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Rocket boosters provide about 70% of the thrust needed for a space shuttle launch. The solid rocket boosters weigh 1.3 million pounds when fully fueled and detach from the shuttle after burning all their propellant at an altitude of 24 nautical miles. They then fall back to Earth and land in the ocean to be reused. The boosters work according to Newton's third law of motion by exerting propellant force on the ground, which provides an equal and opposite reactionary force to lift the shuttle into space.
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Solid rocket boosters provide about 70% of the thrust needed for a space shuttle launch. Weighing 1.3 million pounds when fueled, the boosters use solid propellant to exert force on the launch pad via Newton's third law of motion. This force lifts the shuttle off the ground until the boosters detach at an altitude of 24 nautical miles and fall into the ocean to be reused. The propellant consists of fuel, oxidizer, catalysts and binders that undergo a chemical reaction to produce gases and exert thrust.
Solar radiation
Solar radiation originates from nuclear fusion that occurs in the sun's core, where hydrogen atoms are fused into helium. Intense pressure and temperatures of 15 million degrees Kelvin cause this fusion to happen. Photons created through this process travel through the sun, being absorbed and reemitted by gas molecules over 100,000 years before reaching the surface and emitting into space, where some photons take 8 minutes to reach Earth.
Uniqueness of earth
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
Grade 11 Earth & Life Science (Earth System & Subsystems)
1. The Earth can be understood as a system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
2. The geosphere includes the solid Earth from the crust to the core. The hydrosphere is the dynamic mass of water on Earth. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer surrounding the planet. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and life forms on Earth.
3. These subsystems interact through material cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles. They exchange heat and energy. Together they comprise the closed Earth system, which receives energy from the sun.
Colonization of mars
The main objectives were to study about terraforming a planet and to know about interplanetary transport. Also to study about different construction techniques to be used for making life sustainable with In-Situ Resource Utilization on Mars
Mars one - Colonization in Mars
One of the biggest question at present in Astronomy is whether colonization possible in Mars or not! We are deeply attracted to Mars!
Why?
That's because we are all martians. At least some theories are saying this. It has also been told that river once ran though this planet and few days ago, salty water was discovered in Mars!
Really an exciting news! :)
But how can you colonize there? To find out some important facts related to this question, go through my presentation. Hope you will like it! Enjoy!
Mission to Mars
This slide is created from different source. All information is correct. Almost 70% information collected from NASA's website.
Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life.
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life.
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Recommended
Srb
Solid rocket boosters provide about 70% of the thrust needed for a space shuttle launch. Weighing 1.3 million pounds when fueled, the boosters use solid propellant to exert force on the launch pad via Newton's third law of motion. This force lifts the shuttle off the ground until the boosters detach at an altitude of 24 nautical miles and fall into the ocean to be reused. The propellant consists of fuel, oxidizer, catalysts and binders that undergo a chemical reaction to produce gases and exert thrust.
Solar radiation
Solar radiation originates from nuclear fusion that occurs in the sun's core, where hydrogen atoms are fused into helium. Intense pressure and temperatures of 15 million degrees Kelvin cause this fusion to happen. Photons created through this process travel through the sun, being absorbed and reemitted by gas molecules over 100,000 years before reaching the surface and emitting into space, where some photons take 8 minutes to reach Earth.
Uniqueness of earth
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
Grade 11 Earth & Life Science (Earth System & Subsystems)
1. The Earth can be understood as a system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
2. The geosphere includes the solid Earth from the crust to the core. The hydrosphere is the dynamic mass of water on Earth. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer surrounding the planet. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and life forms on Earth.
3. These subsystems interact through material cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles. They exchange heat and energy. Together they comprise the closed Earth system, which receives energy from the sun.
Colonization of mars
The main objectives were to study about terraforming a planet and to know about interplanetary transport. Also to study about different construction techniques to be used for making life sustainable with In-Situ Resource Utilization on Mars
Mars one - Colonization in Mars
One of the biggest question at present in Astronomy is whether colonization possible in Mars or not! We are deeply attracted to Mars!
Why?
That's because we are all martians. At least some theories are saying this. It has also been told that river once ran though this planet and few days ago, salty water was discovered in Mars!
Really an exciting news! :)
But how can you colonize there? To find out some important facts related to this question, go through my presentation. Hope you will like it! Enjoy!
Mission to Mars
This slide is created from different source. All information is correct. Almost 70% information collected from NASA's website.
Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life.
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life.
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Earth
This document summarizes the key characteristics that indicate the planet Earth is capable of supporting life. It examines Earth's galactic neighborhood, its G2 class star the Sun, its location within the habitable zone allowing liquid water, its size and composition as a terrestrial planet, its magnetic field and atmosphere, and its nearly circular orbit and rotational properties including axial tilt that produces seasons. All of these factors analyzed together demonstrate how Earth meets the known criteria to potentially support life.
Systems On Earth
Systems consist of interacting elements that form a complex whole. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter, energy, or both. Energy flows through systems and is lost during transformations from one form to another, as stated by the second law of thermodynamics. Ecosystems are open systems that maintain dynamic equilibrium through negative feedback loops, with energy driving materials through processes of transfer and transformation.
Closed and open system in earth
Earth can be considered a system that exchanges both heat and matter with its surroundings, making it an open system. As an open system, Earth gains water and loses heat, though no new materials have entered since heavy meteorite bombardment ended 4 billion years ago. Solar and internal heat cause movement of air, water and shifting of continents through volcanism and earthquakes. Similarly, a river system gains water from rainfall and springs as an open system, with the sun providing its ultimate energy to power the cycle of evaporation and rain.
