In this modern era of technology, social media is becoming an important component of daily life and the majority of the youth today prefer to communicate their ideas, thoughts, and opinions through it. There are different social media platforms that allow users to access social news, blogs, vlogs, and others in an easy manner. Some of the social media networking sites used extensively include Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook.
DigitALL: Bridging the Gender-Digital Gap through Tackling Online-Gender Base...linda gichohi
This Article entails the Legal Channels and Kenyan laws in place to protect Online-Gender Based Violence Survivors and ways to prevent and respond to OGBV.
DigitALL: Bridging the Gender-Digital Gap through Tackling Online-Gender Base...linda gichohi
This Article entails the Legal Channels and Kenyan laws in place to protect Online-Gender Based Violence Survivors and ways to prevent and respond to OGBV.
Digital security law security of individual or governmentM S Siddiqui
The subject again seems complicated further complicate as cyber security is often conflated with cybercrime, or confused with related but distinct concepts such as cyber-resilience, cyber-warfare and cyber-defense. However, it is taken to mean the protection of digital information systems against attack, either by states or individual hackers.
The proposed law apparently drafted to protect the national interest from possible acts of citizens. It has mixed up the security of individual and nation.
LEGAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN AS VICTIM OF THE CRIME OF PORNOGRAPHY (REVENGE PORN)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Revenge pornThis includes illegal contents, namely a crime committed by entering data or
information on the internet about something that is incorrect, unethical, and can be considered to violate the law
or disturb public order, an example of which is the distribution of pornography. Efforts to enforce criminal law
against perpetrators of the crime of Revenge porn are efforts to protect women as victims which are carried out
through electronic media with two channels, namely non-penal or preventive (prevention before a crime occurs)
through the socialization of statutory regulations, especially laws governing the crime of Revenge porn through
electronic media, and the penal or repressive route (eradication after the crime has occurred) by carrying out an
investigation so that it can then be processed through the courts. Protection and resolution of criminal acts of
Revenge porn include restitution, medical assistance, psycho-social rehabilitation assistance, protection from the
family and protection from the community
Keywords: Revenge porn; pornography; protection; criminal act.
The Internet has become closely associated with freedom of expression and the global economy. Today, it plays a direct or indirect role in almost every aspect of life. Yet many fear the Internet as we have come to know it is at risk, with restrictions forcing fragmentation along political, corporate, or cultural lines. Despite growing concerns about the future of the Internet, discussion surrounding online freedom remains largely mired in a handful of issues: the necessity and appropriateness of government surveillance in the United States, digital privacy in Europe, and censorship in authoritarian states such as China. However, between them, the United States, Europe, and China account for less than half of the world’s Internet users. For much of the rest of the world, any discussion of Internet freedom falls at the complex intersection of political and social liberties, nation-building, security threats, economic development, and resource constraints.
Asia’s biggest developing democracies - India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Thailand - account for a quarter of the world’s people, but only about one-tenth of the global online population. The policy decisions these states make going forward will be of considerable importance for the future of the Internet and offer some useful lessons about the limitations and vulnerabilities of the global Internet freedom agenda as it is currently being pursued by the United States and Europe.
From a survey of these countries’ experiences, six broad conclusions or principles can be drawn. First, the online world is an outgrowth of the offline world, rather than a distinct phenomenon. Internet policy cannot be considered in a vacuum, or divorced from other relevant aspects of public policy, such as security, economic policy, or governance. Second, laws, norms, and cultural attitudes related to Internet use vary widely, even among democracies. A one-size-fits-all approach to Internet freedom will not work and may even prove counterproductive. Third, online freedoms and greater security are not inherently at odds with one another in open societies. Discourse that presents a false choice between security and freedom is harmful for both, as well as for state legitimacy and economic growth.
Fourth, while much discussion of Internet freedom frames the issue as a conflict between governments, corporations, and civil society, each sector is divided on the merits of unfettered Internet freedom. Fifth, current legislation pertaining to the Internet in many democratic countries is deeply flawed, even in the context of their own constitutional rights pertaining to freedom of expression. By and large, Internet-related legislation is vague, making implementation arbitrary, and undermining public trust in state institutions. And sixth, users are often not adequately informed of the privileges and restrictions associated with Internet use in their native countries. Policies and initiat
PRIVACY RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS (2).pdflinda gichohi
This is an article/blog on the Privacy Symposium Africa 2022 on Privacy Rights and Digital rights as Human Rights. It also talks about Online Gender Based Violence , this is gender based violence that manifests in the Digital Space and Online world ie; phishing, non-consensual sharing, harrassment. This article explains why Privacy rights are essential in the modern world.
