1. Chinmedomics is a new strategy that uses modern "omics" technologies like metabolomics to discover the active constituents in traditional herbal medicines.
2. It analyzes the correlation between biomarker metabolites of disease and herbal constituents in serum to identify the constituents most strongly associated with therapeutic effects.
3. A case study applied this approach to identify the bioactive constituents in Shan Qi Wan, a Chinese herbal formula used to treat Shen Yang Xu (Kidney-yang deficiency) syndrome. Rat models were used to measure changes in urinary metabolites after treatment and correlate these to absorbed herbal constituents.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
In a broad sense, the pharmacology deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. This study includes sources, chemical properties, dose, biological effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs. i.e. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on biological systems and how the body responds to the drug.
It comprises all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes. Pharmacology integrates the knowledge of many disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. This integrative nature allows pharmacology to make unique and significant contributions to human health.
Pharmacology is crucial for:
discovering new medicines to help fight diseases
improving the effectiveness of medicines
reducing unwanted side effects of medicines
understanding why individuals differ in the way they respond to certain drugs, and why some others cause addiction
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, as part of the Clinical Pharmacology MRCP 1 course. These are slideshows only. The demonstration with video presentation and explanation that goes along with these slides, as well as free example exam questions and the paid full e-lecture can be viewed at https://www.123doc.com/electures/clinical-pharmacology/
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
in this presentation we are going to study introduction to pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
i.e. meaning and definition of pharmacology along with branches of pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
Pharmacology is one of the tough subjects for Nursing Students and my intention is to make it attractive and easy to learn for the students.
"Nothing in Life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."
- Marie Curie
In a broad sense, the pharmacology deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. This study includes sources, chemical properties, dose, biological effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs. i.e. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on biological systems and how the body responds to the drug.
It comprises all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes. Pharmacology integrates the knowledge of many disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. This integrative nature allows pharmacology to make unique and significant contributions to human health.
Pharmacology is crucial for:
discovering new medicines to help fight diseases
improving the effectiveness of medicines
reducing unwanted side effects of medicines
understanding why individuals differ in the way they respond to certain drugs, and why some others cause addiction
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, as part of the Clinical Pharmacology MRCP 1 course. These are slideshows only. The demonstration with video presentation and explanation that goes along with these slides, as well as free example exam questions and the paid full e-lecture can be viewed at https://www.123doc.com/electures/clinical-pharmacology/
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
in this presentation we are going to study introduction to pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
i.e. meaning and definition of pharmacology along with branches of pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
Pharmacology is one of the tough subjects for Nursing Students and my intention is to make it attractive and easy to learn for the students.
"Nothing in Life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."
- Marie Curie
By Vaishnavi Nikte ( B pharmacy )
slides includes all about Clinical Research Pharmacovigilance & Phyto Research. Useful for pharmacy student as well as Clinical research field people also includes pharmacognosy basics for herbal drug discovery.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
1. Chinmedomics strategy for discovery of effective
constituents from traditional herbal medicine
Satyender Kumar
Department of Natural Products
2. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently defined
traditional medicine (including herbal drugs) as comprising
therapeutic practices that have been in existence, often for hundreds of
years, before the development and spread of modern medicine and are
still in use today.
Traditional Herbal Medicine (THM)
Current Science, Vol. 78, No. 1, 10 January 2000
Herbs
•Crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems,
wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be
entire, fragmented or powdered.
Herbal
materials
•Fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, resins and
dry powders of herbs.
Herbal
preparations
•Powdered herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures and
fatty oils of herbal materials.
Finished
herbal
products
•Finished herbal products and mixture herbal products may
contain excipients in addition to the active ingredients, finished
products or mixture products to which chemically defined active
substances have been added.
Herbal
medicine
3. The earliest recorded evidence of their use in Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek,
Roman and Syrian texts dates back to about 5000 years.
Herbal medicines (HM) have been widely used for their antibacterial, antifungal,
anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities, and other pharmacological
activities.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has its own unique medical system with the
significant characteristics of pursuing an overall therapeutic effect with a multi-
target treatment.
It consists of multiple plants (called ‘formulae or prescription’) that could
regulate balance and homeostasis of the body in a holistic fashion.
Why herbal medicine?
Current Science, Vol. 78, No. 1, 10 January 2000
4. HM are not pure products with a single active ingredient. Therefore, conventional
methods for screening and identifying the active ingredients in natural products
are time-consuming and labour intensive.
