Running Head ANALYSIS1ANALYSIS14Juvenile De.docx

Running Head: ANALYSIS 1
ANALYSIS 14
Juvenile Delinquency Analysis
Joshua D. Musick
University of Maryland Global College
PSAD 495
Professor: Barry Titler
November 24, 2019
Introduction
Juvenile delinquency refers to the process of doing criminal acts
by juveniles. It is possible for the juveniles to commit serious
crimes in the society even though they are still considered
children. The way in which the delinquents are dealt with
cannot be similar to how adult offenders are treated in the
society. The adults who commit offences are considered fully
responsible for their behaviors and actions but the delinquents
are still legally children (McCord & Conway, 2018). The legal
systems in the United States has specific processes that are used
to deal with the juveniles, for example, the juvenile detention
centers. There are efforts which are there to try and identify the
potential delinquents early so that are assisted in a way. The
approach that is taken for the delinquents is to guide them
towards reforming as opposed to its being a punishment.
It is common for the juveniles to be given suspended
sentencing or probation. When the delinquent is unable to meet
the conditions under these two conditions then they are under

the stricter regimes as per the state standards. There are reform
schools in the majority of the states. The hope for the youth in
these institutions is for them to be rehabilitated before they
become adults so that they can become well behaved adults
(Garbarino & Plantz, 2017). The success of the modes of reform
is not guaranteed and several of them end up getting into worse
habits getting involved in adult crime. The education of the
delinquents requires for them to be disciplined under the set
laws. Dealing with the problem involves the participation of all
stakeholders in public safety as well as support from the
parents.
Specifications ad Definition
The definition of a delinquent in the United States is a person
who is yet to reach the age of 18 years old which is the age of
maturity and one whose behavior has been determined as
delinquent by a court of law. The requirements for one to be
referred to as delinquent vary from one state to another. The
federal government came up with legislation that was meant to
unify how the delinquents are handled under the Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974. It is this act which came
up with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention (OJJDP) which is in the Justice Department (McCord
& Conway, 2018). The office is the one which administers
grants for programs to deal with the delinquency as well as
provide statistics on this type of crime. The office also funds
research on the crimes of the youth as well as administration of
juvenile custody mandates.
There are specific orders that are there and provided under the
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974. The first one is
deinstitutionalization which means that the young people who
are charged with status offenses that would not be crimes if
done by adults must be deinstitutionalized (Garbarino & Plantz,
2017). The status offences include being caught with tobacco
and alcohol, truancy, and running away. The young people
should not be held by the police except in certain situations

such as where they are found in possession of guns. The
mandate brings several problems such as overriding of local and
state law, limits the powers of the law enforcement officers
(Hoffmann & Dufur, 2018). The second mandate that it provides
is segregation. The segregation means that the youth who are
arrested need to be kept separate from the adults who are in
custody. The out of sight and sound means that the juveniles
should not be given food by anyone who has served the adults
and the juvenile should not walk past an interrogation room
with an adult (Pardini, 2016). The mandate is very expensive
for law enforcement because it forces them to main duplicate
personnel and facilities or result to freeing the juveniles. The
small urban centers are more affected because they increase the
criminal justice costs to the tax payer.
The third mandate which is established is the jail and lockup
removal. The youths who are subject to the jurisdiction of the
juvenile courts should not be held in lockups and jails where the
adults can be held. There is a six hour period within which the
juvenile should identified, processed, interrogated and
transferred to the proper facilities before they are released to
their parents. The rural areas exception periods are 24 hours
(McCord & Conway, 2018). The final mandate that is provided
by the act is that there should not be overrepresentation of the
minority youths. There should be a reduction of the confinement
of the minority youths to their proportion of the groups in the
population. The mandate provides that justice can be provided
by quota where there is affirmative action for the young
criminals. The remedies which are provided need to be race
conscious and prevent the proliferation of other social ills.
History of Juvenile Delinquency
Juveniles have been involved in crime in the United States since
back in history but what has changed is the approach and the
policies applied. Before the early 19th century, the children who
committed crimes as early as 7 years were tried in criminal
courts and given the same punishment as the adult counterparts.
Some of the delinquents at the time were even sent to death or

