type of food does it eat?

103. why is the small ground finch able to share an island
with the woodpecker finch?

104. What would happen to the warbler finch if all the animals
died on its island?

105. Now answer 58-81.

107. :
1. Mutations
2. Crossing over during meiosis
3. Gene recombination

108. : are . If the
mutation happens
.

109. If superheroes existed, their powers could
ONLY be passed to offspring though their
gametes!

110. Environmental stresses like increased
exposure to radiation can lead to more
mutations and increased rates evolution
Increased rate
of evolution

111. 2.
producing unique gametes.

112. :
random
random
random !

113. Note:
(and evolution can
be slower to happen)
.

114. Note: , evolution
can be slower to happen because
.

115. Evolutionary change:
.

116. Evolution can be a change in
structure, function or behavior.

117. Structural change:
(similar bones) ing

118. similar bones showing evolution from
a common ancestry

119. similar bones showing evolution from
a common ancestry

120. similar bones showing evolution from
a common ancestry

121. similar bones showing evolution from
a common ancestry

122. similar body partsshowing evolution from a
common ancestry

123. Now answer 82- 94.

124. Evidence of evolution
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pesticide-resistant
insects.

125. Some bacteria are pathogens (cause
diseases)

126. Antibiotics are cures that kill bacteria

127. Most bacteria are killed by antibiotics, but
some bacteria are evolving resistance.

128. Darwinian evolution: bacteria-style!

129. Genetic variations exist in the bacteria
population.

130. The environment changes (antibiotics
are introduced)

131. The unfit die. The fittest survive.

132. The fittest pass their successful genes
to their offspring

133. The antibiotics has “forced” the non-resistant
bacteria population to evolve into a drug-
resistant population!

134. Darwinian evolution: insect-style

135. Variations exist in an insect population,
some are pesticide-resistant, but most are
non-resistant.

136. The environment changes. humans
spray pesticides (bug spray)….

137. Many of the non- resistant are unfit & die.
The pesticide-resistant are fit and insects
live to have babies.

138. After several generations, the insect
population has evolved due to the
pesticide spraying.

139. Now answer 95- 101.

140. Faster or slower evolution

141. Some people don’t believe in evolution
(especially human evolution) because they
don’t see organisms changing before their
eyes! IF
evolution
is true,
why don’t
I see
monkeys
turn into
people,
huh?

142. One could NOT see human evolution because we
are very long-lived & take a long time to
reproduce! Evolution in us is slow & takes many,
many, many, many, many, generations for the
changes to be apparent.

143. offer
conclusive
.

144. Insects have a short reproductive cycle
(many generations in a short time) bacteria
reproduce every twenty minutes. One
bacteria can become millions in a few days.

145. We can insects and especially
bacteria evolve almost in front of
our eyes…and this is a threat to
humans

146. !
Our turn to spray
YOU humans!
This is
MRSA, the
Flesh-eating
Bacteria. It
evolved
from
“Staph” and
is drug-
resistant!

147. • Species go extinct all the time.
• Scientists estimate that 99% of all life that has
lived on Earth is now extinct!

148. Why do some species go extinct
and other don’t?
Variations!

149. .
many

150. Ex. Koala bears live on one continent and
only eat one kind of plant. If there habitat
were destroyed, they would face
extinction.

151. Humans eat anything, live anyway, do
any job. They have so many many
varieties of survival strategies.

152. And now your independent work: complete
all the even questions in the packet.
Miss K, Mr. G or Mr. E will do the odd ones!
NOOOOOOOOOOOOO
NOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!!!
OOO!!!!!!!!!!!!!! NOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!