FM Associates is among the very few leading law firms in Bangladesh, having its presence throughout out of the world. We believe in our lawyers, they are very professional in their work and always try to suggest the best opinion according to the situation. We understated the importance of our client and work very carefully towards the procedure of Legal service. For further details in regards to Banking LEGAL SERVICE in Bangladesh follow the down below link.
Website link: https://www.fmassociatesbd.com/blog/item/14-ict-amendment-ordinance-2013
Email: info@fmassociatesbd.com
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case BookletRajat Kumar
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
Digital security law security of individual or governmentM S Siddiqui
The subject again seems complicated further complicate as cyber security is often conflated with cybercrime, or confused with related but distinct concepts such as cyber-resilience, cyber-warfare and cyber-defense. However, it is taken to mean the protection of digital information systems against attack, either by states or individual hackers.
The proposed law apparently drafted to protect the national interest from possible acts of citizens. It has mixed up the security of individual and nation.
LEGAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN AS VICTIM OF THE CRIME OF PORNOGRAPHY (REVENGE PORN)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Revenge pornThis includes illegal contents, namely a crime committed by entering data or
information on the internet about something that is incorrect, unethical, and can be considered to violate the law
or disturb public order, an example of which is the distribution of pornography. Efforts to enforce criminal law
against perpetrators of the crime of Revenge porn are efforts to protect women as victims which are carried out
through electronic media with two channels, namely non-penal or preventive (prevention before a crime occurs)
through the socialization of statutory regulations, especially laws governing the crime of Revenge porn through
electronic media, and the penal or repressive route (eradication after the crime has occurred) by carrying out an
investigation so that it can then be processed through the courts. Protection and resolution of criminal acts of
Revenge porn include restitution, medical assistance, psycho-social rehabilitation assistance, protection from the
family and protection from the community
Keywords: Revenge porn; pornography; protection; criminal act.
The Internet has become closely associated with freedom of expression and the global economy. Today, it plays a direct or indirect role in almost every aspect of life. Yet many fear the Internet as we have come to know it is at risk, with restrictions forcing fragmentation along political, corporate, or cultural lines. Despite growing concerns about the future of the Internet, discussion surrounding online freedom remains largely mired in a handful of issues: the necessity and appropriateness of government surveillance in the United States, digital privacy in Europe, and censorship in authoritarian states such as China. However, between them, the United States, Europe, and China account for less than half of the world’s Internet users. For much of the rest of the world, any discussion of Internet freedom falls at the complex intersection of political and social liberties, nation-building, security threats, economic development, and resource constraints.
Asia’s biggest developing democracies - India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Thailand - account for a quarter of the world’s people, but only about one-tenth of the global online population. The policy decisions these states make going forward will be of considerable importance for the future of the Internet and offer some useful lessons about the limitations and vulnerabilities of the global Internet freedom agenda as it is currently being pursued by the United States and Europe.
From a survey of these countries’ experiences, six broad conclusions or principles can be drawn. First, the online world is an outgrowth of the offline world, rather than a distinct phenomenon. Internet policy cannot be considered in a vacuum, or divorced from other relevant aspects of public policy, such as security, economic policy, or governance. Second, laws, norms, and cultural attitudes related to Internet use vary widely, even among democracies. A one-size-fits-all approach to Internet freedom will not work and may even prove counterproductive. Third, online freedoms and greater security are not inherently at odds with one another in open societies. Discourse that presents a false choice between security and freedom is harmful for both, as well as for state legitimacy and economic growth.
Fourth, while much discussion of Internet freedom frames the issue as a conflict between governments, corporations, and civil society, each sector is divided on the merits of unfettered Internet freedom. Fifth, current legislation pertaining to the Internet in many democratic countries is deeply flawed, even in the context of their own constitutional rights pertaining to freedom of expression. By and large, Internet-related legislation is vague, making implementation arbitrary, and undermining public trust in state institutions. And sixth, users are often not adequately informed of the privileges and restrictions associated with Internet use in their native countries. Policies and initiat
PRIVACY RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS (2).pdflinda gichohi
This is an article/blog on the Privacy Symposium Africa 2022 on Privacy Rights and Digital rights as Human Rights. It also talks about Online Gender Based Violence , this is gender based violence that manifests in the Digital Space and Online world ie; phishing, non-consensual sharing, harrassment. This article explains why Privacy rights are essential in the modern world.