prison. At the time, the children who were under 7 years old
were seen to be unable to commit any crime because of the lack
of criminal intent (McCord & Conway, 2018). They were
exempted from any form of punishment.
The Progressive Era reforms saw the establishment of
incarceration facilities and special courts for the juveniles.
There was also introduction of child labor laws as well as
mandatory education to ensure that there was optimal child
development in the cities. The reformers at the time held the
belief that the treatment of adolescents and children as adult
criminals was harsh and it led to them being destroyed more.
The main reason for coming up of the juvenile courts was to
ensure the children were not being treated as criminals. The
young adolescents are presumed to be different from adults and
more likely to be rehabilitated as opposed to being punished.
The specific crimes at the time were not considered but what
was looked at is having individualized rehabilitative services.
The first juvenile court was established in Chicago in 1899
under the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899. The act provided
the court with jurisdiction over the dependent, neglected, as
well as the delinquent children who were under the age of 16
(Pardini, 2016). This court was set so as to rehabilitate the
children as opposed to punishing them. The records of this
particular court were kept private to make sure that there was no
stigma. The act also required for the juveniles to be separate
from adults when put in jail and those under 12 could not be
detained. The procedures in the juvenile courts also had to be
informal to ensure that the children are well considered and not
subjected to excessive laws. The idea of the juvenile court
spread all over the country and by 1925 they were present in all
states except Wyoming and Maine (Garbarino & Plantz, 2017).
The juvenile courts continued to evolve over the years and their
jurisdiction and systems depended on each state. The juvenile
courts in the 1990s had jurisdiction over abuse and neglect,
criminal delinquency, and status offences. The criminal
delinquency cases are the ones where the child has committed a

crime which can be committed also by an adult. The status
offences are the ones which would be legal if they were
committed by the adult. The status delinquency cases include
run aways, truancy, as well as disobeying lawful commands by
guardians or parents. There are states which also provide
jurisdiction over other cases such as those of traffic cases,
adoption, child support, consent cases, as well as termination of
parental rights.
The court processes in the juvenile cases can be referred to the
court by schools, parents, police, probation officers, victims,
and other social service agencies. The delinquency referrals
were mainly by the law enforcement agencies with them
comprising 86 percent in 1996. The studies which were done
from 1980 to 1990 discovered that the majority of the juveniles
did not have the representation of an attorney and the rate of
representation were varied depending on the state as well as
rural urban areas. There were around 1.8 million of these cases
back in 1996 (McCord & Conway, 2018). Today the numbers
are higher but there are certain rules that govern the juvenile
justice system. There are minimum sentences for certain serious
cases in some states. There are some states with graduated
sanctions that tie the disposition of justice to past offense as
well as the current one. The United States is also unique
because it is among the few countries which legitimize the
capital punishment for the juveniles. There are 23 states where
there would be capital punishment as long as the offenders were
underage at the time when they were involved in the crimes.
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency is the same as any crime which is
committed by any human being except that this one is
committed by young people. The friends, teachers, parents, and
the general community are responsible together with the
juvenile who commits a crime. The courts put this under
consideration and do not punish the juveniles the same as they
do to adults who commit crimes. The purpose of juvenile courts
is to help the teenager to reform and understand why it is

critical to stay on the right side of the law (Hirschi, 2017).
There are several reasons that have been identified as leading to
juvenile delinquency.
The first general cause of juvenile delinquency can be described
as the family. The family is where the life of a child begins and
it is where the child learns the basic socialization. The child
will learn how to differentiate the various concepts such as bad
and good as well as the values and the norms of the family and
the society (Nisar et al., 2015). The family is the one which is
responsible for making of the personality of the child and it can
break it too. The critical roles in the families are plead by the
siblings as well as the parents. The teenagers who are involved
in crime lack the firm foundation to take them through life.
There are several factors that have been identified in this regard
such as single parent families, broken families, separated
families, lack of confidence and trust in parents, family abuse,
psychological problems in parents, as well as crime among the
parents (Pardini, 2016). There are also cases where there is
unequal treatment between the children or there is excessive
sibling rivalry. It is important for parents as well as elder
siblings to mold the character of the children as it should be.
The parents also should lead by example and show moral
behavior to the children to avoid giving motivation to the kids
to engage in crime.
The most common cause of delinquency that is seen in the
family setting are economic problems. The youth who are in
families who are poor economically will usually get involved in
criminal activities so as to meet their needs. The economic
disparities can be seen as why there are racial differences where
minorities are more in the juvenile justice system. The youth
engaging in these activities are doing so to try and improve
their situations. When there is lack of social support for the
teenagers, they will find themselves engaging in crime. The
other reason that is in the family setting are psychological
problems which are within the family. The problems in
psychology among siblings and parents can be a risk factor for

