This document provides information about different ways to determine the composition of solutions, including molarity, molality, mole fraction, and mass percent. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, and discusses how temperature, surface area, and agitation affect the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent. Examples are provided for calculating molarity, molality, mole fraction and mass percent. The document also covers dilutions and how to calculate the concentration of a diluted solution using the dilution equation.
This document provides an overview of solutions and related concepts. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, noting that solutions are homogeneous mixtures composed of solutes and solvents. Key terms discussed include concentration, saturation, solubility factors, and polarity. Solution types include liquid, solid, and gas solutions. Concentration can be expressed using molarity, percent by mass, or molality. Dilutions and solution stoichiometry problems are also reviewed.
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to solutions and solubility. It begins with definitions of mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions. It then discusses different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also covers concentration, saturation, and solubility curves. It introduces the concepts of molarity and calculations involving molarity. Finally, it discusses dilutions and calculations involving mass percent and solution stoichiometry.
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to solutions and solubility. It begins with definitions of mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions. It then discusses different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also covers concentration, including saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. It introduces concepts of molarity, dilutions, and calculating concentrations using mass percent. Finally, it discusses using stoichiometry to solve for different units when dealing with solutions and chemical reactions in solutions.
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to solutions and solubility. It begins with definitions of mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions. It then discusses different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also covers concentration, saturation, and solubility curves. It introduces the concepts of molarity and calculations involving molarity, dilutions, and mass percent. Finally, it discusses using stoichiometry to solve for different units when dealing with solutions and chemical reactions in solutions.
SOLUTION PPT CHAPTER 2(DONE BY AMAN RAJ CLASS XII-'A'.pptxSonam971503
This document provides an overview of solutions, including definitions of key terms like mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures, homogeneous mixtures, solutions, solutes, and solvents. It discusses different types of solutions like gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions. It also covers topics like concentration, solubility, factors that affect solubility, and the relationship between temperature and solubility. The document explains concepts such as molarity, dilutions, mass percent, and solution stoichiometry. Finally, it briefly introduces vapor pressure, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Raoult's law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and pressure-composition curves.
This document discusses different types of solutions and concepts related to solutions. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, and notes that solutions are homogeneous mixtures composed of solutes and solvents. It describes factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also discusses concentration in terms of molarity, dilutions, mass percent, and solution stoichiometry. Finally, it covers vapor pressure concepts such as Dalton's law, Raoult's law, mole fraction in the vapor phase, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and positive and negative deviations from ideality.
This document provides an overview of solutions and solubility. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, concentration, saturation, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses quantitative concepts such as molarity, percent by mass, and how to use stoichiometry to solve for different units in solution reactions. The key information is that a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, with the solute dissolving in the solvent, and various physical and chemical factors influence how much solute can dissolve.
This document provides an overview of solutions and solubility. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, concentration, saturation, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses quantitative concepts such as molarity, percent by mass, and how to use stoichiometry to calculate amounts in solutions. Specifically, it explains how to calculate amounts of solutes and solvents needed using molarity, percent by mass, and mole ratios from balanced chemical equations.
This document provides an overview of solutions and related concepts. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, noting that solutions are homogeneous mixtures composed of solutes and solvents. Key terms discussed include concentration, saturation, solubility factors, and polarity. Solution types include liquid, solid, and gas solutions. Concentration can be expressed using molarity, percent by mass, or molality. Dilutions and solution stoichiometry problems are also reviewed.
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to solutions and solubility. It begins with definitions of mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions. It then discusses different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also covers concentration, saturation, and solubility curves. It introduces the concepts of molarity and calculations involving molarity. Finally, it discusses dilutions and calculations involving mass percent and solution stoichiometry.
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to solutions and solubility. It begins with definitions of mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions. It then discusses different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also covers concentration, including saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. It introduces concepts of molarity, dilutions, and calculating concentrations using mass percent. Finally, it discusses using stoichiometry to solve for different units when dealing with solutions and chemical reactions in solutions.
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to solutions and solubility. It begins with definitions of mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions. It then discusses different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also covers concentration, saturation, and solubility curves. It introduces the concepts of molarity and calculations involving molarity, dilutions, and mass percent. Finally, it discusses using stoichiometry to solve for different units when dealing with solutions and chemical reactions in solutions.
SOLUTION PPT CHAPTER 2(DONE BY AMAN RAJ CLASS XII-'A'.pptxSonam971503
This document provides an overview of solutions, including definitions of key terms like mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures, homogeneous mixtures, solutions, solutes, and solvents. It discusses different types of solutions like gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions. It also covers topics like concentration, solubility, factors that affect solubility, and the relationship between temperature and solubility. The document explains concepts such as molarity, dilutions, mass percent, and solution stoichiometry. Finally, it briefly introduces vapor pressure, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Raoult's law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and pressure-composition curves.
This document discusses different types of solutions and concepts related to solutions. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, and notes that solutions are homogeneous mixtures composed of solutes and solvents. It describes factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, particle size, and polarity. The document also discusses concentration in terms of molarity, dilutions, mass percent, and solution stoichiometry. Finally, it covers vapor pressure concepts such as Dalton's law, Raoult's law, mole fraction in the vapor phase, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and positive and negative deviations from ideality.
This document provides an overview of solutions and solubility. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, concentration, saturation, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses quantitative concepts such as molarity, percent by mass, and how to use stoichiometry to solve for different units in solution reactions. The key information is that a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, with the solute dissolving in the solvent, and various physical and chemical factors influence how much solute can dissolve.
This document provides an overview of solutions and solubility. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, concentration, saturation, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses quantitative concepts such as molarity, percent by mass, and how to use stoichiometry to calculate amounts in solutions. Specifically, it explains how to calculate amounts of solutes and solvents needed using molarity, percent by mass, and mole ratios from balanced chemical equations.
This document provides information on solution chemistry and concepts including:
- Definitions of key terms like solution, solute, and solvent
- The process of dissolution where solvent molecules pull apart solute molecules
- How saturated, supersaturated and concentrated solutions are classified
- Factors that influence solubility like temperature, pressure and nature of solute
- Colligative properties of solutions like vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression and boiling point elevation that depend on amount of solute.
- Equations to calculate values like molarity, molality and mole fraction in solutions.
This document provides an overview of solutions and mixtures. It defines key terms like homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solutes and solvents, concentration, and solubility. It also discusses different units used to measure concentration, including molarity, molality, and percent composition. Methods for separating mixtures like distillation, filtering, and chromatography are also outlined. The document provides examples of calculating concentration using various units and solving stoichiometric problems involving solutions.
The document discusses concentration of solutions and molarity. It defines molarity as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution. It provides examples of calculating molarity based on moles of solute and volume of solution. It also discusses making dilute solutions by taking an initial volume of a concentrated stock solution and diluting it with solvent to a final volume. Dilution does not change the total moles of solute.
1) Aqueous solutions are homogeneous mixtures where a solute is dissolved in a solvent, usually water. Water is a good solvent due to its polar molecular structure.
2) Solutions can be strong or weak electrolytes depending on how completely the solute dissociates into ions when dissolved. Strong electrolytes fully dissociate into many ions, while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate.
3) Precipitation reactions occur when oppositely charged ions in aqueous solutions combine to form an insoluble ionic compound as a solid precipitate. These reactions can be used to separate out desired products through filtration.
This document provides an overview of solutions and related concepts in chemistry. It begins by defining mixtures and the two types: heterogeneous mixtures which consist of visibly different phases that can be separated by filtering, and homogeneous mixtures or solutions which have uniform composition and consist of a solute dissolved in a solvent. It then discusses various types of solutions and factors that affect solubility. The document also introduces concepts of concentration, including saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. It explains how to read solubility curves and defines molarity. Finally, it shows examples of calculations involving molarity, dilutions, mass percent, and solution stoichiometry.
