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The document summarizes the history and chemistry of solar panels. It describes how the photoelectric effect was discovered in the 18th century laying the foundation for solar energy technology. Solar power gained popularity during WWII. The document then explains how semiconductors like silicon are used in solar cells, and how photons hitting the silicon create electrons and holes which generate an electric current when separated. Examples of solar power applications discussed include solar powered homes, the International Space Station, and solar transportation.
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The document summarizes the history and chemistry of solar panels. It describes how early scientists in the 1700s and 1800s discovered photovoltaic effects and laid the foundations for the solar power industry. It then explains how semiconductors like silicon work at a atomic level to generate electricity when struck by photons. Impurities are added to silicon to create excess electrons that are susceptible to creating current when exposed to light. Finally, it provides examples of solar power applications including powering homes, the International Space Station, and transportation.
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This document discusses the history and chemistry of solar panels. It outlines that the first solar collector was created in 1767, but solar power did not take off until the late 1800s and early 1900s with discoveries like the photoelectric effect by Einstein. Solar panels work through the photoelectric effect - photons hit silicon semiconductor particles, ejecting electrons to create an electric current. Silicon is commonly used in solar cells due to its crystalline structure. The document then gives examples of solar power applications like solar powered homes and the International Space Station.
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The document summarizes the history and chemistry of solar panels. It discusses that the photoelectric effect was discovered in 1839 and helped establish the solar energy industry. Solar panels use semiconductors like silicon to convert light into electricity via the photoelectric effect. When photons hit the semiconductor, they eject electrons which flow and generate a current. The document also mentions applications of solar power like solar homes, the International Space Station, and solar transportation.
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Solar panels work through the photoelectric effect. When light hits the semiconductors in solar panels, photons eject electrons, creating an electric current. Silicon is commonly used as the semiconductor because its crystalline structure and electron configuration make it susceptible to generating free electrons when struck by photons. Impurities added to the silicon help make its electrons more easily dislodged. The electric current produced can then be used as an electric power source for applications such as powering homes, the International Space Station, and solar-powered vehicles.
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The document summarizes the history of electricity, including key discoveries by Greek scientists, Ben Franklin, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Nikola Tesla, and Thomas Edison. It also covers concepts of electric charge, static electricity, electrical forces, grounding objects, and how lightning works by clouds building up an imbalance of electric charges with the ground.
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This document discusses the history and chemistry of solar panels. It outlines that the first solar collector was created in 1767, but solar power did not take off until the late 1800s and early 1900s with discoveries like the photoelectric effect by Einstein. Solar panels work through the photoelectric effect - photons hit silicon semiconductor particles, ejecting electrons to create an electric current. Silicon is commonly used in solar cells due to its crystalline structure. The document then gives examples of solar power applications like solar powered homes and the International Space Station.
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The document summarizes the history and chemistry of solar panels. It discusses that the photoelectric effect was discovered in 1839 and helped establish the solar energy industry. Solar panels use semiconductors like silicon to convert light into electricity via the photoelectric effect. When photons hit the semiconductor, they eject electrons which flow and generate a current. The document also mentions applications of solar power like solar homes, the International Space Station, and solar transportation.
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Solar panels work through the photoelectric effect. When light hits the semiconductors in solar panels, photons eject electrons, creating an electric current. Silicon is commonly used as the semiconductor because its crystalline structure and electron configuration make it susceptible to generating free electrons when struck by photons. Impurities added to the silicon help make its electrons more easily dislodged. The electric current produced can then be used as an electric power source for applications such as powering homes, the International Space Station, and solar-powered vehicles.
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Building upon Rutherford's model, Niels Bohr proposed his planetary model of the atom in 1913. He suggested that electrons occupy specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus. Electrons can jump between these orbits by gaining or losing energy, emitting or absorbing photons in the process. Bohr's model successfully explained the spectral lines of hydrogen but had limitations for more complex elements.
6. Quantum Mechanical Model (1920s and beyond):
In the 1920s, with the development of quantum mechanics, scientists like Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Dirac formulated the modern quantum mechanical model of the atom. This model describes electrons as wave-like entities with uncertain positions and energies, represented by probability distributions known as orbitals. The quantum mechanical model successfully explained the behavior of electrons in atom
Chemistry Basic understanding for LIKE WHAT?
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made of indivisible atoms and that atoms of different elements have different masses. However, later discoveries showed limitations of this theory. Atoms were found to be divisible into subatomic particles and isotopes of the same element can have different masses. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus, like planets around the sun. However, this model could not explain the stability of atoms and quantum theory was needed to fully explain atomic structure.
ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS
This document provides an introduction to nuclear physics. It discusses the history and development of the field, from the discovery of radioactivity and the electron in the early 20th century to the proposal of the liquid drop model and development of the semi-empirical mass formula to describe nuclear structure. Key events discussed include Rutherford's discovery of the nuclear model of the atom, the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick, and Yukawa's proposal of the meson to explain nuclear forces. The introduction concludes by outlining the chapters to follow on topics like nuclear decay, fusion, fission, and reactor physics.
iesc104.pdf
The document discusses the structure of atoms and the discovery of subatomic particles. It explains that:
1) Early experiments showed atoms were divisible and contained electrons and protons.
2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed atoms had a small, dense nucleus containing most of the mass.
3) Models were developed to explain the atom's structure, including Thomson's "plum pudding" model and Rutherford's nuclear model.
