As technology infiltrates every aspect of our lives its no wonder solving crimes has become futuristic in its advances.
The benefits of real-time on-site forensic investigations are manifold and such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and efficacy of the criminal justice system.
The objective of the seminar paper is to introduce the students to a holistic understanding of crime. PSDA in this seminar paper will include seminar presentation, debates and group discussions, critical review of existing laws in India and a comparison with
other countries. The paper seeks to explore the possible practical applications of the various theories that have been formulated so far. It will also require the students to look up the international cases where these theories have been applied. The students who opt for this paper will also visit the prisons/ juvenile homes/ juvenile courts / rehabilitation centre etc. and make an assessment of the current situation.
Human beings are rational beings. They by virtue of their being human possess certain basic and inalienable rights, which are commonly known as Human Rights.
This is a PPT of Mobile phone crimes in cyber crimes under Information Technology Act, 2000. This will help students to understand the cyber crimes or mobile phone crimes.
The objective of the seminar paper is to introduce the students to a holistic understanding of crime. PSDA in this seminar paper will include seminar presentation, debates and group discussions, critical review of existing laws in India and a comparison with
other countries. The paper seeks to explore the possible practical applications of the various theories that have been formulated so far. It will also require the students to look up the international cases where these theories have been applied. The students who opt for this paper will also visit the prisons/ juvenile homes/ juvenile courts / rehabilitation centre etc. and make an assessment of the current situation.
Human beings are rational beings. They by virtue of their being human possess certain basic and inalienable rights, which are commonly known as Human Rights.
This is a PPT of Mobile phone crimes in cyber crimes under Information Technology Act, 2000. This will help students to understand the cyber crimes or mobile phone crimes.
LLB LAW NOTES ON CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
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The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 is the procedural law providing the machinery for punishment of offenders under substantive criminal law.
The code contains elaborate details about the procedure to be followed in every investigation, inquiry and trial, for every offence under the IPC or any other law.
To understand the concept of Taxation, heads of income, including foreign income assessment procedures, adjudication and settlement of tax disputes are the focus points of study
in this paper.
Contracts under private international law is governed by different principles and maxims. This slide gives you an idea about it and included all relevant case laws.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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The concept of Marriage under Private International Lawcarolineelias239
Marriage is a broad concept under Private international law. Many new rules had been laid down in various decisions, which had developed the international matrimonial law. The relevancy of monogamous or polygamous marriages. And the validity matters like formal validity and essential validity is also discussed here
This explain object of Indian Limitation Act 1963. It define limitation. Explains how limitation is computed, what is effect of death, acknowledgement and prescription.
LLB LAW NOTES ON CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
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LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
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The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 is the procedural law providing the machinery for punishment of offenders under substantive criminal law.
The code contains elaborate details about the procedure to be followed in every investigation, inquiry and trial, for every offence under the IPC or any other law.
To understand the concept of Taxation, heads of income, including foreign income assessment procedures, adjudication and settlement of tax disputes are the focus points of study
in this paper.
Contracts under private international law is governed by different principles and maxims. This slide gives you an idea about it and included all relevant case laws.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
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FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
The concept of Marriage under Private International Lawcarolineelias239
Marriage is a broad concept under Private international law. Many new rules had been laid down in various decisions, which had developed the international matrimonial law. The relevancy of monogamous or polygamous marriages. And the validity matters like formal validity and essential validity is also discussed here
This explain object of Indian Limitation Act 1963. It define limitation. Explains how limitation is computed, what is effect of death, acknowledgement and prescription.
Smelling Trouble How Explosive & Narcotic Trace Detectors Sniff Out Danger.pdfSecurityDetectionSol
Explosive & Narcotic Trace Detectors provide invaluable Investigative powers to security teams. As technology advances, they are only getting more precise at sniffing out microscopic clues.
Infrared microscopy, also referred to as FTIR microscopy, is ideal for identification of trace evidence in forensics and characterizing small particles in wide varieties of other fields. Combining the accurate material and chemical identification of FTIR spectroscopy with the ability to focus directly on micro-sized particles, makes this an indispensable technique. This presentation provides a couple of examples related to drug analysis and identification of explosives.