This document provides instructions and definitions for preparing chemical solutions and reagents. It discusses the types of vessels used to hold solutions, defines key terms like solutes, solvents, concentration, and amount. It also covers how to make solutions of different concentrations by mass, volume, percentage, molarity and describes how to dilute stock solutions to achieve desired concentrations. The goals are to teach how to properly make and measure solutions for experiments.
This document defines solutions and describes different types of solutions, concentration, and colloids. It discusses gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions. Ways to express concentration include percentage by mass or volume, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures where one substance is dispersed as very fine particles in another substance. Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect and can have solid, liquid, or gas phases dispersed in solid, liquid, or gas media.
A document discusses various types of mixtures and solutions. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, and describes solutions as homogeneous mixtures composed of solutes and solvents. The document discusses different types of solutions including gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions. It also covers topics like concentration, molarity, molality, mole fraction, saturation, solubility, and colligative properties. Colligative properties discussed include vapor pressure reduction, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Factors affecting solubility and the rate of dissolution are also summarized.
This document discusses the chemistry of solutions, including:
- Solutions are formed when a solvent dissolves a solute through solvation. The amount of solute dissolved depends on temperature, pressure, and agitation.
- Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given solvent under certain conditions. Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for solid-liquid and gas-liquid solutions, while higher pressures increase gas solubility.
- Concentration refers to the proportion of solute in a solution and can be measured by various units including percentage, molarity, molality, and normality. Colligative properties like boiling point and freezing point depend on concentration.
The document discusses mixtures and solutions in chemistry. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, and explains that solutions are homogeneous mixtures made of a solvent and solute. The document also covers topics such as concentration, saturation, and factors that affect the dissolving of solids in solutions.
The document defines different types of solutions and factors that influence solubility. It explains that solubility depends on temperature, pressure, particle size, and agitation. The document also defines key terms like solute, solvent, saturated, and unsaturated. It provides examples of calculating molarity, making dilutions, and percent solutions by mass and volume. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.
This document provides an overview of solutions and related concepts in chemistry. It defines key terms like mixtures, solutions, solutes, solvents, concentration, solubility, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, concentration in terms of molarity and percent by mass, and how to perform calculations involving dilution of solutions and solution stoichiometry. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate these concepts.
This document discusses concentration of solutions in chemistry. It defines molarity as moles of solute per liter of solution. It provides an example problem calculating the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 5 grams of nickel chloride hexahydrate in 250 mL of water. It also discusses molality, defined as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent, and provides an example problem calculating the molality of a sodium chloride solution. Finally, it discusses the process of diluting solutions through calculations that conserve the number of moles while changing the volume.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to solutions and solution chemistry, including:
- Definitions of key terms like solution, solute, and solvent. Common states of solutions are discussed.
- Methods for describing solution concentration and composition, such as molarity, molality, mass percent, and mole fraction. The differences between molarity and molality are explained.
- Other solution concentration units like normality that are important for acids and bases are defined.
- Factors that determine solubility including entropy and the heat of solution are discussed. Entropy explains why NaCl dissolves in water despite the endothermic heat of solution.
- Different saturation states of solutions -
This document summarizes key concepts about solutions from Chapter 6. It defines terms like solute, solvent, aqueous solutions, and discusses different types of solutions like liquids, solids, and gases. It then covers general properties of solutions like clarity and color. Specific topics discussed include concentration in terms of mass, moles, and equivalents. Colligative properties like vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure are explained. The importance of water as a universal solvent is also highlighted.
The document defines types of solutions and solubility, explains factors that influence the rate at which a solute dissolves, and describes how to calculate molarity by taking the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. Molarity is important as it allows solutions of known concentration to be prepared and diluted in predictable ways. Temperature, pressure, particle size, and agitation can impact solubility and dissolution rates.
The document discusses various chemistry concepts including solutions, electrolytes, concentration units like molarity and molality, colligative properties, freezing point depression and boiling point elevation, and acid-base titrations. Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated based on the amount of solute dissolved, and concentration is important for calculating properties of solutions. Titrations involve adding a base from a buret to an acid in a flask until the indicator shows the reaction is complete.
This document provides information about solutions and colloids. It begins with an overview of solutions as homogeneous mixtures that exist as a single phase, while colloids are heterogeneous mixtures that exist in two or more phases. Subsequent sections discuss solubility and how intermolecular forces affect it, concentration terms including molarity, molality and mole fraction, and factors that influence solubility such as temperature and pressure. Examples are provided for calculating concentration in various units and converting between concentration terms. The document concludes with a discussion of using solutions in chemical reactions including titration and diluting solutions.
This document defines key chemistry concepts and provides examples of calculating molarity, dilution, and final concentration. It begins by defining solutions, solutes, solvents, and related terms. It then explains that molarity measures the concentration of solute in a solution as moles of solute per liter of solution. Several examples show how to calculate molarity by rearranging the formula M=n/V. Dilution decreases the concentration of a stock solution by adding more solvent. The dilution equation M1V1=M2V2 relates the molarities and volumes of stock and diluted solutions. Examples demonstrate using this equation to calculate volumes or concentrations after dilution. The document concludes by showing how to find the
This document defines key chemistry concepts and provides examples of calculating molarity, dilution, and final concentration. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Dilution decreases concentration by adding more solvent. The dilution equation is M1V1=M2V2, where M1 and V1 are the stock solution concentration and volume, and M2 and V2 are the diluted solution concentration and volume. Three examples demonstrate calculating molarity, determining volume needed for dilution, and finding final concentration after mixing solutions.
This document provides information about the electromagnetic spectrum. It begins by asking questions about how waves in the electromagnetic spectrum differ and how each type is utilized. It then defines key terms like light, electromagnetic spectrum, and the different types of waves. It explains that light is a transverse wave that can travel without a medium. Frequency determines a wave's color/type, with higher frequencies having more energy. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of wave is then described in more detail along with common uses. Videos are provided for further explanation of infrared and the full electromagnetic spectrum.
Young's double slit experiment demonstrated the wave nature of light by showing that light passing through two slits will produce an interference pattern of bright and dark fringes on a screen. The experiment showed that light acts as a wave and can interfere with itself. The fringe width of the interference pattern varies with the wavelength of light used in the experiment.
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Similar to Chemistry-Unit 8 Notes HC (Solution Chemistry).pdf
This document provides information on solution chemistry and concepts including:
- Definitions of key terms like solution, solute, and solvent
- The process of dissolution where solvent molecules pull apart solute molecules
- How saturated, supersaturated and concentrated solutions are classified
- Factors that influence solubility like temperature, pressure and nature of solute
- Colligative properties of solutions like vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression and boiling point elevation that depend on amount of solute.
- Equations to calculate values like molarity, molality and mole fraction in solutions.
This document provides an overview of solutions and mixtures. It defines key terms like homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solutes and solvents, concentration, and solubility. It also discusses different units used to measure concentration, including molarity, molality, and percent composition. Methods for separating mixtures like distillation, filtering, and chromatography are also outlined. The document provides examples of calculating concentration using various units and solving stoichiometric problems involving solutions.
The document discusses concentration of solutions and molarity. It defines molarity as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution. It provides examples of calculating molarity based on moles of solute and volume of solution. It also discusses making dilute solutions by taking an initial volume of a concentrated stock solution and diluting it with solvent to a final volume. Dilution does not change the total moles of solute.
1) Aqueous solutions are homogeneous mixtures where a solute is dissolved in a solvent, usually water. Water is a good solvent due to its polar molecular structure.
2) Solutions can be strong or weak electrolytes depending on how completely the solute dissociates into ions when dissolved. Strong electrolytes fully dissociate into many ions, while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate.
3) Precipitation reactions occur when oppositely charged ions in aqueous solutions combine to form an insoluble ionic compound as a solid precipitate. These reactions can be used to separate out desired products through filtration.