4) Later, the Bohr model incorporated allowed electron orbits, and neutrons were discovered in atomic nuclei.
The atom (handouts)
1. Theories of atomic structure have evolved over millennia from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scientific experiments. John Dalton proposed atoms as the basic building blocks of matter in 1803 based on laws of chemical combination.
2. In the early 20th century, experiments revealed atoms have smaller subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 established that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, with electrons in orbits around the nucleus.
3. Niels Bohr's 1913 model visualized electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun, which explained atomic spectra. Later models like Erwin Schrödinger's 1926
Atomic structure
This document discusses the history of atomic theory and models of the atom. It describes early philosophers' ideas that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. In the 1800s, John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny, indivisible spheres that combine to form compounds. J.J. Thomson's experiments in the late 1800s showed atoms contain even smaller, negatively charged particles called electrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 demonstrated atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Later models incorporated the discoveries of protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, and quantum theory explained electron behavior.
Solar Energy Company in Uttarakhand India, Marisol Infra Power Private Limited
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Timeline of Influential Solar Power Breakthroughs
Solar panels are eco-friendly and cost-effective. Once installed, you'll never worry about maintenance as it only requires a little. Plus, you also minimize your carbon footprint as it doesn't pollute the environment. And since it's sustainable and renewable, we'll never run out of it as long as there is sun. So imagine the majority of us switch into solar? Here is an infographic that illustrates the Photovoltaic History, honoring the famous scientists and the breakthroughs they did.
source: http://www.dbmsolar.com/timeline-influential-solar-power-breakthroughs/
NCERT-structure of atom class 9 notes pdf download
Indeed, the structure of an atom is fundamental to understanding the properties and behaviour of matter. At its core, an atom consists of three primary subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These constituents collectively determine the atom's mass and charge.
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The historical development of the concept of forces
The document summarizes the historical development of different fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. It describes key scientists and their contributions, such as Galileo and Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Newton expanding on gravitational force, Maxwell's equations unifying electricity and magnetism, and Einstein's theory of relativity. The interactions of forces are characterized by the particles they act on, their strength, range, and mediating particles. All the forces work together to determine the nature and interactions of matter in the universe.
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This power point presentation is created for Science 8 learners. This presentation tackles on the three sub atomic particles of atom, the one who discovers them, how do they discover them and the different atomic theory models.
An overview on the rising solar energy
: The renewable energy is the requirement of today’s life. The demand of energy increases day by day.
As there is high, demand for energy the use the fossil fuel increase with the same. As a result, we are running out
of resources. Many researchers, common people, scientist working on the renewable energy. Most of them are
focusing on solar energy. It is because the solar energy is available in large amount and it will not end. In the
last few years, many people, researchers have studied solar energy and it shows that there has been a huge
increase in the use of solar energy and solar equipment. We can say that the solar energy is the future of our life.
This paper focused mainly on the growth of the solar energy
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Chemistry technology
- 2. The History of Solar Panels In 1767, a Swiss scientist named Horace-Benedict de Saussure created the first solar energy collector (Exploring Green Technology par.1) It was not until 1839 Edmond Becquerel really founded the photoelectric effect that truly opened the industry (Exploring Green Technology par.2) Albert Einstein came up with photoelectric effect, which laid a foundation to solar energy (Exploring Green Technology par.6) Solar power became very popular during the WWII (Exploring Green Technology par.17)
- 3. The photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect contains both light’s wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics Einstein thinks that light is consist of quanta, what we called photons. The photons can hit semiconductor particles with very large amount of energy and eject an electron out making a hole in the electron orbit. And the free moving electrons in Brownian Motion create current! (Helmenstine par.2)
- 4. Semiconductors Silicon is a very popular form of semiconductor used in solar cells. Notice that is has four electrons in the outer shell, it behaves like a carbon and join hands with other four silicon atoms to form a stable crystalline structure Once a impurity is added to the semiconductors, like a phosphorous atom is added in every million of silicon atoms, the five electron outer shell made it hard to form stable bonds and made the extra electrons more susceptible to photons (Toothman 3)
- 5. And the rest…… After a electron hole is made on the particle surface, electrons will want to fill in the hole. By using electric field you can separate the electrons from where they want to go and lead them to it forms a current. And then you have power, electric power (Toothman 4)
- 9. Work sited Toothman, Jessika, and Scott Aldous. "HowStuffWorks "How Silicon Makes a Solar Cell"." HowStuffWorks. Discovery, n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014.<http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/solar-cell.htm> Advameg, Inc, "Solar Cells - Chemistry Encyclopedia - structure, metal, equation, The pn Junction." Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. 2011. Web. 3 Apr. 2014.<http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Solar-Cells.html> Helmenstine, Anne M. "Photoelectric Effect - Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect." About.com Chemistry. About.com Chemistry, n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.<http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/photoelectric- effect.htm> Exploring Green Technology. "History of Solar Energy." Exploring Green Technology | Solar, Wind, And Green Energy Technology. ExploringGreenTechnology.com, n.d. Web. 5 May 2014.http://exploringgreentechnology.com/solar-energy/history-of- solar-energy/ Thiele, Timothy. "Solar Power - Top 10 Solar Energy Uses...Solar Power At Its Finest - Uses For Solar Panels." About.com Electrical. About.com, n.d. Web. 5 May 2014. http://electrical.about.com/od/appliances/tp/Top-10-Solar-Energy-Uses.htm