[E-portfolio]Competency 5.D.

1. China
By:
Jordan Cotten,
Br. Tony,
Jingwei Liu

2. Demographics
Religion: Folk 21.9%, Buddhist 18.2%, Christian
5.1%, Muslim 1.8%
Ethnicity: Han Chinese 91.6%
Language: Chinese or Mandarin
Population: 1,355,692,576 (largest in world)
Government: Communist
Economy: Socialist Market

3. Looking to the Future
❏Remaining competitive
❏Invest in human capital
Challenges:
➔not enough jobs
➔widening the gap between rich and poor
➔increase in migrant workers
➔constantly needs to improve labor force
capacity

4. Implications for Education
❏Urgency to revamp education system
❏Closing digital and linguistic divide
❏Training and keeping local talent

5. China’s Education System Structure
Primary Schools
Vocational Junior Schools
General Junior Secondary
Schools
General Senior Secondary
Schools
Specialized
Secondary Schools
Vocational
Senior Schools
Skilled Worker
Schools
Regular Higher Ed.
(Degree)
Regular Higher Ed. (Sub-
Degree)
Master
Ph.D.

6. Education Requirements
❏9 years of compulsory school
❏Primary and Junior Secondary school
❏Public exams used for selection
❏Junior secondary education exam
❏Senior secondary entrance exam
❏National college entrance exam

7. Expenditure
Public expenditure on education:
3.4% of GDP
International Average:
4.1% GDP

8. Education Reforms - 1980s
➔ simultaneous with application to GATT (WTO)
➔ wanting to turn population into human resource
➔ emphasis on intellectual knowledge, science and technology
➔ 1985 Reform of China’s educational structure
Two Goals:
1) eradication of illiteracy (ages 15 and above)
2) avoid emergence of new illiterates (ages 6-15)
a) universalization of basic education
b) Basic Education Law
➔ expanded vocational track to improve quality of labor force

9. Education Reforms - 1990s
➔1993 Scheme for the Reform and
Development of Education in China
➔addressing challenges to the 21st century
➔1996 Vocational Education Law
◆legal protection for development of vocational and
technical education
➔late 90s expansion of higher education

10. Education Reforms - 2000s
➔Action plan for invigorating education for
the 21st century
➔special attention to information
technology and innovation
➔emphasizing the need for human resource
to maintain competitiveness globally

11. Reforming School and Curricula
1990s - China began to pay attention to
quality over quantity
Curricula
★ subject-based and too many subjects
★ subject content outdated/repetitive/difficult
★ examination-oriented culture

12. Reforming School and Curricula
In response to criticism,
instituted two sets of
curriculum standards
1) 2001 - basic education
a)18 subjects
2) 2003 - general senior
secondary education
a)15 subjects
Both sets of standards share
four commonalities:
1) goals incorporate global
imperatives
2) practical activities and
develop generic skills
3) subject-based to
integrated curriculum
4) decentralized education
management

13. Higher Education Reforms
1950s - modeled universities after Soviet
Union
1980s - difficult to maintain universities while
transferring to a socialist market economy
1990s - large scale realigning of universities to
enhance efficiency

14. Higher Education Reforms
Improved efficiency by:
❏co-administration of colleges by local
governments
❏transfer of administrative power and
ownership to lower units of governance
❏universities responsible for hiring teachers,
develop courses, research
❏uniting higher education institutes

15. Expansion of Higher Education
➔increased undergraduate and postgraduate
student enrollment
➔increased admission quotas for masters
and doctoral programs

16. Contentious Issues
Linguistic and Technological Divides
Curriculum Reform and Heavy Study Load
Education of Domestic Migrant Children
“Brain Drain” and “Brain Gain”
Creating World-Class Universities

17. Technological Divides
Beginning in 2000, a national pursuit of proficiency in
English and IT - with a widening gap between urban
and rural areas.
Goal of 90% of schools connected to the Internet by 2010
Not less than 68 hours of IT education in primary and
junior secondary education.
Between 70 and 140 hours in secondary education.