FM Associates is among the very few leading law firms in Bangladesh, having its presence throughout out of the world. We believe in our lawyers, they are very professional in their work and always try to suggest the best opinion according to the situation. We understated the importance of our client and work very carefully towards the procedure of Legal service. For further details in regards to Banking LEGAL SERVICE in Bangladesh follow the down below link.
Website link: https://www.fmassociatesbd.com/blog/item/14-ict-amendment-ordinance-2013
Email: info@fmassociatesbd.com
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case BookletRajat Kumar
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
Explore the significant distinctions between Hindu and Muslim Laws of Succession in India, including inheritance principles, succession rules, and the impact on property rights. Understand how these legal systems shape property distribution among Hindus and Muslims.
A patent is the protector of the creations of the mind which are of scientific nature. It is an exclusive right given to the inventor by the Government for an invention. This right allows an inventor to exclude others to make, sell, use, or distribute an invention. The primary motive behind the introduction of patent law is to encourage inventors to add more value to their field. The enforcement of a patent ensures the protection of the inventor’s intellectual property rights. Patents prevent theft, ensure exclusivity, help in commercialization, and add money value to the invention.
Constitutional validity of Death Penalty or Capital punishment in India.pdfFree Law - by De Jure
In the Supreme Court of India, the Constitutional validity of the death penalty was challenged many times in different ways. Among different nations in the world, India is one of the nations that have neither totally abolished the death penalty nor passed legislation that may highlight the validity or legality of death penalty or capital punishment. In India, death penalty is awarded on the grounds of rarest of rare doctrine. In 1973, the death penalty was firstly challenged in India in the case of Jagmohan Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh. The judgment and order came before the re-enactment of the CrPC in 1973 whereby the death sentence was determined as an exceptional sentence. In this case, the validity of capital punishment was addressed on the basis that it infringed Articles 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court held that “the choice of death sentence is done by the procedure established by law.” Moreover, during the hearing of the case, it was determined that the top Court decides between a life sentence and a death sentence based on different facts, type of crime, idea of the wrongdoing and circumstances presented before the Court during trial. While delivering the order and judgment on hideous crimes, there is an evolution in the top Court’s views that raises various questions in association with existing judgments.
A document or a piece of paper that guarantees payment of a certain amount of money to a specified person (payee) either immediately upon demand or at a predetermined period is known as a negotiable instrument. It is a document made up of a contract that ensures unconditional payment of money that can be paid now or later. In other words, any document that grants ownership over a quantum of money as well as can be transferred by delivery is addressed as a negotiable instrument. To govern the use of negotiable instruments in India, the Negotiable Instrument Act of 1881 was defined. On March 1, 1881, the Act of 1881, came into force and extends to the whole of India. It is “An Act to define and amend the law relating to Promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and Cheques.” The Negotiable Instrument Act consists of a total of 147 Sections that are spread over 17 chapters. As per the Negotiable Instrument Act of 1881, no phrase appropriately defines ‘negotiable instrument’ whereas Section 13 of the Act states that “A negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to order or to bearer.”
Property Rights of Daughters under Hindu Succession Act, 1956.pdfFree Law - by De Jure
The inheritance of property to the legal heirs is performed according to testament or will but if a person dies intestate then the transfer of property to the beneficiaries is performed as per the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. This article provides a brief discussion of the Hindu Succession Act, of 1956, and its 2005 Amendment highlighting various changes that provide uniform order of succession with respect to the property rights of Hindu daughters.
Humans and animals are living together prosperously for a long time period. As quoted by Kamaran Ihsan Salih, “Lots of humans take a refuge for friendship with animals, because the brutality of human is more dangerous than animal.” Despite this, animals are subjected to cruelty by human beings for their benefit.
Child In Conflict With Law Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2...Free Law - by De Jure
Children are one of the most valued assets of the future generation who are required to be protected. Recently, there is an unprecedented increase in the juvenile crime rate. This is due to many changes such as behavioral change, lack of education, subjugation, upbringing environment, harassment, lack of parental care, sexual indulgence, violent treatment, poverty, and the advent of modern lifestyle. Shrewd criminals indulge children in criminal activities especially, the ones between 6-12 years because at this point minds are innocent and can be easily manipulated as well as lure them to the world of crime. However, children below 7 years of age cannot be held criminally responsible for an offence because of a lack of understandability and are known as “Doli Incapax Maxim”.