the juvenile delinquency. There are various problems that are in
the family such as aggression, depression, frustration, and hyper
behavior which the child can see in the parents making them
feel inferior and deprived compared to their friends. There is a
possibility of the children adopting anger and depression which
is in the family either from the elder siblings or from the
parents.
The other problems that are seen in the family are the social
problems. The parents of delinquents can be involved I various
social problems. These include age discrimination, gender
discrimination, racial discrimination, violation of animal rights,
and child labor. The children will learn what they are seeing in
the family as well as the society. There are some rich families
which will use the child labor and consequently the children
will not understand that it is against the moral social code. The
social problems in the families will lead to stress and the teens
will end up being violent. The morality problems which are seen
in the families can also lead to the juvenile delinquency because
the teens might not understand how to respect themselves as
well as others in the society (Hirschi, 2017).
The teens are most probably not taught how to show respect to
everyone that they meet and know. When children are seeing
parents who do not respect others, they will end up transmitting
the same disrespect to others in the society. The style of
parenting is also a factor which leads to delinquency in the
society. It has been identified as one of the major reasons
behind the teenage crime. There are some parents who will end
up being unnecessarily harsh to the children and punish them
over every small issue. When the children are under such
environments they will resist and end up becoming violent to
everyone in their environment.
There are also personal reasons which lead to the juvenile
delinquent. There are situations where the parents or the family
has little to do with such behaviors and everything has to do
with the teaser. There are adolescents who are in crime simply
because they face physical or psychological problems. A

physical handicap, for example, will lead to several problems
for the child as they feel that they are not accepted for their
abilities as well as capacitates (Aizer & Currie, 2019). There
are societies who are cruel towards someone who has a handicap
and the attitude towards them makes them develop negative
feelings. The adolescents will find themselves taking revenge
over the peers, society, as well as friends. It is the same case for
the racial differences that are see. The racial differences can
lead to crimes because the adolescents get aggressive and are
after revenge for the unequal treatment that they are
experiencing. The use of drugs is also a common cause of the
juvenile delinquency. There are juveniles who will get into
drugs and other illegal activities simply because they have
friends who are in such behaviors.
When teenagers are experiencing this period of change they
might not get properly socialized. They will end up being rude
and harsh and will be unable to control their aggression as well
as anger towards others mainly because it’s in their nature.
There are some gender biased boys who will be disrespectful to
girls and might turn violent against them. The personal
problems can also be seen in the psychological context. There
are teenagers who face mental disabilities (Hirschi, 2017). The
mentally ill teens will commit the crimes without realizing that
there are consequences of the same. The statistics show that the
mental illnesses are some of the biggest contributors towards
the juvenile delinquency in the United States. The other
personal problem that can lead to the crimes is drug use. There
are teenagers who frequently use drugs and put themselves and
others in danger. They will lack the control over their impulse
while under the drugs and at the same time they will get into
crime to get money for the drugs.
Peer pressure is also one of the contributors to the juvenile
delinquency. It is a very strong force that can cause serious
problems. When their friends are involved in crime, the
teenager will learn how to commit it and will view it as
something that is cool and trending (Hawkins & Weis, 2017).

The consequences of the crime are not clear to the teenagers
who are influenced into the crime. It is the role of the parents to
ensure that the children are hanging out with friends who are in
the same class to prevent forms of jealous which can lead to
crime. At the same time, it is critical to ensure they are hanging
out with the right parties to avoid the negative influence.
Children should be prevented from joining gangs or cliques.
There are teenagers who will join the gangs as they feel that
they are powerful when they are part of a large group (Pardini,
2016). The strong groups will influence the children to indulge
in negative behavior. The peer pressure can also lead to the
development of abusive behavior. There are groups which will
show the teens that it is right to go around abusing others and
this negativity can clearly lead the affected teens in crime.
When teenagers are rejected from the peer pressure groups, they
are also likely to commit crimes to prove themselves.
The society can also be a factor which leads to the negative
behaviors for the youth as well as difficulties. Society is a
critical factor which leads to formation of the personality of the
tees. The negative feelings that one might receive from the
society can lead to the juvenile delinquency. There are societies
which lead to the involvement of teens in crime. Labeling a teen
as a criminal can lead to them being more involved in the crime.
When one is tagged a criminal they are more likely to repeat the
similar crimes with little embarrassment when committing the
crimes (Aizer & Currie, 2019). The society can also provide the
influence through the schools. School problems can lead to
juvenile delinquency. The school can lead a minor to the
criminal activity through activities such as truancy. When, for
example, a child misses a lot of school days, they will lack the
discipline on following up on their school lives and will not
benefit from the education. The child will lead to criminal
activities when they are not encouraged to get into school every
day.
Racial Disparity in Juvenile Delinquency
There are major disparities which are seen in the involvement of