18. Technological Divides
In 2010, public schools in Beijing and Shaanxi:
Urban Rural
Computer in schools 88%
69%
44 minutes or more of computer 100%
78%
class per week
Percentage of schools teaching
computer class > 44 minutes 88%

19. Linguistic Divide
Late 1970s, English language study replaced Russian and
was taught beginning in junior secondary
2001 - China extended the learning of English to the
primary three
Many schools start English in primary one
Focus is on ability to communicate
University level English proficiency is stressed
Private High Schools in U.S. have seen a rise in Chinese
students who are improving their English

20. Linguistic Divide
Education expenditures favor urban areas
Urban Rural
2002 - School Population 40%
60%
Expenditures
77% 40%
Ratio of
Expenditure/Population 1.925 vs.
.67%

21. Assessment and Student Load
Examinations are the main factor in student selection for
the next level of education - causing heavy/excessive
study loads
In 2000, the Ministry of Education issued seven
regulations to curve study loads.
There are cultural and economic incentives for students
to have heavy study loads
League tables of test results

22. Education of Domestic Migrant Children
In 2004, there were between 17 and 18 millions domestic
migrant children of school age
Domestic migrant children are not eligible for free access
to public schools
Nine years of public schooling is free for local res.
Migrant workers are not local would have to pay a
“borrowing fee” too high for many
Prestigious public schools are not willing to admit
migrant children

23. Education of Domestic Migrant Children
Migrant workers see education as a way to improve the
lives of their children
Illegal private migrant schools thrive
Are cheaper than public schools
A means to receive education
Dangerous and teacher quality is low
Hard to get into post-compulsory education slots due to
domicile registration

24. Brain Drain and Brain Gain
Between 1978 and 2003 only 25% of foreign educated
students returned to China
In 1992, China adopted three principles:
Support Overseas study
Encourage graduates to return
Ease restriction on coming and going
Returnees prefer cosmopolitan settings
Higher unemployment rate / compensation expectation

25. Creating World-Class Universities
Investment in research infrastructure
Increase in the percentage of professors and associate
professors to 9.7% and 29.8% respectively
Expect professors to engage in research and publish
results (China ranked 5th in technology publications in
2002)
Project 211
Project 985

26. Current Higher Education Situation
Forming modern higher education system
Formal university
Professional education
Continuing education
From “Mass” to “Universal”
2013, acceptance rate>80%
From “large population” to “big human resource”
2010, new employees’ average educated year above
14.7 years.

27. Current Higher Education Situation Count.
From “big economic country” to “strong economic
country”
quantity and quality
famous brand
From “Made in China” to “Original in China”
higher educated labor
creativities
Technology usage
teaching resource

28. Chinese Education Future
10 philosophy to show Chinese education future:
1. “People oriented”
2. “Comprehensive development”
3. “Quality education”
4. “Innovation education”
5. “Subjectivity”
6. “Individualization”
7. “Open”
8. “Diversification”
9. “Harmonious education”
10.“Lifelong learning”

29. 1.People oriented
Emphasizing the nature of the “people”. The
teaching process involve the spirit of human.
Such as moral education, patriotism
education, etc.

30. 2. Comprehensive development
Society:
Education is a national education for all citizens,
focusing on the overall development of the nation,
in order to improve the moral quality, scientific
and cultural qualities, knowledge innovation and
enhance nation competition.
Single student
Enhance every student’s moral, intellectual,
physical, aesthetic and labor education.

31. 3. Quality education
Focus on the skills and other more important
aspects’ education rather than only focus on
the exam and test scores.

32. 4. Innovation education
Combine innovation with entrepreneurship
education. Mainly use guide, inspire, and
advise as teaching method to make students
think in different and innovative way.

33. 5. Subjectivity
Transfer the main role of the education from
teacher to student. The student is the main
subject of the education process and students
should control their learning.

34. 6. Individualization
Establish customized learning platform and
environment. Respect the differences and
encourage students have their own
characteristics.

35. 7. Open
Including the education concept, education
process and method open to the other
countries and accept new aspects.
Teaching resource, contents and values open
to the public and can be shared with the
whole society.

36. 8. Diversification
education need: to fit to diversified need of
the opportunities.
schools: diversification of education goals,
methods of the management
forms, tools, and measurement

37. 9. Harmonious education
effective learning environment. This includes
the class, teachers, students, interaction,
activities and all process in education should
establish a balanced, joyful, united
environment.

38. 10. Lifelong learning
Encourage the whole society keep studying in
order to improve the people’s skills and
abilities and development of the civilization.

40. References
Law, W. (2006). Education reform for national competitiveness in a global age: The experience and struggle of China.
In K. Mazurek & M. A. Winzer (Eds), Schooling around the world: Debates, challenges, and practices, (pp. 68-99).
Pearson Education, Inc.
(n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2015, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/ch.html