This document provides an overview of solutions and related concepts in chemistry. It begins by defining mixtures and the two types: heterogeneous mixtures which consist of visibly different phases that can be separated by filtering, and homogeneous mixtures or solutions which have uniform composition and consist of a solute dissolved in a solvent. It then discusses various types of solutions and factors that affect solubility. The document also introduces concepts of concentration, including saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. It explains how to read solubility curves and defines molarity. Finally, it shows examples of calculations involving molarity, dilutions, mass percent, and solution stoichiometry.
This document provides instructions and definitions for preparing chemical solutions and reagents. It discusses the types of vessels used to hold solutions, defines key terms like solutes, solvents, concentration, and amount. It also covers how to make solutions of different concentrations by mass, volume, percentage, molarity and describes how to dilute stock solutions to achieve desired concentrations. The goals are to teach how to properly make and measure solutions for experiments.
This document defines solutions and describes different types of solutions, concentration, and colloids. It discusses gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions. Ways to express concentration include percentage by mass or volume, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures where one substance is dispersed as very fine particles in another substance. Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect and can have solid, liquid, or gas phases dispersed in solid, liquid, or gas media.
A document discusses various types of mixtures and solutions. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, and describes solutions as homogeneous mixtures composed of solutes and solvents. The document discusses different types of solutions including gaseous, liquid, and solid solutions. It also covers topics like concentration, molarity, molality, mole fraction, saturation, solubility, and colligative properties. Colligative properties discussed include vapor pressure reduction, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Factors affecting solubility and the rate of dissolution are also summarized.
This document discusses the chemistry of solutions, including:
- Solutions are formed when a solvent dissolves a solute through solvation. The amount of solute dissolved depends on temperature, pressure, and agitation.
- Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given solvent under certain conditions. Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for solid-liquid and gas-liquid solutions, while higher pressures increase gas solubility.
- Concentration refers to the proportion of solute in a solution and can be measured by various units including percentage, molarity, molality, and normality. Colligative properties like boiling point and freezing point depend on concentration.
The document discusses mixtures and solutions in chemistry. It defines heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, and explains that solutions are homogeneous mixtures made of a solvent and solute. The document also covers topics such as concentration, saturation, and factors that affect the dissolving of solids in solutions.
The document defines different types of solutions and factors that influence solubility. It explains that solubility depends on temperature, pressure, particle size, and agitation. The document also defines key terms like solute, solvent, saturated, and unsaturated. It provides examples of calculating molarity, making dilutions, and percent solutions by mass and volume. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.
This document provides an overview of solutions and related concepts in chemistry. It defines key terms like mixtures, solutions, solutes, solvents, concentration, solubility, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, concentration in terms of molarity and percent by mass, and how to perform calculations involving dilution of solutions and solution stoichiometry. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate these concepts.
This document discusses concentration of solutions in chemistry. It defines molarity as moles of solute per liter of solution. It provides an example problem calculating the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 5 grams of nickel chloride hexahydrate in 250 mL of water. It also discusses molality, defined as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent, and provides an example problem calculating the molality of a sodium chloride solution. Finally, it discusses the process of diluting solutions through calculations that conserve the number of moles while changing the volume.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to solutions and solution chemistry, including:
- Definitions of key terms like solution, solute, and solvent. Common states of solutions are discussed.
- Methods for describing solution concentration and composition, such as molarity, molality, mass percent, and mole fraction. The differences between molarity and molality are explained.
- Other solution concentration units like normality that are important for acids and bases are defined.
- Factors that determine solubility including entropy and the heat of solution are discussed. Entropy explains why NaCl dissolves in water despite the endothermic heat of solution.
- Different saturation states of solutions -
This document summarizes key concepts about solutions from Chapter 6. It defines terms like solute, solvent, aqueous solutions, and discusses different types of solutions like liquids, solids, and gases. It then covers general properties of solutions like clarity and color. Specific topics discussed include concentration in terms of mass, moles, and equivalents. Colligative properties like vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure are explained. The importance of water as a universal solvent is also highlighted.
The document defines types of solutions and solubility, explains factors that influence the rate at which a solute dissolves, and describes how to calculate molarity by taking the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. Molarity is important as it allows solutions of known concentration to be prepared and diluted in predictable ways. Temperature, pressure, particle size, and agitation can impact solubility and dissolution rates.
The document discusses various chemistry concepts including solutions, electrolytes, concentration units like molarity and molality, colligative properties, freezing point depression and boiling point elevation, and acid-base titrations. Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated based on the amount of solute dissolved, and concentration is important for calculating properties of solutions. Titrations involve adding a base from a buret to an acid in a flask until the indicator shows the reaction is complete.
This document provides information about solutions and colloids. It begins with an overview of solutions as homogeneous mixtures that exist as a single phase, while colloids are heterogeneous mixtures that exist in two or more phases. Subsequent sections discuss solubility and how intermolecular forces affect it, concentration terms including molarity, molality and mole fraction, and factors that influence solubility such as temperature and pressure. Examples are provided for calculating concentration in various units and converting between concentration terms. The document concludes with a discussion of using solutions in chemical reactions including titration and diluting solutions.
This document defines key chemistry concepts and provides examples of calculating molarity, dilution, and final concentration. It begins by defining solutions, solutes, solvents, and related terms. It then explains that molarity measures the concentration of solute in a solution as moles of solute per liter of solution. Several examples show how to calculate molarity by rearranging the formula M=n/V. Dilution decreases the concentration of a stock solution by adding more solvent. The dilution equation M1V1=M2V2 relates the molarities and volumes of stock and diluted solutions. Examples demonstrate using this equation to calculate volumes or concentrations after dilution. The document concludes by showing how to find the
This document defines key chemistry concepts and provides examples of calculating molarity, dilution, and final concentration. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Dilution decreases concentration by adding more solvent. The dilution equation is M1V1=M2V2, where M1 and V1 are the stock solution concentration and volume, and M2 and V2 are the diluted solution concentration and volume. Three examples demonstrate calculating molarity, determining volume needed for dilution, and finding final concentration after mixing solutions.
Similar to Chemistry-Unit 8 Notes HC (Solution Chemistry).pdf (20)
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Chemistry-Unit 8 Notes HC (Solution Chemistry).pdf
1. Essential Question
What are the different ways to
determine the composition of a
solution?
By the end of the period…
I will be able to understand the
different relationships to determine
the composition of solutions
1
2. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is a solution?
• Solution:
▪ A homogenous mixture of two or more substances
uniformly spread out
• Solute:
▪ The substance that dissolves in a solution
• Solvent:
▪ The substance that dissolves the solute
2
3. The Nature of Solutions
■ Types of Mixtures:
• Homogenous Mixture:
▪ Same throughout entire mixture; consistent
▪ Example ➔ A pitcher of lemonade
• Heterogeneous Mixture:
▪ Not the same throughout; not well mixed
▪ Example ➔ A fruit salad
3
4. The Nature of Solutions
■ Miscible vs. Immiscible:
▪Miscible:
– Two or more liquids that can be mixed together
▪ Example ➔ Coffee and cream
▪Immiscible:
– Two or more liquids that cannot be mixed
▪ Example ➔ Oil and vinegar
4
5. The Nature of Solutions
Heterogeneous mixtures that
are liquids can be separated
with a spout as seen in the
picture. The heavier (more
dense) particles sink to the
bottom of the cup, leaving
the less dense liquid on the
top.
5
7. The Nature of Solutions
• Predict what you think is going to happen…
➢ When 3 drops of food coloring is placed into
two different beakers containing equal
amounts of different temperature water.
➢ Which beaker do you think contains the
warmer/colder water? Be ready to support
your answer with specific evidence
7
8. The Nature of Solutions
The Kinetic Theory
• All substances are made up of tiny particles
• All particles are in motion
• Temperature has an impact on the movement
of particles
8
9. Stop and Think
■ Imagine that you place the sugar
cube (in the diagram) in a glass of
water (solution)…
▪ What can you do to the sugar cube
to make it dissolve quicker?
