The document discusses advancements in forensic science technologies that enhance investigative capabilities, focusing on various branches such as digital forensics, DNA profiling, and ballistic photography. It details multiple forensic techniques, including laser ablation ICP-MS, alternative light photography, and narco analysis, explaining their applications and importance in criminal investigations. Overall, the technological evolution in forensic science promises to improve the efficiency of crime-solving and the criminal justice system.

1. MEDICALTECHNOLOGYAND
FORENSIC SCIENCE
SRISHTI BANSAL
35713403817
4TH YEAR B

2. FORENSIC
SCEINCE
Forensic technologies have improved in recent years improving the
sensitivity and strength of investigative potential of forensic
scientists.
It is the application of scientific principles and techniques to
matters of criminal justice especially as relating to the collection,
examination and analysis of physical evidence.
Numerous fields within forensic science have improved
considerably over the years and new technologies have enabled new
applications of forensic science.

3. TYPES OF
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
The field of forensic science has been divided into various categories
which includes-
DIGITAL FORENSICS
• Digital forensics (sometimes known as digital forensic science) is a branch
of forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material
found in digital devices, often in relation to computer crime.
CYBER FORENSICS
• Computer forensics (also known as computer forensic science) is a branch
of digital forensic science pertaining to evidence found in computers and
digital storage media.The goal of computer forensics is to examine digital media
in a forensically sound manner with the aim of identifying, preserving, recovering,
analyzing and presenting facts and opinions about the digital information

4. TECHNOLOGY
IN
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
Several technologies are used in different fields of forensic science
to conduct investigations and examine the evidence.
Among them include:
DNA fingerprinting
LA-ICP-MS
Alternative light photography
Facial reconstruction
Automated fingerprint identification
Drug testing
Narco analysis
Brain mapping
Scanning electron microscopy
Forensic carbon 14 dating
Trace evidence
 Link analysis

5. DNA
FINGERPRINTING
DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA profiling) is the process of determining an
individual’s DNA characteristics. It is a forensic technique in criminal investigations
comparing criminal suspects profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of
their involvement in the crime.
Stages of DNA Profiling-
Cells broken down to release DNA
DNA strands cut into fragments
Fragment separation
Pattern of fragments analysed
Importance of DNA profiling
Lineage
Law enforcement
Personal identification
Advantages of DNA fingerprinting-
Ideal method for confirming an identity with absolute certainty
Easy and painless to obtain testing sample
Affordable and reliable

6. LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS stands for Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry.
When a broken glass is involved in a crime putting together even tiny
pieces can be key to finding important clues like direction of bullets the
force or impact or the type of weapon used in the crime.
Through it highly sensitive recognitions LA-ICP-MS machine breaks glass
samples of almost any size to their atomic structure and scientists are able
to match the even the smallest shard of glass found on clothing to a glass
sample from a crime scene.

7. ALTERNATIVE
LIGHT
PHOTOGRAPHY
Alternative light photography is one of the quickest way to detect whether
damage has been done to the body before it even surfaces on the skin.
The camera uses blue light and orange filters to see whether bruising has
occurred below the skin’s surface and ultraviolet light to enhance bruises,
bite marks, and search for trace evidence.
Infrared photography is used to enhance blood that’s difficult to see on
dark and patterned clothing and tattoos due to decomposition, lividity and
burning.

8. FACIAL
RECONSTRUCTION
Facial reconstruction is a method used in the forensic science when a crime
involves unidentified remains.
The process recreates the face of an individual from their skeletal remains
through a combination of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy.
There are three main types of facial reconstruction-
Two dimensional- photographic prints or drawing
Three dimensional- sculpture or high res 3D computer image
Superimposition
Facial reconstruction is used to determine the appearance of victims who
are too damaged or whose bodies are decomposing to make a visual
identification.
The user inputs data into the software and a possible physical appearance is
deduced.

9. AUTOMATED
FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION
Fingerprint identification allows forensic scientists to compare fingerprints
found to an extensive digital database.
Since fingerprint identification first emerged in 1980s automated
fingerprint identification system have become central to the work of police
and other law enforcements agencies around the world.
Enhancements include the introduction of palm prints, interfacing the AFIS
with other criminal justice information systems interfacing with digital
mugshots and live scan devices, and the use of multi- modal biometrics.
Newer technologies such as magnetic fingerprinting dust also means
investigators are able to get a perfect impression without comprising the
fingerprint.

10. DRUG
TESTING
Forensic teams are often requested to identify unknown substances whether
in powder, liquid or pill form.
Labs use presumptive tests that indicate there’s a substance present and
perform confirmatory tests such as gas chromatography that specifically
identify what kind of substance it is.
Other tests also include ultraviolet spectrometry (using ultraviolet and
infrared lights to see how the substance reacts), gas chromatography (which
isolates the drug from mixing agents that may be present)and
microcrystalline testing (which uses the crystal patterns formed to
determine what drug is present).