minority youth in the juvenile justice system. The disparities
are witnessed when it comes to the black and white youth. The
presence of disproportionate racial representation in the
juvenile justice system bring forth questions about the equality
of treatment as well as the fundamental fairness that is present
in the juvenile justice system (Barrett, Katsiyannis & Zhang,
2015). The happenings when youth are involved in the juvenile
justice system can also affect their future development and
involvement in crime. The disproportional confinement of the
minorities can be seen as a major problem by the federal
government. There has been a struggle in the system to try and
explain the overrepresentation of the groups of ethnic and racial
minorities in the juvenile justice system. The offending
behaviors of the various races have been used to explain this as
well as the biases that are present among the people making
decisions in the juvenile justice systems.
The role of social injustice has also been understated in its
influence in the production of crime. There are reports which
show that the black youth in the United States represent around
40 percent of the juvenile cases which are reefer to court. The
percentage also goes into contrast with the 30 percent that they
hold of the total juvenile arrests (Simmons, Steinberg &
Cauffman, 2018). These figures lead to questions of how fair
the long term institutions are. The proportion of black youths
who are udder the adult and juvenile criminal justice systems is
usually more than double their proportion in the total population
eve very year. There are disparities which are seen when it
comes to arrest, confinement in adult’s jails and other facilities,
arrest, as well as the transfer to the criminal courts.
There are, however, some disparities that are difficult to
explain. For example, it is difficult to know the extent of these
disparities where there are different laws from state to state.
There is a lack of standard reporting method to make a proper
comparison of crimes and movement through all of these
processes (Rhoades et al., 2016). The overrepresentation of
black youths is hard to explain given the circumstances that are

there in the country. The question should be why the black
youths are more lily to be involved in crimes when compared to
their white counterparts. The black children, are subject to some
risk factors that can lead to them being present in criminal
activities compared to others. The first factor that can be
identified is poverty.
The majority of black youth are growing up in environments
where there is more poverty compared to the white youth. The
poor neighborhoods in the urban areas are associated with black
youth. The substandard living conditions lead to involvement in
some antisocial conduct that often leads to more serious crimes.
The social conditions and the poverty leads to racial disparities
in the juvenile system and this mostly affects the black youth.
Other minorities such as the Hispanic communities can also lead
to some of these problems. The Hispanic children face both
poverty as well as adverse family conditions. The majority are
less likely to have united families and their mothers are less
likely to have gotten prenatal care (Simmons, Steinberg &
Cauffman, 2018). Black children when compared to the white
children are more likely to grow in environments which have
one resident parent. The unemployment levels are also higher
among the black children. All of these factors compound to the
racial disparities seen with the racial minorities.
As we can see every day there are many contributing factors
that lead our youth down the path of becoming future criminals.
As I believe our society plays the biggest part, no matter where
you are from depending on geographical area or your
upbringing, they want to fit in somewhere. For the kids that
come from money, it m ay be rebellion against their parents, for
the youth that are less fortunate, live in poverty and may only
have one parent, they may go join a gang from peer pressure,
finding that place to fit in, or thinking it going to provide them
with a better life. The youth are going to choose their own path
they take in life, whether it’s going to joyful or lead them to
criminal activities. As much as a child’s development begins at
home as soon as they walk out the door there are so many