▪ What can you do to the solution to
make the sugar cube dissolve
quicker?
▪ Will the sugar cube dissolve?
9
10. The Nature of Solutions
■ Dissolving a sugar cube…
▪ The water molecules strike the
sides of the sugar cube
▪ Energy is transferred from the
water molecules to the sugar
particles
▪ Sugar particles leave the sugar
cube into the water
▪ More sugar particles are uncovered
▪ Repeat process
10
11. The Nature of Solutions
■ The Rate of Dissolving:
➢ Three major factors for dissolving:
▪Temperature
▪Surface Area
▪Stirring or shaking
11
12. Rates of Dissolving
■ Temperature (of the solvent)
▪ As temperature increases ➔ INCREASES
▪ As temperature decreases ➔ DECREASES
▪ It’s all about collision of particles…
▪ High temp ➔ particles move faster
▪ Low temp ➔ particles move slower
▪ Faster moving particles = higher frequency of
collisions
➔ More solute can be dissolved
12
13. Rates of Dissolving
■ Surface Area (of the solute)
▪ More surface area ➔ INCREASES
▪ Less surface area ➔ DECREASES
▪ More surface for particles of solvent to
interact with particles of solute
▪ Greater rate of collisions
13
14. Rates of Dissolving
■ Agitation:
▪ More agitation ➔ INCREASES
▪ Less agitation ➔ DECREASES
▪ Affects both the solute AND solvent
▪ Agitation (stirring or shaking) of a solution
causes the particles in solution to collide more
often
14
18. Molarity and Concentration
■ Concentration:
▪ The measure of the amount of solute that is
dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
▪ Dilute Solution:
➢ Low number of solute particles in a given
solution
▪ Concentrated Solution:
➢ Large number of solute particles in a given
solution
18
19. Molarity and Concentration
■ Molarity:
▪ The number of moles of a solute that is dissolved
in a given solution (in Liters)
▪ Unit = M ➔ pronounced “molar”
Molarity (M) =
moles of solute
Liters of solution
=
mol
V
19
20. Molarity and Concentration
■ Molarity Equations and Algebra
M =
mol
V
moles = (M) x (V)
V =
moles
M
M = molarity
mol = moles of solute
V = Liters of solution
20
21. Molarity and Concentration
■ Example #1:
▪ Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by
dissolving 0.0428 mol of HCl into 26.8 mL of
solution.
Moles of solute =
Volume of solution = = 0.0268 L
0.0428 mol HCl
26.8 mL
Equation ➔ Molarity =
moles
volume
21
22. Molarity and Concentration
■ Example #1:
▪ Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by
dissolving 0.0428 mol of HCl into 26.8 mL of
solution.
Molarity (M) =
mol HCl
L solution
= 1.60 M
0.0428 mol HCl
0.0268 L solution
=
22
23. Molarity and Concentration
■ Example #2:
▪ A salt water solution contains 0.90 grams of
NaCl per 100 mL of solution. What is its
molarity?
Moles of solute =
Volume of solution = = 0.1 L
0.90 grams NaCl
100 mL
Equation ➔ Molarity =
moles
volume
0.90 g NaCl
58.4 g NaCl
1 mol NaCl
= 0.015 mol NaCl
23
24. Molarity and Concentration
■ Example #2:
▪ A salt water solution contains 0.90 grams of
NaCl per 100 mL of solution. What is its
molarity?
Molarity (M) =
mol NaCl
L solution
= 0.15 M
0.015 mol NaCl
0.1 L solution
=
24
25. Molarity and Concentration
■ Example #3:
▪ How many moles of sulfuric acid (H2
SO4
) would
be in solution if you have 1.5 L of 0.10 M of
H2
SO4
solution
Moles of solute =
Volume of solution =
???
1.5 L
Equation ➔
Molarity = 0.10 M
moles =(molarity) x (L of solution)
25
26. Molarity and Concentration
■ Example #3:
▪ How many moles of sulfuric acid (H2
SO4
) would
be in solution if you have 1.5 L of 0.10 M of
H2
SO4
solution
mol = (molarity) x (L of solution)
mol = (0.10 M) x (1.5 L) = 0.15 mol H2
SO4
26
28. Dilutions
■ A lot of chemicals are purchased in the
concentrated form
▪ Large # of mol of solute in a given amount
of solution
▪ When making a dilution…the number of
moles before the dilution EQUALS the
number of moles of solute after the dilution
28
29. Dilutions
■ Need to rearrange the Molarity equation to
solve for moles of solute
Molarity (M) x
moles of solute
Liters of solution
# of moles of solute = # of L of solution
Molarity (M) =
29
30. Dilutions
■ Since the total number of moles of solute
remains unchanged upon dilution, you can write
the following relationship.
■ The M1
and V1
values represent the initial
solution’s Molarity and volume and M2
V2
are
the final solution’s molarity and volume
M1
x V1
= moles of solute = M2
x V2
30
31. Dilutions
■ KEY POINTS:
▪ The volumes can be measured in either mL or
Liters…but BOTH volumes must be the same
▪ When using this equation, you are adding (or
removing solvent) to make a new concentration
M1
V1
= M2
V2
31
33. Dilutions
■ What concentration of HCl acid would you produce
if you mixed 2.5 L of a 2.0 M solution of HCl to
make a TOTAL volume of 4.0 L?
M1
V1
M2
=
V2
(2.0 M) (2.5 L)
M2
=
4.0 L
= 1.25 M
33
34. Dilutions
■ What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid (H2
SO4
) must be
used to prepare 1.5 L of a 4 M sulfuric acid solution?
How much water must be added to create 1.5 L of
solution?
M2
V2
V1
=
M1
(4 M) (1.5 L)
V1
=
16 M
= 0.375 L
H2
SO4
34
35. Dilutions
■ What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid (H2
SO4
) must be
used to prepare 1.5 L of a 4 M sulfuric acid solution?
How much water must be added to create 1.5 L of
solution?
How much H2
SO4
acid is needed?
0.375 L H2
SO4
How much H2
O is needed to make 1.5 L of solution?
1.5 L sol’n - 0.375 L H2
SO4 = 1.125 L H2
O
35
37. Molality
■ Molality:
▪ The number of moles of a solute dissolved in
1 kilogram (1000 grams) of solvent
▪ Unit = m ➔ pronounced “molal”
Molality (m) =
moles of solute
kilograms of solvent
37
38. Molality
■ Molality Equations and Algebra
m =
moles
kg
moles = (m) x (kg)
kg =
moles
m
m = molality
mol = moles of solute
kg = kg of solvent
38
39. Molality
■ Significance of Molality:
▪ Used when both the solute and solvent need to
be weighed (accurately)
▪ Density variations due to temperature and
pressure differences
▪ Mass of a pure substance is more relevant
than volume (in some cases)
▪ More useful in experiments involving
significant temperature changes
39
40. Molality
■ Example #1:
▪ Glucose (C6
H12
O6
) is a naturally occurring sugar. What
is the molality of a solution containing 5.67 g glucose
dissolved in 25.2 g of water?
Solute =
Solvent =
5.67 g glucose
25.2 g H2
O
Molality = ???
5.67 g C6
H12
O6
180.0 g C6
H12
O6
= 0.0315 mol C6
H12
O6
1 mol C6
H12
O6
= 0.025 kg H2
O
➔ convert to moles
40
41. Molality
■ Example #1:
▪ Glucose (C6
H12
O6
) is a naturally occurring sugar.
What is the molality of a solution containing
5.67 g glucose dissolved in 25.2 g of water?
m =
0.0315 mol
0.0252 kg
= 1.25 m C6
H12
O6
m =
mol
kg
41
42. Molality
■ Example #2:
▪ How many grams of potassium iodide (KI) must
you dissolve in 500 g of water to produce 0.060
molal KI solution?