Traditional natural product discovery, using conventional methods, affords no
information about mode of action until late in the discovery process. This leads to
high rates of rediscovery and low probabilities of finding compounds with unique
biological properties.
Need some update in herbal medicine?
Currently, HM development has been hampered due to the lack of high
throughput, rapid methods for screening and identifying bioactive constituents.
Therefore, it is essential to develop a method able to overcome these
limitations.
OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology Volume 16, Numbers 7 and 8, 2012
5. Syndrome Formulae
Effectiveness of
Herbal medicine
Components of TCM
•TCM is so complicated that it’s almost impossible to explore the molecular mechanism and
effective substances thoroughly.
•Moreover, compounds in TCM exert therapeutic effects in combination rather than as
individuals.
6. TCM treatment with therapeutic strategies in holistic fashion is focuses on the
patient rather than disease, promoting enhancing the quality of life.
From the point of modern system medicine, TCM syndrome is a functional state
that caused by the body’s metabolic imbalances.
Syndrome is a basic description of the disease in TCM, due to lack of objective
criteria for syndrome diagnostics, and thus it is difficult to properly evaluate the
efficacy of formulae.
TCM Syndrome
Current Science, Vol. 78, No. 1, 10 January 2000
8. Cinmediformulae
Formulae
include four
elements:
the monarch (which
plays the most
important role in the
formulae),
the minister (which
increases the
effectiveness of the
monarch herb),
the assistant (which
helps the monarch and
minister herbs reach
their target positions)
the servant (which
can reduce the adverse
effects and/or increase
the potency of the
whole formulae)
9. Cinmediformulae
• Practitioners often prescribe a combination of herbs called formulae based on
an over-all symptoms and signs of syndrome, and work together harmoniously
to achieve ideally therapeutic effects.
• Single herb already contains thousands of compounds, formulae consisting of
multi-herb has become the chemical composition giant system.
• That means to say, the efficacy of TCM depends on the combined action of
multiple herbs because it usually contains a lot of ingredients and exert
synergistic therapeutic efficacies.
• However, this can cause many difficulties in the search for the effective
substances of TCM.
10. Difficulties of TCM
Lack of a comprehensive
understanding of the relationship
between syndrome and formulae,
For TCM to be modernized, it is
critical to use modern tools to
determine the mechanism of action
of TCM.
Process and leads to low
probabilities of finding compounds
with unique biological properties.
11. New tools and methods help revive ancient
traditional Chinese medicine
A new platform, termed chinmedomics which is capable of directly discover
the bioactive constituents from herbal medicine.
It is base upon an analyzing the correlation between the endogenous
biomarker of diseases or TCM syndrome and exogenous constituents to
find the highly associated constituents with efficacy of formulae as the
effective substances.
Further clarifying the activities of effective substances, and may discover
lead compounds and make the innovative drug discovery based on clinical
experiences. It will significantly advance the drug discovery from
traditional medicine.
12. Key points in Chinmedomics
Serum
Pharmacoche
mistry of TCM
(SPT)
• providing methodology for the discovery of
active constituents in vivo from TCM, solving
the efficacy and effectiveness of TCM
Metabolomics
technology
• is used to clarify the molecular mechanisms of
syndrome.
Screening of
active
constituents
• using the plotting of correlation between
(endogenous) marker metabolites and
(exogenous) serum constituents, and is ongoing
verification by further biological experiments.
Correlation
analysis
•between the exogenous compounds in vivo after oral
formulae and endogenous marker metabolites in vivo
are used to clarify the effective substances and their
synergistic properties.
13. After being metabolized by the liver and gastrointestinal tract, the components
that finally reach the blood are usually not the original ingredients, and there are
also some metabolism ingredients.
The blood contained, ingredients may be the substances playing a direct role in the
body.
Research on the components in the serum could be an effective approach to
identify the effective substances of TCM.
To resolve these problems, in early 1990s, we firstly established the SPT that can
reflect drug action, absorption, distribution and interaction in the body.
Serum pharmacochemistry of TCM
14. Metabolomics and related metabonomics approach is a specific ‘top-down’
systems biology manifestation of metabolic profiling of small-molecule metabolites
have an important role in biological systems
Metabolomics can capture information with regard to mechanisms of disease and
drug action.
Samples of interest (e.g., plasma, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, or tissue biopsies)
are collected. Blood samples are the most commonly collected biological fluid,
providing a representation of the global metabolome.