influences that can impact their life both positive and
negatively. Sometimes it doesn’t matter how well you are raised
or where your from sometimes the less fortunate can overcome
the negative as much as someone raised with morals can do the
unthinkable.
References
Aizer, A., & Currie, J. (2019). Lead and juvenile delinquency:
new evidence from linked birth, school, and juvenile detention
records. Review of Economics and Statistics, 101(4), 575-587.
Barrett, D. E., Ju, S., Katsiyannis, A., & Zhang, D. (2015).
Females in the juvenile justice system: Influences on
delinquency and recidivism. Journal of child and family
studies, 24(2), 427-433.
Garbarino, J., & Plantz, M. C. (2017). Child abuse and juvenile
delinquency: What are the links? In Troubled youth, troubled
families (pp. 27-40). Routledge.
Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (2017). The social development
model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention.
In Developmental and Life-course Criminological Theories (pp.
3-27). Routledge.
Hirschi, T. (2017). Causes and prevention of juvenile
delinquency. In The Craft of Criminology (pp. 105-120).
Routledge.
Hoffmann, J. P., & Dufur, M. J. (2018). Family Social Capital,
Family Social Bonds, and Juvenile Delinquency. American
Behavioral Scientist, 62(11), 1525-1544.
McCord, J., & Conway, K. P. (2018). Patterns of juvenile
delinquency and co-offending. In Crime and social
organization (pp. 33-48). Routledge.
Nisar, M., Ullah, S., Ali, M., & Alam, S. (2015). Juvenile
delinquency: The Influence of family, peer and economic
factors on juvenile delinquents. Applied Science Reports, 9(1),
37-48.
Pardini, D. (2016). Empirically based strategies for preventing
juvenile delinquency. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric

Clinics, 25(2), 257-268.
Rhoades, K. A., Leve, L. D., Eddy, J. M., & Chamberlain, P.
(2016). Predicting the transition from juvenile delinquency to
adult criminality: Gender‐specific influences in two high‐risk
samples. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 26(5), 336-
351.
Simmons, C., Steinberg, L., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. (2018).
The differential influence of absent and harsh fathers on
juvenile delinquency. Journal of adolescence, 62, 9-17.
4.4 End-of-Chapter Practice Problems
1. Suppose that a chief financial officer of a healthcare
organization wants to check
on the average number of days that the organization’s Accounts
Receivable are
past due. The organization considers a receivable “past due” if
it has not been
paid within 60 days of the bill being sent to the patient. You
have been asked to
test your Excel skills by taking a random sample of all of the
past due accounts,
and you want to practice on the hypothetical data given in Fig.
4.5.
(a) Write the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis on
your spreadsheet

(b) Use Excel to find the sample size, mean, standard deviation,
and standard
error of the mean to the right of the data set. Use number format
(two
decimal places) for the mean, standard deviation, and standard
error of
the mean.
(c) Enter the critical t from the t-table in Appendix E onto your
spreadsheet, and
label it.
(d) Use Excel to compute the t-value for these data (use two
decimal places) and
label it on your spreadsheet
(e) Type the result on your spreadsheet, and then type the
conclusion in plain
English on your spreadsheet
(f) Save the file as: ACCOUNTS3
2. The Department of Managed Health Care in the State of
California (USA) has
adopted a number of regulations to ensure that managed care
enrollees have
access to healthcare services in a timely manner. One of these

regulations
requires that health care plans show that their provider networks
are sufficiently
large to ensure that enrollees be offered an appointment with a
primary care
provider within 10 business days of such a request. Suppose that
you are an
intern for a health insurer and that you have been asked to
determine whether or
not your company is in compliance with this regulation.
Hypothetical data on a
random sample of patients insured with your company are
presented in Fig. 4.6:
Fig. 4.5 Worksheet Data
for Chap. 4: Practice
Problem #1
4.4 End-of-Chapter Practice Problems 81
(a) On your Excel spreadsheet, write the null hypothesis and the
research
hypothesis for these data.
and standard

error of the mean for these data (two decimal places for the
mean, standard
deviation, and standard error of the mean).
(c) Use Excel to perform a one-group t-test on these data (two
decimal places).
(d) On your printout, type the critical value of t given in your t-
table in
Appendix E.
(e) On your spreadsheet, type the result of the t-test.
(f) On your spreadsheet, type the conclusion of your study in
plain English.
(g) save the file as: DISCHARGE3
3. Suppose the Director of Laboratory Services wants to
determine the average
time required to conduct a specific laboratory test. When the
time and motion
study for this test was completed 6 months ago, the average
time required was
32 minutes. The Director wants to know if this time estimate
has changed so that
the proper cost can be applied to this test. You want to practice
your data
interpretation skills on the hypothetical data which appear in