Solute =
Solvent =
Potassium iodide (KI)
➔ 500 g H2
O
Molality = 0.060 m
= 0.500 kg H2
O
= ???
H2
O
42
43. Molality
■ Example #2:
▪ How many grams of potassium iodide must you
dissolve in 500 g of water to produce 0.060 molal
KI solution?
moles = (m) x (kg)
moles = (0.060) x (0.500) = 0.03 mol KI
0.030 mol KI
1 mol KI
= 5.0 g KI
166.0 g KI
43
45. Mole Fraction
■ Mole Fraction:
▪ The ratio of the moles of solute in solution to
the total number of moles of BOTH solvent and
solute ⇒ (solute + solvent = solution)
Mole fraction
(ΧA
)
mol substance A
total moles of solution
=
Mole fraction
(XA
)
mol substance A
molsolute
+ molsolvent
=
45
46. Mole Fraction
■ Significance of Mole Fraction:
▪ It is NOT temperature dependent
▪ Do not need to know density values
▪ Mole fractions can be determined from the
masses of solute and solvent
▪ It is a unitless property
46
47. Mole Fraction
■ What are the mole fractions of glucose and water in a
solution containing 5.67 grams of glucose (C6
H12
O6
)
dissolve in 25.2 grams of water?
5.67 g C6
H12
O6
180.0 g C6
H12
O6
= 0.0315 mol C6
H12
O6
1 mol C6
H12
O6
25.2 g H2
O
18.0 g H2
O
= 1.40 mol H2
O
1 mol H2
O
1.40 mol H2
O + 0.0315 mol C6
H12
O6
= 1.432 mol
(solvent) (solute) (total moles)
47
48. Mole Fraction
Mole fraction
(C6
H12
O6
)
= 0.0220
1.432
=
0.0315
Mole fraction
(H2
O)
= 0.978
1.432
=
1.40
= 1.000
The sum of the mole fraction is
ALWAYS 1.000
Mole fraction
(XA
)
mol substance A
molsolute
+ molsolvent
=
48
50. Mass Percent
■ Mass Percent (or Percent by Mass):
▪ The ratio of the mass of a solute divided by the
mass of the solution (solute + solvent = solution)
Mass Percent
mass of substance
mass of solution
= X 100
Mass Percent
mass of substance
masssolute
+ masssolvent
= X 100
50
51. Mass Percent
■ Significance of Mass Percent:
▪Used to measure…
▪ The amount of solute compared to the
TOTAL solution
▪ The amount of solvent compared to the
TOTAL solution
▪Independent of lab conditions
▪ Pressure, temperature and volume
▪It is a unitless property
51
52. Mass Percent
■ Example:
▪ What is the percent by mass of 15.5 g NaCl in
80.0 g H2
O?
Mass Percent
mass of substance
masssolute
+ masssolvent
= X 100
Mass Percent
mass of NaCl
massNaCl
+ massH2O
= X 100
52
53. Mass Percent
■ Example:
▪ What is the percent by mass of 15.5 g NaCl in
80.0 g H2
O?
Mass Percent
15.5
15.5 + 80.0
= X 100
Mass Percent = 16.2 % NaCl
53
54. Mass Percent
■ Example:
▪ How many grams of NaCl are found in 60.0 g of a
4.0% solution?
Mass Percent
mass of solute
mass of solution
= X 100
4.0 %
mass of NaCl
60.0 g
=
Convert to decimal…
divide by 100
X 100
54
55. Mass Percent
■ Example:
▪ How many grams of NaCl are found in 60.0 g of a
4.0% solution?
0.04
mass of NaCl
60.0 g
=
mass of solute = (0.04) (60.0)
= 2.4 g NaCl
55
57. The Nature of Solutions
• Solubility:
▪ The amount of a solute that dissolves in a given
amount of grams of a solvent at a given
temperature to produce a saturated solution
▪ A graph of solubility (called a solubility curve) is
created by comparing the temperature of the
solvent to the amount of solute
per 100 grams of solvent
57
59. The Nature of Solutions
■ Saturated Solution
▪ The maximum amount (mass) of solute that can be
dissolved into solution at a certain temperature
▪ Interpreting the Solubility Curve
▪ All points located ON the “solubility curve”
59
60. The Nature of Solutions
Saturated Solution
60
For any point
ON the solubilitycurve
the solution is SATURATED
61. The Nature of Solutions
■ Unsaturated Solution
▪ A solution where more solute can dissolve into
solution
▪ Interpreting the Solubility Curve
▪ Any point BELOW the “solubility curve” of a
substance at a certain temperature.
61
62. For any point
BELOW the solubility curve
the solution is UNSATURATED
The Nature of Solutions
Unsaturated Solution
62
63. The Nature of Solutions
■ Supersaturated Solution
▪ A solution holding more dissolved solute than is
“allowed” at a given temperature
▪ Interpreting the Solubility Curve
▪ Any point ABOVE the “solubility curve” of a
substance at a certain temperature.
63
64. For any point ABOVE the
solubility curve the
solution is
SUPERSATURATED
The Nature of Solutions
Supersaturated Solution
64
65. 1. At 40°C, 100g of
water can dissolve
how much solute?
2. At 40°C, is the
solution saturated,
unsaturated or
supersaturated?
3. If 30 grams of solute
is dissolved at 80°C,
is the solution
saturated,
unsaturated or
supersaturated?
Saturation at 40°C
with 45 grams of
solute
The Nature of Solutions
65
67. The Nature of Solutions
■ Factors that affect solubility
▪ Temperature
▪ Physical state of solute
▪ Partial pressure above solution
67
68. The Nature of Solutions
■ Temperature of the solution
▪ Predicting temperature dependence on solubility
can be difficult due to chemical properties
▪ Solubility of solids tend to increase with
increasing temperatures
▪ Solubility of gases tends to decrease with
increasing temperatures
▪ The type of substance is a determining factor
on the solubility
68
69. The Nature of Solutions
■ Physical state of the solute
▪ The solubilities of gases are greater in cold
water than in warmer water
▪ Example ➔ Boiling water
▪ When you first begin to heat water to bring it to
its boiling point, bubbles begin to form
▪ These bubbles are dissolved gases that are
escaping from the solution
69
71. The Nature of Solutions
■ Partial Pressure
▪ The solubility of a gas increases as the partial
pressure of the gas above the solution is
increased
▪ Example ➔ Carbonated Beverages
▪ Most containers of soda are under high
pressure…this keeps the CO2
in solution
▪ When the bottle is opened, the partial pressure
above the solution decreases, causing the
dissolved CO2
to be released from the solution
71
73. Colligative Properties
■ Colligative Properties:
▪ Properties of a solution that depend on the
concentration (number of particles) of the
solute in solution
▪ The properties of a solution are different from
pure solvents
▪ Three key colligative properties:
▪ Lowering vapor pressure
▪ Increasing boiling point
▪ Lower freezing point
73
74. Colligative Properties
■ Lowering Vapor Pressure
▪ Vapor Pressure
▪ Pressure that is exerted by a vapor in a closed
system
▪ A solution containing a non-volatile solute
ALWAYS has a lower vapor pressure than its
pure solvent.