Metabolomics: an overview
such as lipids, amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, and organic acids, vitamins,
thiols, carbohydrates, etc, and represent attractive candidates to understand
disease phenotypes.
15. Figure: The overall procedure of chinmedomics analysis. Chinmedomics technology consists of three
sequential steps: (1) an experimental technique, based on MS or NMR spectroscopy, designed to profile
endogenous low-weight metabolites, (2) multivariate data analysis using bioinformatics techniques, and (3)
metabolites identification and quantification resulting in biomarkers (UPLC-ESI-MS, ultra-performance
liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry; TIC, total ion chromatogram).
Metabolomics: an overview
16. Potential biomarkers which are very useful for diagnosing and monitoring disease
progress, were extracted from loading-plots constructed following the PLS-DA
(Partial Least Square- Data Analysis), and biomarkers were chosen based on their
contribution to the variation and correlation within the data set.
18. Figure: Typical
metabolomics experiment
flow diagram. Samples are
analysed by full scan profile
to collect all metabolites.
Pattern recognition
approach aims to highlight
underlying trends. Receiver
operating characteristic
curves are generally
considered the method of
choice for evaluating the
performance of potential
biomarkers. The markers are
eventually placed in
metabolic pathway to
provide insight on the
biochemical phenomena.
20. Case study
SQW was selected for the bioactive constituents analysis in the treatment of SYX by using
chinmedomics strategy.
Shan Qi Wan (SQW) is a typical TCM formula consisting of Radix rahmanniae preparata, Fructus
macrocarpii, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Rhizoma zlismatis, Poaria, Cortex moutan radicis, Radix aconiti
lateralis preparata and Rahmulus cinnamomi was selected.
These 23 metabolites were found involved in multiple biochemical processes such as: energy
metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism
23 endogenous urinary metabolites of rat perturbed after treatment of hydrocortisone were measured
by using metabolomics
Shen Yang Xu (SYX, Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome) was produced by high doses of Hydrocortisone
21. Experimental work
1. Preparation of SQW samples
2. Animal handling
3. Sample collection and preparation
4. Metabolomics study
a. UPLC analysis
b. MS analysis
c. Metabolic analysis
5. Constituent analysis
6. Correlation analysis of marker metabolites and absorbed constituents
7. Potential target prediction of highly correlated ingredients
22. SQW powder was dissolved in distilled water to form a stock solution (0.3389 g/ml).
The freeze-dried powder was dissolved in water to make 1.08 g/ml solutions.
then ground, mixed and reflux extracted in a rotary evaporator with six times of 100%
methanol for 2 hr. Then the filtrate was freeze dried.
Shan Qi Wan (SQW) is a typical TCM formula consisting of Radix rahmanniae preparata,
Fructus macrocarpii, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Rhizoma zlismatis, Poaria, Cortex moutan radicis,
Radix aconiti lateralis preparata and Rahmulus cinnamomi in proportion of (8: 4: 4: 3: 3: 3: 1:
1)
1. Preparation of SQW samples
23. Male Wistar rats (200-249 g)
• Conditions: 21 ± 5 ⁰C with 60 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light-dark cycle
withstandard diet and water.
• Dose: 1 ml/100 g body mass of SQW solution (0.3389 g/ml).
Groups: (15 rats in each group)
• Control group (olive oil injected i.p. for 21 consecutive days)
• Model group (corticosterone injected i.p. at 10 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days
• SQW group (corticosterone injected i.p. at 10 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days +
after that an accurate volume of SQW for consecutive 15 days)
2. Animal handling
24. The mixture solution was filtered through a 0.22 mm PTFE membrane and
transferred to vials for UPLC/MS analysis.
Supernatants were dried under nitrogen and redissolved with 80% methanol to
volumes of 200 µl.
After vortexing for 10 s, supernatants (800 µl) were collected after centrifugation
13,000 rpm for 10 minutes.
The supernatant was collected and stored at -80 ⁰C before analysis.
Serum and plasma were separated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4
⁰C after standing for 30 minutes.
Blood was collected from abdominal aorta
3. Sample collection and preparation
25. Metabolite analysis
MS data acquired were performed to Markerlynx within
Masslynx software (version 4.1) for detection and alignment.
The multivariate data matrix was input to Ezinfo Ver. 2.0
software for Principal component analysis (PCA), Partial least
square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal
projection to latent structures (OPLS) analysis.
MS analysis
Mass spectrometer was connected to UPLC system via an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface.