Fig. 4.7.
Fig. 4.6 Worksheet Data for Chap. 4: Practice Problem #2
82 4 One-Group t-Test for the Mean
(a) Write the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis on
your spreadsheet
and standard
error of the mean to the right of the data set. Use number format
(two
decimal places) for the mean, standard deviation, and standard
error of
the mean.
(c) Enter the critical t from the t-table in Appendix E onto your
spreadsheet, and
label it.
(d) Use Excel to compute the t-value for these data (use two
decimal places) and
label it on your spreadsheet
(e) Type the result on your spreadsheet, and then type the
conclusion in plain
English on your spreadsheet

(f) Save the file as: TIME3
Fig. 4.7 Worksheet Data for Chap. 4: Practice problem #3
References
Foster D, Stine R, Waterman R. Basic business statistics: a
casebook. New York: Springer-Verlag;
1998.
Veney J. Statistics for health policy and administration using
Microsoft Excel. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass; 2003.
Veney JE, Kros JF, Rosenthal DA. Statistics for health care
professionals: working with Excel. 2
nd
ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2009.
Zikmund W, Babin B. Exploring marketing research. 10th ed.
Mason: South-Western Cengage
Learning; 2010.
84 4 One-Group t-Test for the Mean

1. Suppose that you are the Director of a nurse training program
and you want to
interview a random sample of nurses who are scheduled to
graduate so that you
can obtain their suggestions about how the program can be
improved. Assume
that 63 nurses are scheduled to graduate and that you want to
randomly select
15 of these 63 nurses for a personal interview.
(a) Set up a spreadsheet of frame numbers for these nurses with
the heading:
FRAME NUMBERS using the Home/Fill commands.
(b) Then, create a separate column to the right of these frame
numbers which
duplicates these frame numbers with the title: Duplicate frame
numbers.
(c) Then, create a separate column to the right of these
duplicate frame numbers
entitled RANDOM NO. and use the ¼RAND() function to
assign random
numbers to all of the frame numbers in the duplicate frame
numbers column,

and change this column format so that three decimal places
appear for each
random number.
(d) Sort the duplicate frame numbers and random numbers into a
random order.
(e) Print the result so that the spreadsheet fits onto one page.
(f) Circle on your printout the I.D. number of the first 15 nurses
that you would
use in your interviews.
(g) Save the file as: RAND9
Important note: Note that everyone who does this problem will
generate a
different random order of ID numbers since Excel assigns a
different random number each time the RAND() command
is used. For this reason, the answer to the problem given in
this Excel Guide will have a completely different sequence
of random numbers from the random sequence that you
generate. This is normal and what is to be expected.
2. Suppose that you have been asked to review Medicare claims
that your home
health care agency has submitted in the previous month. Assume
that your
organization has submitted 114 claims and that you have been
asked to audit a
random sample of 10 of these claims to assess the extent to

which any billing
errors exist before you do a thorough audit of them.
(a) Set up a spreadsheet of frame numbers for these claims with
the heading:
FRAME NO.
numbers which
no.
entitled “Random number” and use the ¼RAND() function to
assign random
numbers column.
Then, change this column format so that three decimal places
appear for
each random number.
34 2 Random Number Generator
random order.

(f) Circle on your printout the I.D. number of the first 10 claims
that would be
used in this audit.
(g) Save the file as: RANDOM6
3. Suppose, for the sake of argument, that the city of St. Louis,
Missouri USA has a
total of 75 long-term-care facilities. Assume that you want to
randomly sample
20 of the 75 long-term-care facilities to conduct phone
interviews with the
facility Directors to obtain their ideas as to how you could
improve your own
organization’s care offered to your guests.
(a) Set up a spreadsheet of frame numbers for these facilities
with the heading:
FRAME NUMBERS.
numbers which
numbers

entitled “Random number” and use the ¼RAND() function to
assign random
numbers column.
Change this column format so that three decimal places appear
for each
random number.
random order.
(f) Circle on your printout the I.D. number of the first 20
facilities that you
would select for your phone interviews.
(g) Save the file as: RAND5
1. The birthweight of new infants born in a health care facility
is an important piece
of data. Suppose that you took a random sample of 14 infants
born in the

previous month in your health care facility and recorded their
weight at birth
in grams. The hypothetical data appear in Fig. 1.17.
(a) To the right of the table, use Excel to find the sample size,
mean, standard
deviation, and standard error of the mean for these data. Label
your answers,
and round off the mean, standard deviation, and standard error
of the mean to
two decimal places; use number format for these three figures.
(b) Print the result on a separate page.
(c) Save the file as: BIRTH4
2. Laboratory supply expenses per month are an important
factor in the profitability
of a health care facility. Suppose you recorded total monthly
supply expenses for
each of the 12 months in the previous year to determine their
variability. The
hypothetical data are given in Fig. 1.18. Note that the data are
recorded in
thousands of dollars, so that a figure of 18.7 refers to a monthly
supply expense
for January of $18,700.