▪ Non-volatile = solute does not vaporize
▪ More particles of solute = lower vapor pressure
74
75. Colligative Properties
■ Example ➔ Adding salt to water
▪ When placed in H2
O, sodium and chloride ions
dissociate in solution
▪ The ions become surrounded by H2
O (dissolved)
▪ The water “shell” around each ion creates a
barrier for water molecules to gain enough KE
to escape the solution as a vapor
75
77. Colligative Properties
■ Increasing Boiling Point
▪ Boiling Point
▪ The temperature of a liquid at which its vapor
pressure equals external pressure (usually
atmospheric pressure)
▪ Adding a solute to a liquid reduces the overall
vapor pressure, therefore increasing the overall
temperature required to reach boiling point
77
78. Colligative Properties
■ Increasing Boiling Point
▪ Attractive forces exist between the solvent and
particles of solute
▪ To overcome these attractive forces, the
particles need to have greater KE
▪ Higher KE = higher boiling point temperature
78
79. Colligative Properties
■ Decreasing Melting/Freezing Point
▪ Melting/Freezing Point
▪ The temperature at which a substance changes
from a solid to a liquid (or liquid to solid)
▪ When a substance freezes, the particles tend
to organize in an orderly pattern
▪ Presence of solute particles disrupts this
order…decreasing the overall temperature at
which the solid will melt
79
80. Colligative Properties
■ Examples:
▪ The amount of solute and type of solute has
different effects
▪ The addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1000 g of H2
O
lowers the freezing point of H2
O to -3.72°C
▪ The addition of 1 mol of glucose to 1000 g of H2
O
lowers the freezing point of H2
O to
-1.86°C
▪ Adding salt to icy pavement will lower the
freezing point of water…causing the ice to melt
80
84. Essential Question
What are acids and bases?
By the end of the period…
I will be able to understand how solutes
dissolved in solution create different
solution properties
84
85. Acids and Bases
■ Common Properties of Acids
▪ React with most metals to form hydrogen gas
▪ Taste sour
▪ Can feel sticky when on skin
▪ Usually liquids or gases
85
86. Acids and Bases
■ Common Properties of Bases
▪ React with oils and greases
(non polar molecules)
▪ Taste bitter
▪ Feels slippery (reacts with your skin)
▪ Frequently solids or liquids
86
87. Acids and Bases
■ Acids
▪ Arrhenius Concept
▪ An acid is a substance that produces a H+
ion when
dissolved in water
▪ Bronsted-Lowry Model
▪ A proton donor
▪ Donates proton (H+
) ion to another compound
87
88. Acids and Bases
■ Bases
▪ Arrhenius Concept
▪ A base is a substance that produces a hydroxide (OH–
)
ion when dissolved in water
▪ Bronsted-Lowry Model
▪ A proton acceptor
▪ Receives proton (H+
) ion from the other
compound (acid)
88
89. Acids and Bases
■ Conjugate Acid
▪ A substance formed by receiving a proton lost by
the acid
▪ Proton is transferred to the base (H2
O)
▪ Forms a hydronium ion ➔ H3
O+
■ Conjugate Base
▪ Is formed by the removal of a proton from an acid
HA (aq) H3
O+
(aq) A-
(aq)
+
+ H2
O (ℓ)
Acid Base Conjugate
Acid
Conjugate
Base 89
90. Acids and Bases
■ Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
▪ Consists of two substances related to each other by
donating and accepting a single proton
HCl (aq) H3
O+
(aq) Cl-
(aq)
+
+ H2
O (ℓ)
Acid Base Conjugate
Acid
Conjugate
Base
HCl (aq) and Cl-
(aq)
and H3
O+
(aq)
H2
O (ℓ)
➔ HA donates a proton to form A-
➔ H2
O receives a proton to form H3
O+
90
91. The Nature of Solutions
■ Electrolytes:
▪ A substance that when dissolved in water produces a
solution that can conduct electricity
■ Nonelectrolytes
▪ Solutions that DO NOT conduct electricity
91
92. The Nature of Solutions
▪ The extend at which a solution can conduct
electricity depends on the concentration of ions in
solution
▪ Cations ➔ positive charges
▪ Anions ➔ negative charges
92
93. The Nature of Solutions
■ Strong Electrolytes
▪ Substances that are completed ionized (dissociate)
when they are dissolved in water
▪ Can create a basic chemical equation by splitting up the
ions
▪ Use the reverse criss-cross method ➔ from Chapter 5
CaCl2
Ca2+
(aq) Cl-
(aq)
+
H2
O
MgSO4
Mg2+
(aq) SO4
2-
(aq)
+
H2
O
93
94. The Nature of Solutions
■ Strong Acids
▪ Substances that completely ionize (dissociate)
in water…producing H+
ions in solution
▪ Strong Acids:
▪ HCl
▪ HBr
▪ HI
▪ HNO3
▪ HClO4
▪ H2
SO4
94
95. The Nature of Solutions
■ Strong Acids
▪ Monoprotic Acids
▪ Produces one H+
ion when in aqueous solution
▪ Hydrochloric acid (HCl); Nitric acid (HNO3
)
▪ Diprotic Acids
▪ Produces two H+
ions when in aqueous solution
▪ Sulfuric acid (H2
SO4
)
HCl H+
(aq) Cl-
(aq)
+
H2
O
H2
SO4
2 H+
(aq) SO4
2-
(aq)
+
H2
O
95
96. The Nature of Solutions
■ Strong Bases
▪ Substances that completely ionize (dissociate)
in water…producing OH-
ions in solution
▪ Strong Bases:
▪ NaOH
▪ KOH
NaOH Na+
(aq) OH-
(aq)
+
H2
O
KOH K+
(aq) OH-
(aq)
+
H2
O
96
97. The Nature of Solutions
■ Weak Electrolytes
▪ Substances that exhibit a small degree of ionization
when dissolved in water
▪ Produce very few ions in solution
▪ Weak Acids
▪ Any acid that dissociates and produces very few H+
ions in water (solution)
▪ Weak Bases
▪ Any base that dissociates and produces very few OH-
ions in water (solution)
97
98. Essential Question
What is pH and how is it calculated?
By the end of the period…
I will be able to understand how pH and
pOH is used to measure the level of
acidity in a solution
98
99. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is pH?
▪ Scale used to measure level of acidity in a solution
▪ Acid vs. Base
▪ Determined based on the amount of H+
ions in
solution
▪ Measured on a scale ➔ 0 – 14
▪ 0 = more acidic
▪ 7 = neutral
▪ 14 = more basic
99
100. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is pH?
▪ Developed on a log scale based on powers of 10
▪ Since pH is a log scale, pH changes by 1 for every
power of 10
▪ Example:
▪ A solution with a pH of 3 has an H+
concentration 10x
that of a solution with a pH of 4
100
101. The Nature of Solutions
■ Ion Product Constant (Kw
)
▪ Autoionization of water
▪ Involves the transfer of a proton (hydrogen ion) from
water molecule to another
▪ Produces a hydroxide (OH-
) ion and a hydronium
(H3
O+
) ion
▪
101
102. The Nature of Solutions
■ Ion Product Constant (Kw
)
▪ The total amount of H+
ions and OH-
ions in pure
water at 25°C MUST be equal
[H+
] = [OH-
] = 1.0 x 10-7
M
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
] = (1.0 x 10-7
) (1.0 x 10-7
)
Kw
= 1.0 x 10-14
= [H+
] [OH-
]
102
103. The Nature of Solutions
■ Ion Product Constant (Kw
)
▪ A neutral solution where [H+
] = [OH-
]
▪ An acidic solution where [H+
] > [OH-
]
▪ A basic solution where [H+
] < [OH-
]
[H+
] and [OH-
] ions will ALWAYS
= 1.0 x 10-14
103
104. Example
If [H+
] = 1.0 x 10-5
M, what is the [OH-
] of this
solution?
[H+
] = 1.0 x 10-5
M
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
[OH-
] of solution
What equation are we going to use?
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
] 104
105. Example
If [H+
] = 1.0 x 10-5
M, what is the [OH-
] of this
solution?
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
]
[OH-
] = 1.0 x 10-9
M
[OH-
] = Kw [OH-
] = (1.0 x 10-14
)
[H+
] (1.0 x 10-5
)
105
106. Example
If [H+
] = 1.0 x 10-5
M, what is the [OH-
] of this
solution?
[OH-
] = [1.0 x 10-9
]
Is this solution basic, neutral or acidic?
[H+
] = [1.0 x 10-5
]
[H+
] > [OH-
]
Acidic
106
107. Example
If [OH-
] = 5.20 x 10-7
M, what is the [H+
] of this
solution?