The main purpose of crowd sensing systems is to extract information based on the crowd in environment. . This paper briefly explains each type of sensors that were widely used in real life situations. Each type of sensors is covered from basic understanding, tools, method of algorithm, their finding, way of conducting test, and results. Such as visual sensor, acoustic sensor, capacitive, infrared, radio-frequency identification and carbon dioxide gas sensors. The review focused on existing system used on human occupancy. The goal is to summarize the existing approach from various types, guides the creation of new systems and point toward future research directions. W. A. F. W. Othman | S. S. N. Alhady | A. A. A. Wahab | M. H. A. Ahmad "Crowd Sensing Systems: A Mini Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18619.pdf
Introduction to Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Forensic Investigation...ijtsrd
Nanotechnology is the growing field of scientific research and technology. Nanotechnology has vast applications specially in the field of forensic science. It helps in diagnosing and examining samples at the nano scale level that was earlier difficult due to detection limits of instruments. Nanotechnology has already shown immense potential in many fields of research like medicine, molecular biology, genetics, material science and it also has a promising potential even in the fields of forensic science. This area of research has its own significant interest as the advances in the field of nanotechnology are being incorporated in the field of forensic science. For revealing the secrets of forensic science, nanotechnology is being used quite extensively. In forensic nanotechnology minute chip materials are used instead of bulky instruments which reduces the steps of methods of analysis to make investigation purpose accurate, precise and less time consuming.. An important advantage of using nanotechnology in the field of forensic science is that it reveals the hidden evidences, which can prove to be helpful for the forensic scientists to give an outcome to their investigation. This review aims to discuss role of nanotechnology in forensic analysis and detection of crime scene. Savita Sharma "Introduction to Nanotechnology & Its Applications in Forensic Investigation & Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38149.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/38149/introduction-to-nanotechnology-and-its-applications-in-forensic-investigation-and-analysis/savita-sharma
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
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WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
2. FORENSIC
SCEINCE
Forensic technologies have improved in recent years improving the
sensitivity and strength of investigative potential of forensic
scientists.
It is the application of scientific principles and techniques to
matters of criminal justice especially as relating to the collection,
examination and analysis of physical evidence.
Numerous fields within forensic science have improved
considerably over the years and new technologies have enabled new
applications of forensic science.
3. TYPES OF
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
The field of forensic science has been divided into various categories
which includes-
DIGITAL FORENSICS
• Digital forensics (sometimes known as digital forensic science) is a branch
of forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material
found in digital devices, often in relation to computer crime.
CYBER FORENSICS
• Computer forensics (also known as computer forensic science) is a branch
of digital forensic science pertaining to evidence found in computers and
digital storage media.The goal of computer forensics is to examine digital media
in a forensically sound manner with the aim of identifying, preserving, recovering,
analyzing and presenting facts and opinions about the digital information
4. TECHNOLOGY
IN
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
Several technologies are used in different fields of forensic science
to conduct investigations and examine the evidence.
Among them include:
DNA fingerprinting
LA-ICP-MS
Alternative light photography
Facial reconstruction
Automated fingerprint identification
Drug testing
Narco analysis
Brain mapping
Scanning electron microscopy
Forensic carbon 14 dating
Trace evidence
Link analysis
5. DNA
FINGERPRINTING
DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA profiling) is the process of determining an
individual’s DNA characteristics. It is a forensic technique in criminal investigations
comparing criminal suspects profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of
their involvement in the crime.
Stages of DNA Profiling-
Cells broken down to release DNA
DNA strands cut into fragments
Fragment separation
Pattern of fragments analysed
Importance of DNA profiling
Lineage
Law enforcement
Personal identification
Advantages of DNA fingerprinting-
Ideal method for confirming an identity with absolute certainty
Easy and painless to obtain testing sample
Affordable and reliable
6. LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS stands for Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry.
When a broken glass is involved in a crime putting together even tiny
pieces can be key to finding important clues like direction of bullets the
force or impact or the type of weapon used in the crime.
Through it highly sensitive recognitions LA-ICP-MS machine breaks glass
samples of almost any size to their atomic structure and scientists are able
to match the even the smallest shard of glass found on clothing to a glass
sample from a crime scene.
7. ALTERNATIVE
LIGHT
PHOTOGRAPHY
Alternative light photography is one of the quickest way to detect whether
damage has been done to the body before it even surfaces on the skin.
The camera uses blue light and orange filters to see whether bruising has
occurred below the skin’s surface and ultraviolet light to enhance bruises,
bite marks, and search for trace evidence.
Infrared photography is used to enhance blood that’s difficult to see on
dark and patterned clothing and tattoos due to decomposition, lividity and
burning.
8. FACIAL
RECONSTRUCTION
Facial reconstruction is a method used in the forensic science when a crime
involves unidentified remains.
The process recreates the face of an individual from their skeletal remains
through a combination of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy.
There are three main types of facial reconstruction-
Two dimensional- photographic prints or drawing
Three dimensional- sculpture or high res 3D computer image
Superimposition
Facial reconstruction is used to determine the appearance of victims who
are too damaged or whose bodies are decomposing to make a visual
identification.
The user inputs data into the software and a possible physical appearance is
deduced.
9. AUTOMATED
FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION
Fingerprint identification allows forensic scientists to compare fingerprints
found to an extensive digital database.
Since fingerprint identification first emerged in 1980s automated
fingerprint identification system have become central to the work of police
and other law enforcements agencies around the world.
Enhancements include the introduction of palm prints, interfacing the AFIS
with other criminal justice information systems interfacing with digital
mugshots and live scan devices, and the use of multi- modal biometrics.
Newer technologies such as magnetic fingerprinting dust also means
investigators are able to get a perfect impression without comprising the
fingerprint.
10. DRUG
TESTING
Forensic teams are often requested to identify unknown substances whether
in powder, liquid or pill form.