UPLC analysis
HSS T3 column was used
Acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and water with 0.1% formic
acid at flow rate 0.4 ml/min and injection volume was 3 µl.
4. Metabolomics study
26. Correlation analysis of marker metabolites and
absorbed constituents
• A plot of correlation between marker metabolites and chemical composition was
used to screen the constituents or metabolites absorbed in to blood after oral
administration.
27. Potential target prediction of highly correlated
ingredients
• The target numbers were entered into the KEGG database
(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) to annotate and analysis the pathway.
29. Figure: Base peak ion chromatograms of plasma samples in UPLC/QTOF MS analysed by
MarkerLynx software
(A) control group
(B) model group
(C) SQW group
%
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Time
Base peak intensity (BPI) chromatgrams of biosamples
30. (A), Score plots of PCA based on serum metabolite profiling
Multivariate data analyses of the UPLC/MS serum
spectra data of control and model group
Control group
Model group
31. (B), The S-plot of PLS-DA for the control and model groups.
Multivariate data analyses of the UPLC/MS serum
spectra data of control and model group
34. The 3-d PCA plot for SQW treatment on SYX (control
group; ■, model group; , SQW group)
Control group
Model group
SQW treated group
35. ESI base peak ion chromatogram of the SQW analysed by UPLC/QTOF MS in negative
ion mode (A) and positive ion mode (B).
Base peak intensity (BPI) chromatgrams of biosamples
36. Extracted ions chromatogram of rat serum after oral administration of SQW with
Metabolynx™ in negative ion mode (A) and positive ion mode (B). The peak numbers are
listed in Table S4 and S5.
Extracted ions chromatogram
37. Correlation between marker metabolites and serum constituents in SQW. The correlation
coefficients are listed in Table S6.
Highly positively
correlated
highly negatively
correlated
low correlation
39. Overview of chinmedomics
A schematic diagram of the Chinmedomics-based investigation into the molecular
mechanisms and effective substances of syndrome and formulae by integrating
Serum Pharmacochemistry of TCM and metabolomics analysis.
40. Conclusion
• 23 biomarkers were identified for KYX syndrome and out of these 5 were up-regulated and
18 were down regulated.
• 84 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from the constituents of SQW and
out of 84 compounds 51 were found in positive ion mode and 33 were found in negative ion
mode.
• The extracted ions cromatogram of plasma samples with the MetabolynxTM were separated
using UPLC method.
• 20 compounds out of absorbed constituents of SQW were highly correlated with the effect of
SQW.
43. Initially, yin and yang refer to the light and
darkness of the sunlight, anything that is
exposed to the sun belongs to yang, and that
is unexposed to the sun belongs to yin.
44. Some examples for Yin-yang properties of things
• Yang----Heaven, big, sun, day, fire, upward, active, male,
Spring and Summer, warm, bright, function, et. al.
• Yin----Earth, small, moon, night, water, downward, still,
female, Autumn and Winter, cold, dim, material et. al.
45. In medical field
Any materials and functions which
have the feature of promoting,
warming or exciting
Any materials and functions which
have the feature of coagulating,
moistening and inhibiting
Yang
Yin
46. Relativity of yin and yang
e.g. Human body viscera
Yang back fu organs
Yin Chest and abdomen zang organs
47. Application of theory of yin and yang in TCM
(1) To explain morphology and structure of the human body
e.g. chest and abdomen, lower part, yin meridians, blood…….
back, upper part, yang meridians, qi……
(2) To explain physiological functions of the human body
e.g. Yin qi
Yang qi
48. Application of theory of yin and yang in TCM
preponderance of yin or yang
decline of yin or yang
simultaneous of yin and yang
inter-transformation and repelling of yin and yang
(3) To explain pathological changes of the human body
49. Application of theory of yin and yang in TCM
(4) To guide clinical diagnosis
It is to differentiate yin or yang properties of a certain syndrome
(5) To treat diseases
e.g. To determine the therapeutic
principles
To generalize properties and actions of Chinese drugs
Reducing excess
Supplementing insufficiency
50.
51.
52.
53. UPLC-HDMS chromatograms of SQW in negative ion mode. The peak numbers are listed
in Table S2. (A), in vitro; (B), dosed serum; (C), control serum.
54. UPLC-HDMS chromatograms of SQW in positive ion mode. The peak numbers are listed
in Table S2. (A), in vitro; (B), dosed serum; (C), control serum.