[OH-
] = 5.20 x 10-7
M
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
[H+
] of solution
What equation are we going to use?
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
] 107
108. Example
If [OH-
] = 5.20 x 10-7
M, what is the [H+
] of this
solution?
[H+
] = 1.92 x 10-8
M
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
]
[H+
] = Kw [H+
] = (1.0 x 10-14
)
[OH-
] (5.20 x 10-7
)
108
109. Example
If [OH-
] = 5.20 x 10-7
M, what is the [H+
] of this
solution?
[H+
] = [1.92 x 10-8
]
Is this solution basic, neutral or acidic?
[OH-
] = [5.20 x 10-7
]
[OH-
] > [H+
]
Basic
109
111. The Nature of Solutions
■ Calculating pH ➔ Acids
▪Calculating pH from the [H+
] concentration
pH = -log [H+
]
▪ [H+
] concentration is equivalent to the hydrogen ions
in solution
▪ To determine the pH of a solution, need to know the
ratio of major species (ions)
111
112. Example
What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen-ion
concentration [H+
] of 1.0 x 10-10
M?
Hydrogen-ion concentration = 1.0 x 10-10
M
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pH of solution
What equation are we going to use?
pH = -log [H+
]
112
113. Example
What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen-ion
concentration [H+
] of 1.0 x 10-10
M?
Calculate pH of solution
pH = -log [H+
] = -log [1.0 x 10-10
]
pH = 10.0
113
114. Example
What is the pH of a solution if the [OH-
] = 4.0 x 10-11
M?
[OH-] = 4.0 x 10-11
M
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pH of solution
What equation are we going to use?
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
] pH = -log [H+
]
114
115. Example
What is the pH of a solution if the [OH-
] = 4.0 x 10-11
M?
Calculate [H+
] ion concentration
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
] [H+
] = Kw
[H+
] = (1.0 x 10-14
)
[H+
] = 2.5 x 10-4
M
[OH-
]
(4.0 x 10-11
)
pH = -log [H+
] = -log [2.5 x 10-4
]
pH = 3.60 115
116. Essential Question
What is pOH and how is it
calculated?
By the end of the period…
I will be able to understand how pOH is
used to measure the level of acidity in
a solution
116
117. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is pOH
▪pOH is the measured level of OH-
ions in a particular
solution
▪ Measured on a scale of 1-14 (like pH)
▪Opposite scale of pH
▪ LOW pH = acid ➔ LOW pOH = base
▪ HIGH pH = base ➔ HIGH pOH = acid
117
118. The Nature of Solutions
■ Calculating pOH ➔ Bases
▪Calculating pOH from the [OH-
] concentration
pOH = -log [OH-
]
▪ [OH-
] concentration is equivalent to the hydroxide
ions in solution
118
119. Example
What is the pOH of a solution that has a hydroxide-ion
concentration [OH-
] of 4.10 x 10-9
M?
[OH-
] = 4.10 x 10-9
M
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pOH of solution
What equation are we going to use?
pOH = -log [OH-
]
119
120. Example
What is the pOH of a solution that has a hydroxide-ion
concentration [OH-
] of 4.10 x 10-9
M?
pOH = -log [OH-
] = -log [4.10 x 10-9
]
pOH = 8.4
120
121. The Nature of Solutions
■ Calculating [H+
] concentration
▪When do I use this equation???
▪When I need to calculate [H+
] ion concentration from pH
▪ You need to make sure that you change the pH to a
negative value to determine the correct [H+
]
concentration
[H+
] = antilog (pH)
[H+
] = 10(-pH)
121
122. Example
What is the hydrogen-ion concentration [H+
] of a
solution with a pH of 6.0?
pH = 6.00
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
Hydrogen-ion concentration [H+
]
What equation are we going to use?
[H+
] = 10(-pH)
122
123. Example
What is the hydrogen-ion concentration [H+
] of a
solution with a pH of 6.0?
[H+
] = 10(-pH)
[H+
] = 1.0 x 10-6
➔ 10(-6.0)
123
124. The Nature of Solutions
■ Calculating [OH-
] concentration
▪When do I use this equation???
▪When I need to calculate [OH-
] ion concentration from pOH
▪ You need to make sure that you change the pOH to a
negative value to determine the correct [OH-
]
concentration
[OH-
] = antilog (pOH)
[OH-
] = 10(-pOH)
124
125. Example
What is the hydroxide-ion concentration [OH-
] of a
solution with a pOH of 12.5?
pOH = 12.5
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
Hydroxide-ion concentration [OH-
]
What equation are we going to use?
[OH-
] = 10(-pOH)
125
126. Example
What is the hydroxide-ion concentration [OH-
] of a
solution with a pOH of 12.5?
[OH-
] = 3.16 x 10-13
M
[OH-
] = 10(-pOH)
➔ 10(-12.5)
126
127. The Nature of Solutions
■ Understanding pH and pOH
▪ If you are determining the pH of a basic solution
(OR the pOH of an acidic solution), you can use the
following formula:
pH + pOH = 14.00
▪ This provides another option for determining pH,
pOH, [H+
] or [OH-
]
127
128. Example
What is the pH of a solution has a pOH of 5.25?
pOH = 5.25
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pH
What equation(s) are we going to use?
pH + pOH = 14.0 128
129. Example
What is the pH of a solution has a pOH of 5.25?
pH + pOH = 14.0
pH = 14.0 - pOH
pH = 14.0 – 5.25
pH = 8.75
- pOH - pOH
129
130. Example
What is the [OH-
] of a solution has a pH of 4.75?
pH = 4.75
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
[OH-
] of solution
What equation(s) are we going to use?
pH + pOH = 14.0 [OH-
] = 10(-pOH)
130
131. Example
What is the [OH-
] of a solution has a pH of 4.75?
pOH = 14.0 - pH
pOH = 14.0 – 4.75
pOH = 9.25
pH + pOH = 14.0
- pOH - pOH [OH-
] = 10(-pOH)
[OH-
] = 10(-9.25)
[OH-
] = 5.62 x 10-10
M
131
132. Example
What is the hydroxide-ion concentration [OH-
] of a
solution with a pH of 3.35?
pH = 3.35
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
Hydroxide-ion concentration [OH-
]
What equation are we going to use?
[H+
] = 10(-pH) Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
]
132
133. Example
What is the hydroxide-ion concentration [OH-
] of a
solution with a pH of 3.35?
[H+
] = 4.47 x 10-4
M
[H+
] = 10(-pH)
[H+
] = 10(-3.35)
Kw
= [H+
] [OH-
]
[OH-
] = Kw
[H+
]
[H+
]
[H+
]
[OH-
] = (1.0 x 10-14
)
(4.47 x 10-4
)
[OH-
] = 2.23 x 10-11
M 133
135. Essential Question
What is pH and pOH and how is it
calculated?
By the end of the period…
I will be able to understand how pOH is
used to measure the level of acidity in
a solution
135
136. The Nature of Solutions
■ Calculating pH ➔ Strong Acids and Bases
▪Need to know the following:
▪Major species (ions) dissociated in solution
▪ Need to know the number of H+
or OH-
ions in
solution
▪ The number of ions EQUALS the [H+
] or [OH-
]
concentration
▪Concentration (molarity) of the solution
▪Moles of solute
▪Volume of solution
136
137. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 25.0 grams
of HCl acid dissolved in 22.5 Liters of water
HCl acid and H2
O
What are the major species (ions)?
H+
; Cl-
; H2
O
137
138. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 25.0 grams
of HCl acid dissolved in 22.5 Liters of water
Mass of HCl acid = 25.0 g
Volume of solution = 22.5 L H2
O
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pH of solution
138
139. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 25.0 grams
of HCl acid dissolved in 22.5 Liters of water
Convert mass HCl to moles HCl
25.0 g HCl
36.45 g HCl
= 0.686 mol HCl
1 mol HCl
Calculate molarity of HCl
Molarity =
moles
volume
= 0.0305 M
0.686 mol
22.5 L
=
139
140. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 25.0 grams
of HCl acid dissolved in 22.5 Liters of water
Calculate pH of solution
pH = -log [H+
] = -log [0.0305]
pH = 1.52
140
141. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 42.0 grams
of H2
SO4
acid dissolved in 40.25 Liters of water
H2
SO4
acid and H2
O
What are the major species (ions)?