11. HIGH SPEED
BALLISTICS
PHOTOGRAPHY
Ballistics photography involves taking pictures of bullets being fired from
a gun or bullets penetrating their respective targets.
The techniques involved in taking ballistics related photos are similar to
those used for any other subject of high speed photography such as pictures
of splashing liquids or balloon popping.

12. NARCO
ANALYSIS
Narco analysis is a method of psychological investigation in which the
conscious or unconscious unwillingness of a subject to express memories
or feelings is diminished by the use barbiturate drug.
The subjects inhibitions are lowered by interfering with the nervous system
at the molecular level. In this state it becomes difficult though not
impossible for him to lie.
Subjecting the accused to undergo the test is considered by many as a
blatant violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India which states
that “ no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself”.
The test is also against the maxim “ nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare”
meaning no man, not even the accused himself can be compelled to answer
any question which may tend to prove him guilty of a crime, he has been
accused of.

13. BRAIN
MAPPING
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of
biological quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the brain
resulting in maps.
It can also be defined as the study of anatomy and function of the brain and
spinal cord through the use of imaging, stem cell and cellular biology and
nanotechnology.
The activation of brain for the associated memory is carried out by presenting
list of words to the subject. There are three types of words used for brain
mapping test –
Part I- Consists of neutral words which have no direct relationship with the case.
Part II- consists of probe words directly related to the case and suspects to elicit
concealed information.
Part III- Consists of target which are based on confidential findings which suspect
does not know.
The conclusion drawn by the experts after the conduct of the test to indicate the
possession of the knowledge about the relevant subject which is helpful in the
investigation and collecting of evidence.
Performing the brain mapping test on the accused would not take away the
protection guaranteed under Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India.

14. SCANNING
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
Scanning electron microscopy is an analytical method that captures high
resolution images of object as small as 15 nanometres. Scanning electron
microscopy produces images by scanning samples with a focused beam of
electrons.
The various applications of scanning electron microscopy are-
Gunshot residue analysis
Firearms identification
Investigations of gems and jewellery
Examination paint particles and fibres
Filament bulb investigations at traffic accidents
Handwriting and print examination
Counterfeit bank notes
Trace comparison
Examination of non-conducting material
High resolution surface imaging

15. RADIOCARBON
DATING
Also referred as carbon- 14 dating is a method for determining the age of an
object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon a
radioactive isotope of carbon.
Measuring carbon-14 levels in human tissue could help forensic scientists
determine age and year of death in case involving unidentified human remains.
The method is widely by geologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and
investigators in related fields.
Radiocarbon present in molecules of atmospheric carbon dioxide enters the
biological carbon cycle and is absorbed by green plants through air and water
and passed to living organisms through food chain.
Radiocarbon decays slowly in living organism and the amount lost is
continuously replenished as long as the living organism intakes food and air.
Once the organisms die however it ceases to absorb carbon-14 dating so that
amount of radiocarbon in its tissues steadily decreases.
Since carbon-14 decays at slow rate an estimate of the date at which an
organism died can be made by measuring the amount of residual radiocarbon.

16. TRACE
EVIDENCE
Trace evidence is created when two objects make contact. The material is
often transferred by heat or induced by contact friction.
Trace evidence is important in accident investigation, where the movement
of one part against another will often leave a tell-tale mark.
Forensic scientists use trace evidence to reconstruct crimes and to describe
the people, places and thigs involved in them.
Scientists examine the physical, optical and chemical properties of trace
evidence .
The various examples that can be used as trace evidence are hairs, fibres
from clothing or carpet or piece of glass and can be transferred when two
objects touch or when small particles are disbursed by an action or
movement.

17. LINK
ANALYSIS
Link analysis is a data analysis method in the network theory that examines
the connections or relationships between the network nodes.
The relationship can be between any type of node like people, organisation
and transactions.
Link analysis software is used by specialist accountants to highlight any
strange financial activity found within paper trail. The software looks at
financial transactions and profile of the customer and using statistics it
generates illegal behaviour.
Its mostly used by banks and financial institutions and cyber security
agencies to uncover criminal networks.
Link analysis software helps investigators to create a visual picture of the
communications between those who are involved in a criminal case.

18. CONCLUSION
As technology infiltrates every aspect of our lives its no wonder solving
crimes has become futuristic in its advances.
The benefits of real-time on-site forensic investigations are manifold and
such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and
efficacy of the criminal justice system.
This technological revolution in forensic science could ultimately lead to a
paradigm shift in which a new role of forensic expert emerges as a
developer and custodian of integrated forensic platform.

19. THANK YOU