Problem #1
(a) Use Excel to create a table of these data, and at the right of
the table use
Excel to find the sample size, mean, standard deviation, and
standard error of
the mean for these data. Label your answers, and round off the
mean,
standard deviation, and standard error of the mean to two
decimal places
using currency format.
(c) Save the file as: SUPPLY3
3. Mental health respite care provides temporary care for
individuals with serious
mental illnesses who live at home. This type of service provides
caregivers with
an opportunity to take a break from caregiving without having
to worry about the
safety of their loved ones. Suppose that you wanted to know the

age distribution
of patients in such a facility during the past month. The
hypothetical data are
given in Fig. 1.19:
Problem #2
(a) Use Excel to create a table for these data, and at the right of
the table, use
Excel to find the sample size, mean, standard deviation, and
standard error of
the mean for these data. Label your answers, and round off the
mean,
standard deviation, and standard error of the mean to three
decimal places
using number format.
(c) Save the file as: RESPITE3
References

Bowers D. Medical statistics from scratch: an introduction for
health professionals. Hoboken: John
Wiley & Sons; 2008.
Polit DF. Statistics and data analysis for nursing research.
Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education
Inc.; 2010.
Problem #3
20 1 Sample Size, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Standard
Error of the Mean
Running head: JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 2
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 2
Juvenile Delinquency and Public Safety
Joshua D. Musick
University of Maryland Global College
PSAD 495
Professor: Barry Titler
November 10, 2019
There are several issues that are present today in public safety

administration. Despite the growth in the area and presence of
modern methods, there is one thing that is yet to be addressed,
juvenile delinquency. The issue of juvenile delinquency is one
which has always been horrifying when it is being discussed.
Several administrators choose to ignore this matter and a
majority of people in the United States are ill-informed. There
are headlines which come up every now and then showing the
acts of violence that are committed by adolescents. There are
several debates surrounding this topic and many people tend to
believe that this problem is not easy to control because of its
nature. It is important to look at the issue of juvenile
delinquency looking at what causes it and what can be done to
prevent its flourishing. Several states have guidelines on when
something becomes an offence and the age which one is liable
to be prosecuted. A delinquent child is one who is between 7 to
17 years old and breaks the law set by the authorities. In Texas,
one has to reach 10 years old before they can be held
responsible for their actions. A six-year-old in North Carolina,
however, can be arrested (Pennington, 2015).
One of the key demographics that need to be focused on are the
serious and violent juvenile offenders. These are the ones who
will most likely continue with their intensive criminal life and
several intervention and prevention methods might not work.
These are the children who are involved in theft, carjacking,
drug trafficking, among other serious offenses. In the United
States, juvenile delinquency has been a problem in the country
for a long time. In 1985, there were 340,000 cases of juvenile
delinquency in the US justice system. By 2017, there were an
estimated 809,700 arrests of people who are under the age of 18
(Pardini, 2016). The major crimes that were there include the
possession and carrying of weapons. There were also violent
crimes which were there including forcible rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, as well as manslaughter.
There are a variety of individual and community risks which are
associated with violence among the youth. One of the factors
that has been shown to affect these is gender. The statistics

have shown that there are more males who are in crime
compared to females. There are several things that have led to
males being associated more with crime. There are things such
as tetrastylon which make the male youth more likely to use
violence towards others (Pardini, 2016). The gender roles which
are assigned by boys and girls in the society also affect how the
individual will turn out. The idea of masculinity which will
expect the male adolescent to be fearless can make them be very
determined to get success. It is also important to look at other
issues such as parenting which is being done in the families
(Thompson & Bynum, 2016). Girls are subjected to more
intensely supervised parenting as opposed to the sons.
As a public safety administrator, one also needs to consider the
race factor in the presence of juvenile delinquency. There are
differences that are seen in criminality based on the race of the
individual. The minority groups such as blacks and Hispanics
are overrepresented in many areas involving criminal charges.
The African American community makes up 46% of all of the
criminal offenders in institutions and this is dispute being a
minority in the US (Pennington, 2015). The biology of race is
not to be blamed for the criminality but this can be explained by
looking at the environment. Exposure to racial discrimination
has also been found among the juveniles. At the same time.
There are negative prejudices and racial hatred that many of
these individuals are likely to experience. The African
American man might be excluded from the working and social
life and this is why they are more at risk of getting into trouble
with the law (Thompson & Bynum, 2016).
The problem of juvenile delinquency is of concern to people
around the world today because of the trends and patterns which
are being seen. There are new accounts of serious crimes which
are being committed by juveniles and they are sometimes
referred to as super predators (Pardini, 2016). There is the
general belief that the young people are today becoming more
violent and the juvenile justice system is slowly becoming
inadequate in dealing with the problem. The young children and