Justice, in its most basic definition, is an ideal that stands for something that and just. Fundamentally, it means acting in a just, unbiased, fair, and proper manner. Justice nowadays essentially refers to the acceptance and application of legislatively enacted laws. Furthermore, unlike ancient states, this function is mostly performed by judicial organs in the present environment.
The creation of tribunals was prompted by the need to resolve the situation brought on by the backlog of cases in various Courts, as well as by the necessity to lessen the workload of courts and speed up judgements.
We have often heard about bank frauds, corruption, fabrication of documents, and evasion of taxes, such Crimes cause harm to the economy of the country or threaten a country's economy, ultimately hurting the society. Well, these are what we call white-collar crimes.
Having secured a job, an individual aspires for a better life, a comfortable home, health care, and a pension to take them easily through retirement blues. Key to lead the life out of retirement blues is pension planning for which the savings through Employees’ Provident Funds are important.
The fourth pillar of a democratic country, which we refer to as the media, is the most effective and significant source of information for the general public. TV channels are the fastest and most efficient means of publishing and disseminating news, however this method has recently been surpassed by a competitive market in the media broadcasting sector. As communication technology advanced and public interest in huge, diverse TV channels increased, the industry for Indian broadcasting media became more competitive.
The general maxim "necessity recognizes no law" and "it is the main obligation of man to first aid himself" serve as the foundation for the right of self-defence. Self-preservation is a human trait that, in all practical terms, he shares with every other creature. The first rule of criminal law is self-help. The right to private defence is a significant one, and it is primarily preventive rather than punitive in character. If state assistance is not available, it is nonetheless accessible despite hostility. The right of private defence is purely preventive and not punitive or retributive. Every person in India has the legal right to self-defence of body and property under the penal code outlined nation governing the right to private defence of person and property outlined in Sections 96 to 106. Private defence is a right for everyone.
The National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is based on the Directive Principles, contained in Article 47 of the Indian Constitution, which direct the State to endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drugs injurious to health.
Synopsis On Annual General Meeting/Extra Ordinary General Meeting With Ordinary And Special Businesses And Ordinary And Special Resolutions with Companies (Postal Ballot) Regulations, 2018
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
1. Social Media Laws and its Implications
Introduction
In this modern era of technology, social media is becoming an important component of daily life
and the majority of the youth today prefer to communicate their ideas, thoughts, and opinions
through it. There are different social media platforms that allow users to access social news,
blogs, vlogs, and others in an easy manner. Some of the social media networking sites used
extensively include Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. They help in enhancing social connectivity
by allowing their users to share information through writing, music, and images quickly and
unaffected by distance. Despite the fact that there are tremendous benefits of using social
media, there are certain areas of concern such as privacy and security which are required to be
addressed. One inaccurate or false piece of information posted by an individual on social media
may lead to a negative impact on society. The media should focus on providing truth to the
people of different cultures and religions as well as restrict the spread of false and incorrect
information for eliminating hatred and communal problems.
You can also go through “Contribution of Tribunals in Delivering Justice"
Need for Social Media Laws
Social Media Laws are required to deal with the crimes emerging these days due to the excessive
use of social media platforms. These laws provide remedies in both civil and criminal manner for
protecting the prohibited content. There are various laws associated with social media litigation
which include Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Communication Decency Act for solving
cybercrime or cyberspace problems.
Due to the anonymity and quackery of social media, there is an increase in online violence
affecting people of all ages. In order to reduce social media-related crimes including stalking,
harassment, bullying, and threats, social media laws are required. For instance, recent riots in
some Indian states due to the circulation of fake news video violence through Facebook,
YouTube, and WhatsApp lead to severe damage. This is the reason that there is a need for strong
social media laws in our country.
Also Read: Supreme Court Latest Updates
Grievances Redressal Mechanism
Any individual who has a grievance regarding content published by another individual can issue
his grievance on the grievance mechanism rather than blocking or ignoring the issue. Grievance
redressal is performed by following an appropriate sequence as discussed below:
● The grievance should be addressed by the publisher and within 15 days of the
registration, they should inform the complainant about their decision.
● If the publisher does not communicate their decision to the complainant within the given
time then it is escalated to the self-regulatory body where publisher is a member.