2 H+
; SO4
2-
; H2
O
141
142. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 42.0 grams
of H2
SO4
acid dissolved in 40.25 Liters of water
Mass of H2
SO4
acid = 42.0 g
Volume of solvent = 40.25 L H2
O
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pH of solution
142
143. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 42.0 grams
of H2
SO4
acid dissolved in 40.25 Liters of water
Convert mass H2
SO4
to moles H2
SO4
42.0 g H2
SO4
98.1 g H2
SO4
= 0.428 mol H2
SO4
1 mol H2
SO4
Calculate molarity of H2
SO4
Molarity =
moles
volume
= 0.0106 M
0.428 mol
40.25 L
=
143
144. Example
What is the pH of a solution that contains 42.0 grams
of H2
SO4
acid dissolved in 40.25 Liters of water
Account for the 2 H+
ions per molecule
Molarity = = 0.0212 M H2
SO4
0.0106 x 2
Calculate pH of solution
pH = -log [H+
] = -log [0.0212]
pH = 1.67 144
145. Example
What is the pOH of a solution that contains 1.77 mol
NaOH dissolved in 2.5 Liters of water?
NaOH (base) and H2
O
What are the major species (ions)?
Na+
; OH-
; H2
O
145
146. Example
What is the pOH of a solution that contains 1.77 mol
NaOH dissolved in 2.5 Liters of water?
Moles of base = 1.77 mol NaOH
Volume of solution = 2.5 L H2
O
What do we know???
What are we solving for?
pOH of solution
146
147. Example
What is the pOH of a solution that contains 1.77 mol
NaOH dissolved in 2.5 Liters of water?
Calculate molarity of NaOH
Molarity =
moles
volume
= 0.708 M
1.77 mol
2.5 L
=
Calculate pOH of solution
pOH = -log [OH-
] = -log [0.708]
pOH = 0.150
147
148. Example
What is the pH of a solution that has a pOH of 0.150?
Determine the pH of the solution
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH + (0.150) = 14.00
- (0.150) - (0.150)
pH = 13.85
148
149. Example
What is the pOH of a solution that has a pH of 1.67?
Determine the pH of the solution
pH + pOH = 14.00
(1.67) + pOH = 14.00
- (1.67) - (1.67)
pH = 12.33
149
151. The Nature of Solutions
■ Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions
▪ A chemical reaction involving an acid and a
base
▪ Products formed with ALWAYS
be a salt (ionic compound) AND
water (H2
O)
▪ GOAL:
▪ Determine how much acid (or base) is
needed to create a solution that
has a pH near 7
151
152. The Nature of Solutions
■ Acid-Base Neutralization Calculations
▪ Need to know the balanced CHEMICAL equation
▪ Know the mole ratio between acid and base
(reactants)
▪ Calculate moles of the REACTANTS
▪ Use the volume provided in the problem
▪ Use a conversion table…volume ➔ mol
▪ Concentration (molarity) = mol/L
▪ You can convert mL to Liters prior to conversion
table
152
153. The Nature of Solutions
■ Acid-Base Neutralization Calculations
▪ Use the “molarity equation” to…
▪ Determine moles, volume or concentration (molarity)
of acid
▪ Determine moles, volume or concentration (molarity)
of base
▪ Use algebra to determine variables
▪ Remember…molarity is moles/Liters (or M)
Molarity =
moles of solute
Liters of solution
153
155. The Nature of Solutions
■ How many moles of sulfuric acid (H2
SO4
) would you
require to neutralize 0.50 mol of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)
Use mole ratio to determine moles of NaOH
H2
SO4
(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) ➔ 2 H2
0 (ℓ) + Na2
SO4
(aq)
0.50 mol NaOH
2 mol NaOH
= 0.25 mol H2
SO4
1 mol H2
SO4
155
156. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a HCl solution if 26.0 mL
of it is neutralized by 15.0 mL of 0.0300 M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution?
__ HCl (aq) + __ NaOH (aq) ➔ __ H2
0 (ℓ) + __ NaCl (aq)
1 1 1 1
Moles HCl to Moles NaOH ➔ 1:1
What is the mole ratio between the acid and base?
156
157. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a HCl solution if 26.0 mL
of it is neutralized by 15.0 mL of 0.0300 M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution?
Volume of HCl acid = 26.0 mL
Volume of NaOH = 15.0 mL
What do we know???
Concentration of base ➔ NaOH = 0.0300 M
What are we solving for?
Concentration (molarity) of HCl acid
__ HCl (aq) + __ NaOH (aq) ➔ __ H2
0 (ℓ) + __ NaCl (aq)
1 1 1 1
157
158. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a HCl solution if 26.0 mL
of it is neutralized by 15.0 mL of 0.0300 M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution?
Need to determine moles of NaOH
mol = (molarity) x (L of solution)
mol = (0.0300 M) x (0.0150 L)
= 0.00045 mol NaOH
158
159. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a HCl solution if 26.0 mL
of it is neutralized by 15.0 mL of 0.0300 M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution?
Determine molarity of HCl from volume and moles:
0.00045 mol NaOH
1 mol NaOH
= 0.00045 mol HCl
1 mol HCl
Molarity =
moles
volume
= 0.0173 M
0.00045 mol
0.026 L
=
159
160. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a HCl solution if 26.0 mL
of it is neutralized by 15.0 mL of 0.0300 M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution?
You can solve this problem another way…
Modify the “dilution” equation ➔ M1
V1
= M2
V2
Macid
Vacid
= Mbase
Vbase
160
161. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a HCl solution if 26.0 mL
of it is neutralized by 15.0 mL of 0.0300 M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution?
Macid
Vacid
= Mbase
Vbase
Macid
(26.0 mL) = (0.0300 M) (15.0 mL)
(26.0 mL) (26.0 mL)
= 0.0173 M 161
163. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution if it takes 25.0 mL of 0.05 M HCl to
neutralize 345.0 mL of NaOH solution?
■
__ HCl (aq) + __ NaOH (aq) ➔ __ H2
0 (ℓ) + __ NaCl (aq)
1 1 1 1
Moles HCl to Moles NaOH ➔ 1:1
What is the mole ratio between the acid and base?
163
164. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution if it takes 25.0 mL of 0.05 M HCl to
neutralize 345.0 mL of NaOH solution?
Volume of HCl acid = 25.0 mL
Volume of NaOH = 345.0 mL
What do we know???
Concentration of acid ➔ HCl = 0.05 M
What are we solving for?
Concentration (molarity) of NaOH 164
165. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution if it takes 25.0 mL of 0.05 M HCl to
neutralize 345.0 mL of NaOH solution?
Need to determine moles of HCl (acid)
mol = (molarity) x (L of solution)
mol = (0.05 M) x (0.0250 L)
= 0.00125 mol HCl
165
166. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution if it takes 25.0 mL of 0.05 M HCl to
neutralize 345.0 mL of NaOH solution?
Determine molarity of NaOH from volume and moles:
0.00125 mol HCl
1 mol HCl
= 0.00125 mol
NaOH
1 mol NaOH
Molarity =
moles
volume
= 0.0036 M
0.00125 mol
0.345 L
=
166
167. The Nature of Solutions
■ What is the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution if it takes 25.0 mL of 0.05 M HCl to
neutralize 345.0 mL of NaOH solution?
Macid
Vacid
= Mbase
Vbase
(0.05 M) (25.0 mL) = (Mbase
) (345.0 mL)
(345.0 mL) (345.0 mL)
= 0.0036 M 167