adolescents when they end up in the adult system will find
themselves having a greater variety of offenses. One of the
major concerns that is there today is the presence of violent
crime among the juveniles.
The issue of juvenile crime has always been there in the world
and this is why the juvenile justice system exists. Because of
the increased presence of the delinquents in violent crime, it is
important to look at the root causes of the problem. The issue
needs to be analyzed for the causes and mitigation measures
that are there to see if they are working. There are other
disciplines such as psychology which look at juvenile
delinquency in terms of the mental welfare of the young people
committing the crime.
References
Pennington, L. (2015). A case study approach to procedural
justice: Parents’ views in two juvenile delinquency courts in the
United States. British Journal of Criminology, 55(5), 901-920.
Pardini, D. (2016). Empirically based strategies for preventing
juvenile delinquency. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric
Clinics, 25(2), 257-268.
Thompson, W. E., & Bynum, J. E. (2016). Juvenile delinquency:
A sociological approach. Rowman & Littlefield.
Write a 4-6 page paper. Must be APA format, 12pt font, 3-4
legitimate, verifiable sources, title page, an introduction, intext
citations, reference page This is due Saturday December 7, 2019
at 10 AM EST .. Plagiarism Free!!
Secondly, after you have written the 4-6 pages, in a separate file
it needs to be combined with the other two papers that you
wrote to make one paper. That’s where the bottom part of the
instructions come into play the first part of the paper Identify
Issue then tie in Analyze Issue then last Develop
Recommendations ( this paper). Follow the second paragraph in
the instructions box for combining the papers.

Instructions
The third assignment is to present solutions to the issue, which
may include a series of recommendations and implementation
steps. Develop recommendations to address the issue with
consideration of resources and of systems theory. These
recommendations, implementation steps, and what follow-up
will be necessary should run from 4 to 6 pages.
Below is for combining the papers.
As part of this final paper, develop an abstract and an
introduction and conclusion that cover all three papers. Make
one title page and combine all three papers and the references
together. Post this paper in your assignment folder and in the
“Capstone Project” discussion (last name, first name) by the
close of Week 7. No extension is allowed for this assignment.
There seems to be some question about the relationships of the
three distinct assignments (identify issue, analyze issue,
develop recommendations) to the consolidated capstone paper
that will follow. Below are my thoughts on the assignments. I
hope they clear up any confusion that might exist.
The recommendations paper and the consolidated capstone
paper are separate assignments. The recommendations paper is
actually the third piece of the consolidated paper. The
recommendations paper will need to be submitted to the
"Assignments" folder at the end of week 7 under "Develop
Recommendations.". The consolidated capstone paper will need
to be submitted to the week 7 discussions under the tab titled
"Post Combined Capstone Project Paper (All three parts)." On
the Monday of week 8, I will assign everyone a classmate's
paper them to do a short peer review that will need to be
submitted to the "Assignment" folder by the end of week 8.
The consolidated paper is just that...you need to take the three
assignments and link them as if they had been written as a
single assignment. What this should entail is taking the three

separate papers and linking them into a single paper. It will
require a single cover page and a single references page or
pages.
As I wrote before, a consolidated paper submission from a
previous class was cancer rates among fire fighters. The student
first described the problem (Identify Issue), then discussed the
facts and history surrounding the issue (Analysis of Issue), and
finally made recommendations for correcting or mitigating the
the problem (Recommendations) . This is how I expect the
subject/issues to be addressed.
Lastly, these three individual assignments will give you the
foundation for the consolidated capstone assignment submission
you'll be putting together for the "peer review" by a classmates
at the end of the course.
I hope this helps...if anyone needs additional explanation please
let me know and we can find a time when we can talk it through
on the phone.

Running Head ANALYSIS1ANALYSIS14Juvenile De.docx

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