2. ● If the complainant is not satisfied with publisher’s decision then they can appeal to the
self-regulatory body within 15 days of receiving the decision.
● After this, the self-regulatory body addressed the grievance and convey the decision to
the publisher in the form of advisory or guidance. They also inform the complainant
about the made decision within 15 days.
● If the complainant is not satisfied with the self-regulatory body’s decision then they can
appeal to the Oversight Mechanism within a period of 15 days of the decision.
Remedies under Indian Law regarding Social
Media
The Information Technology Act
Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) is a primary law in India for dealing with matters
related to e-commerce and cybercrime. The main objective of this Act is to grant legal
recognition to transactions performed via electronic data exchange or any other means rather
than paper-based communication. It also provides legal recognition to digital signatures and
gives legal sanctions to enable e-governance. Under this law, penalties are prescribed for
different frauds and crimes involving computers or a network. Along with this, certain provisions
of the IPC (Indian Penal Code) are amended in the Information Technology Act which includes
the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934, and the Banker’s Book
Evidence Act of 1891. Some of the sections of the IT Act are listed as follows:
● Section 66A: This section of the IT Act gives the power to arrest anyone sending
messages or posting content on social media that could be deemed offensive. Also, it’s
offensive to send any wrong or false information for the purpose of spreading hatred,
annoyance, inconvenience, obstruction, danger, enmity, insult, and criminal intimidation.
Such activity is punishable and as per the law, three years of imprisonment with a fine is
the penalty imposed on the criminal.
● Section 69A: According to this section, the government has the authority to monitor,
decrypt or intercept any information that is not consistent with provisions of the
government. It empowers the authorities to block internet sites by following an
appropriate procedure. The recent banning of Chinese applications was done under
Section 69A of the IT Act. The one who did not comply with the provisions of this section
is punished with imprisonment and a fine.
Constitution of India
It provides basic rights to Indian citizens which helps them in protecting their basic life interests.
If these rights are violated, various remedial measures are provided to them. In Article 19 of the
Indian Constitution, the Right to freedom of speech and expression is mentioned which ensures
that every individual has the right to present their thoughts to others. This means that they can
raise their voice against any wrongdoing that happened to them or any other person they know.
Indian Penal Code
3. Indian Penal Code (IPC) is addressed as the official criminal code of India aimed at covering all
essential areas of criminal law. Anyone found guilty of a crime related to property, the human
body, conspiracy, or social media is punishable under the provisions of the IPC. There are
different Sections in the IPC, 1860 which deals with crimes related to social media. Some of the
Sections identified for the same are illustrated as follows:
● Section 124A: It mainly deals with sedition, a criminal act that encourages the opposition
to rebel against the Government.
● Section 153A: The purpose of this Section is to punish those who attack the religion,
place of birth, language, and race of any particular religion or group.
● Section 295A: The main objective of this Section is to punish those who defame religion
or religious belief on purpose.
● Section 499: It primarily deals with defamation where an individual faced legal
consequences for making a defamatory comment either verbally or in writing with a
motive to destroy someone’s reputation.
● Section 505: Under this Section of IPC, anyone who makes statements promoting public
annoyance faces legal consequences.
● Section 506: An individual who tries to intimidate the other person either physically or
with the help of any electronic means will amount to an offense resulting in the
punishment of imprisonment for a few years or a fine or both.
● Section 509: Deals with the crime of disrespecting women’s modesty and the punishment
for the same will be imprisonment of one year or a fine.
Also Read: Legal Articles
Duties of Social Media
An intermediary should inform the user of its computer resource not to publish, display, update,
modify, store or share information that belongs to another person, is defamatory, obscene,
paedophilic, pornographic, and infringes intellectual rights. Online activities that threaten the
unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India should be avoided and its friendly
relations with foreign States should not suffer.
Related Case Law
● Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India: In this case, police made an arrest of two women under
Section 66A for posting comments on Facebook after the death of a political leader. The
Supreme Court of India invalidated Section 66A of the Information technology Act, 2000
as it was unconstitutional.
Conclusion
We live in a world where technology has become ubiquitous, as has the threat of cybercrime. In
spite of the fact that there are numerous laws protecting victims of cybercrime or social
media-related crimes, the need for new laws cannot be ruled out. Government should introduce
the Right to be forgotten for control over personal data being given in some European countries.
4. Along with this, strict action should be taken against wrongdoers so as to reduce the
consequences of cybercrime.