Labs use presumptive tests that indicate there’s a substance present and
perform confirmatory tests such as gas chromatography that specifically
identify what kind of substance it is.
Other tests also include ultraviolet spectrometry (using ultraviolet and
infrared lights to see how the substance reacts), gas chromatography (which
isolates the drug from mixing agents that may be present)and
microcrystalline testing (which uses the crystal patterns formed to
determine what drug is present).
11. HIGH SPEED
BALLISTICS
PHOTOGRAPHY
Ballistics photography involves taking pictures of bullets being fired from
a gun or bullets penetrating their respective targets.
The techniques involved in taking ballistics related photos are similar to
those used for any other subject of high speed photography such as pictures
of splashing liquids or balloon popping.
12. NARCO
ANALYSIS
Narco analysis is a method of psychological investigation in which the
conscious or unconscious unwillingness of a subject to express memories
or feelings is diminished by the use barbiturate drug.
The subjects inhibitions are lowered by interfering with the nervous system
at the molecular level. In this state it becomes difficult though not
impossible for him to lie.
Subjecting the accused to undergo the test is considered by many as a
blatant violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India which states
that “ no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself”.
The test is also against the maxim “ nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare”
meaning no man, not even the accused himself can be compelled to answer
any question which may tend to prove him guilty of a crime, he has been
accused of.
13. BRAIN
MAPPING
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of
biological quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the brain
resulting in maps.
It can also be defined as the study of anatomy and function of the brain and
spinal cord through the use of imaging, stem cell and cellular biology and
nanotechnology.
The activation of brain for the associated memory is carried out by presenting
list of words to the subject. There are three types of words used for brain
mapping test –
Part I- Consists of neutral words which have no direct relationship with the case.
Part II- consists of probe words directly related to the case and suspects to elicit
concealed information.
Part III- Consists of target which are based on confidential findings which suspect
does not know.
The conclusion drawn by the experts after the conduct of the test to indicate the
possession of the knowledge about the relevant subject which is helpful in the
investigation and collecting of evidence.
Performing the brain mapping test on the accused would not take away the
protection guaranteed under Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India.
14. SCANNING
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
Scanning electron microscopy is an analytical method that captures high
resolution images of object as small as 15 nanometres. Scanning electron
microscopy produces images by scanning samples with a focused beam of
electrons.
The various applications of scanning electron microscopy are-
Gunshot residue analysis
Firearms identification
Investigations of gems and jewellery
Examination paint particles and fibres
Filament bulb investigations at traffic accidents
Handwriting and print examination
Counterfeit bank notes
Trace comparison
Examination of non-conducting material
High resolution surface imaging
15. RADIOCARBON
DATING
Also referred as carbon- 14 dating is a method for determining the age of an
object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon a
radioactive isotope of carbon.
Measuring carbon-14 levels in human tissue could help forensic scientists
determine age and year of death in case involving unidentified human remains.
The method is widely by geologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and
investigators in related fields.
Radiocarbon present in molecules of atmospheric carbon dioxide enters the
biological carbon cycle and is absorbed by green plants through air and water
and passed to living organisms through food chain.
Radiocarbon decays slowly in living organism and the amount lost is
continuously replenished as long as the living organism intakes food and air.
Once the organisms die however it ceases to absorb carbon-14 dating so that
amount of radiocarbon in its tissues steadily decreases.
Since carbon-14 decays at slow rate an estimate of the date at which an
organism died can be made by measuring the amount of residual radiocarbon.
16. TRACE
EVIDENCE
Trace evidence is created when two objects make contact. The material is
often transferred by heat or induced by contact friction.
Trace evidence is important in accident investigation, where the movement
of one part against another will often leave a tell-tale mark.
Forensic scientists use trace evidence to reconstruct crimes and to describe
the people, places and thigs involved in them.
Scientists examine the physical, optical and chemical properties of trace
evidence .
The various examples that can be used as trace evidence are hairs, fibres
from clothing or carpet or piece of glass and can be transferred when two
objects touch or when small particles are disbursed by an action or
movement.
17. LINK
ANALYSIS
Link analysis is a data analysis method in the network theory that examines
the connections or relationships between the network nodes.
The relationship can be between any type of node like people, organisation
and transactions.
Link analysis software is used by specialist accountants to highlight any
strange financial activity found within paper trail. The software looks at
financial transactions and profile of the customer and using statistics it
generates illegal behaviour.
Its mostly used by banks and financial institutions and cyber security
agencies to uncover criminal networks.
Link analysis software helps investigators to create a visual picture of the
communications between those who are involved in a criminal case.
18. CONCLUSION
As technology infiltrates every aspect of our lives its no wonder solving
crimes has become futuristic in its advances.
The benefits of real-time on-site forensic investigations are manifold and
such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and
efficacy of the criminal justice system.
This technological revolution in forensic science could ultimately lead to a
paradigm shift in which a new role of forensic expert emerges as a
developer and custodian of integrated forensic platform.