- Chestnut is a temperate tree species that has been cultivated for over 4000 years for its wood, nuts, and other uses.
- The nuts are nutritious, low in fat but high in carbohydrates and vitamins. Chestnuts are mostly grown for food use but the wood is also used commercially.
- Chestnut trees can be propagated through seeds or grafting and require well-drained soil and moderate irrigation. Pests and diseases like chestnut blight require management.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
For over coming the problem of unproductive and uneconomic orchards existing in abundance, large scale uprooting and replacement with new plantations (rehabilitation) will be a long term and expensive strategy. Therefore research efforts were initiated to standardise a technology for restoring the production potential of existing plantations by a technique called Rejuvenation.
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
For over coming the problem of unproductive and uneconomic orchards existing in abundance, large scale uprooting and replacement with new plantations (rehabilitation) will be a long term and expensive strategy. Therefore research efforts were initiated to standardise a technology for restoring the production potential of existing plantations by a technique called Rejuvenation.
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
silviculture practices of (Tamarindus indica)
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CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. TAXONOMY
• Scientific name : Castanea sativa
• Family : Fagaceae
• Ch No : 2n=12
• Native to the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere
3. • Chestnut trees are growing
in temperate climate of the
world for more than 4000
years for beauty, fuel and
shelter
• Its wood is durable and
used for timber and furniture
work
4. • Sweet chestnut is nutritious. Low in fat and rich in vitamin B.
• Freshly harvested nuts contains 50% moisture, 40-42 %
carbohydrates, 2.9% proteins and 1.5 % fats
• Chestnut contain little oil and are high in carbohydrate
particularly in starch
5.
6. Morphology
LEAF
• The American chestnut has long canoe
shaped leaves with a prominent lance-shaped
tip, with a coarse, forward hooked teeth at the
edge of the leaf.
• The leaf is dull or “matte” rather than shiny or
waxy in texture.
7. FLOWER
• The flowers of the chestnut tree are long,
drooping catkins that appear on the trees in
spring.
• Each tree bears both male and female flowers,
but they cannot self-pollinate.
• The potent fragrance of the flowers attracts
insect pollinators.
12. COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME
Chinese chestnut Castanea mollissium
Japanese chestnut Castanea crenata
European chestnut Castanea sativa
Seguin chestnut Castanea seguinii
Castanea devidii
Allegany chinkapin Castanea pumila
Ozark chinkapin Castanea ozarkenin
Ashe chinkapin Castanea ashei
Florida chinkapin Castanea floridana
Henry chinkapin Castanea henryi
13. chinkapin
• Chinkapin have only one small , pointed nut per bur(versus up to 3 nuts per bur
for chestnut).
• Chinkapin burs open into two sections whereas chestnut burs open into 4
sections.
22. ABUNDANCE
• It is a seedling selection of Chinese chestnut . Nut size reduced with
increase of plant age.
NANKING
• Nuts are dark brown ,plants are heavy and regular bearer.
BELLE EPINE
• This is European type of pollinizer variety , resistant to root rot.
23. BORRA
• This is European type with high quality large size of nut.
CRANE
• This is Chinese type variety .The nuts are larger in size , shell is dark red.
CASTLE DEL RIO
• It is European type , praised for large sized , high quality nut.
24. SOIL
• Chestnut require a deep , well drained soil , with sandy loam texture.
• Soil pH should be acidic , between 5 and 6.5
• Chestnut won’t tolerate calcareous soils.
• Does not thrive with waterlogged soil.
25. CLIMATE
• The species of chestnut grows in a wide range of climate.
• Chinese chestnut can withstand temperature upto -32 degree Celsius without
injury at dormant conditions.
• The optimum rainfall for chestnut trees is 800mm or more , ideally even
distribution throughout the year.
26. PROPAGATION
• Sexual and Asexual methods are used for chestnut propagation.
• Chestnut is propagated by seed for seedling production for rootstock or producing
the hybrids.
• For commercial production it is propagated by grafting , budding , layering , or
micro propagation.
27.
28. ROOTSTOCK
• The seedling of the same species should be used as rootstock in chestnut.
• Chinese chestnut seedlings are used as rootstock due to their resistance to
chestnut blight and cold injury.
• Most popular clonal root stocks are Euro-Japanese hybrids .
29. NUT STRATIFICATION
• After harvest seeds are stratified for 50-60 days in moist sand at 0-2.2 degree
Celsius to break dormancy and ensure uniform germination.
• Stratification in moist sand kept in wooden boxes at cool shady place is better
than in refrigerator – fluctuating temperature under field condition promote seed
germination.
• Stratified seeds are sown in nursery beds in march.
30.
31. MANURES and fertilization
• Chestnut trees are mostly planted on eroded upland soils , so it is important to
fertilize trees regularly.
• 15:15:15 NPK mixture per year age of tree should be applied before sprouting or
in early spring.
• Full bearing trees should be supplied with 100kg FYM and 6-8 kg of NPK mixture
during December – January.
32. Irrigation
•Well established trees can withstand moderate amount of drought
•Chestnut is generally grown under rain-fed conditions but needs adequate
moisture for at least 2 months after blooming.
• Irrigation at fortnightly intervals afterblooming is desirable for better fruit size,
yield and nut quality.
33. Inter culture:
• Row crops such as corn, soyabean or other pulses can be grown between the
trees for the first few years.
• Filler trees of stone fruits can be planted for supplementing income in the early
years and should be removed later on after chestnut plants start bearing full
crops.
34. Pollination:
• All cultivars and species of chestnut are self sterile.Two or more cultivars and
seedling must be planted in the orchard to ensure cross pollination.
• Young orchard trees may not set nuts when the first flowers are formed because
of lack of pollination.
• When young trees start flowering the few staminate catkins apparently do not
produce enough pollen to fertilize the pistillate flowers.
• Chestnut is wind pollinated as well as insect
35.
36. Maturity and Harvesting
• The chestnut mature in the first fortnight of october in Himachal conditions.
• The bur colour changes from green to lightbrownish and split open during maturity
releasing the nuts.
• Chestnut are very perishable crop that require prompt harvesting every third days.
• Traditionally, chestnut are hand gathered fromground after falling naturally.
• In USA and other developed countries the chestnut are harvested mechanically by
shaking the burs from the trees and using mechanical pick up device together the
nuts.
38. • Nuts are highly perishable because it loose moisture rapidly at
room temperature.
• Fresh chest nuts,stil in their shells,we will keep for about a
week in a cool, dry place.
• To store them longer period, place them in a plastic bag-
perforated to allow for air circulation and refrigerate them for a
month.
• Fresh nuts 8 weeks @ 4-5°C
• Dry nuts (10% moisture) 12 months at 4-5°C.
STORAGE
Yield : Average 20-25 Kg /plant