Habital zone notes
The key factors that determine whether a planet can support life include being located within the circumstellar habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) around its star where liquid water can exist on the surface, having a planetary size that allows for an atmosphere to develop and be retained, and orbiting a stable star that provides a constant radiation level like our middle-aged G-type Sun. Other considerations include the planet having a chemistry that supports liquid water through a greenhouse gas atmosphere, and being located within the optimal area of its galaxy to avoid threats from supernovae while still forming necessary heavier elements.
Earth Science
Earth science involves the study of Earth's interior, rocks, soil, atmosphere, oceans, and space. It examines the connections between these different parts of Earth and how energy from the interior and sun drive Earth's processes. Understanding Earth science helps predict natural hazards and know how to farm effectively. Modern technology allows scientists to better view and map Earth through satellites, planes, deep sea vehicles and other methods to explore the integrated Earth system, which includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and anthroposphere interacting together.
Mars mission
The document discusses NASA's objectives to search for evidence of ancient life on Mars through ongoing rover missions. It also summarizes a presentation on a potential Mars mission, including discussions with scientists about challenges such as water availability, energy for rockets, bone density loss, and radiation. Biosphere 2 is mentioned as a facility studying closed ecological systems that could be relevant for Mars colonization. The overall feasibility of a Mars mission by 2028 is presented.
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Earth
Earth began forming over 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust that also formed the Sun and other planets. As the solar system developed, small objects called planetesimals collided and stuck together, eventually forming Earth. When Earth first formed, it was a hot molten planet bombarded by asteroids and comets. As it cooled over millions of years, the first life forms of bacteria emerged and the oceans and atmosphere developed. Today, Earth is a complex system made up of interacting spheres including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere that sustain life.
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Fun facts about the universe
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Space Chapter 4 Notes
The document summarizes key concepts about the solar system. It describes the eight planets in our solar system, distinguishing between inner and outer planets. It also discusses Earth's rotation and revolution around the sun, as well as how our atmosphere protects us by filtering UV rays and creating a greenhouse effect. The moon and its effect on ocean tides is covered. Finally, it briefly touches on asteroids, comets, and meteors that also travel through our solar system.
Ronans pwp
The great red spot on Jupiter is a giant anti-cyclone storm that has been raging for over 400 years in Jupiter's southern hemisphere. Jupiter is a gas giant made primarily of hydrogen and helium with a rocky core and the great red spot is caused by powerful 432 mile per hour winds of these gases exploding in Jupiter's atmosphere. Jupiter is located beyond the asteroid belt approximately 7.4 hundred million kilometers from the sun.
Earth and Life Science - Earth Subsystems
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
1 CS - Earth and Universe
The document summarizes key concepts about the universe, solar system, and Earth. It describes the universe as containing many stars and systems, including our Milky Way galaxy. It then discusses our solar system, distinguishing the inner, smaller, rocky planets from the outer, larger gas planets. It notes the Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon, which revolves around us in about 28 days. The document also provides brief descriptions of Earth's rotation, revolution, atmosphere containing nitrogen, oxygen and water vapor, hydrosphere of water, and geosphere of rocks and minerals in the core, mantle and crust.
Near earth collisions r
Near earth collisions are collisions that almost happen between space objects like asteroids or comets and Earth. The document discusses several major near earth collisions throughout history including the Chicxulub impactor asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs, the proposed Shiva crater impact, and the 1908 Tunguska event explosion caused by a meteoroid or comet fragment. It also discusses scales for measuring asteroid impact risks like the Torino Scale and the need to develop programs to detect and potentially deflect asteroids on a collision course with Earth to avoid future mass extinctions.
I.A Universe and Solar system
The document summarizes the origin and structure of the Earth and solar system. It describes theories for the formation of the universe like the Big Bang theory and theories for the formation of the solar system. It then describes the structure and components of the solar system including the inner terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars, outer gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, and other minor objects like asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It provides details on the composition, atmospheres, moons, and other features of each planet and minor solar system member.
Mission to mars
Diane Guo designed a space shuttle for a mission to Mars. The shuttle is cone-shaped to reduce atmospheric resistance. It will be made of titanium, a hard material that can withstand heat. To land, the shuttle will use parachutes at 10km above Earth and a rudder, wheels, and speed brakes. It will carry two astronauts, 400kg of food, oxygen, nitrogen and water produced from fuel cells. The shuttle will use rockets and engines fueled by hydrazine to overcome Earth's gravity and reach Mars after approximately 164 days.
Rockets
Rockets use the principle of Newton's third law of motion to provide thrust by expelling gases from the engine. There are two main types of rocket fuel: solid fuel and liquid fuel. Rockets are used to launch satellites into orbit around Earth. Satellites orbit Earth to provide applications such as communications, weather monitoring, navigation, and more. Key differences between rockets and satellites are that rockets are powered by onboard fuel while satellites use inertia and solar power to remain in orbit.
THE HUMAN CHALLENGES OF CONQUERING SPACE AND COLONIZING OTHER WORLDS.pdf
1. The document discusses the major human challenges of space exploration and colonizing other worlds, including developing technologies to:
2. Produce rockets capable of reaching near-light speeds to travel vast distances in space. Current chemical rockets are limited and producing vehicles that can reach the speed of light poses radiation hazards.
3. Protect humans during space travel by developing advanced life support systems for environments outside Earth, such as proposed inflatable heat shields and high-tech spacesuits for Mars.
4. Identify habitable exoplanets and enable human survival off Earth through developing sustainable living and power systems for space colonies. Overcoming these challenges is necessary for humanity to expand beyond Earth.
Space travel
The document summarizes the history and future of space travel. It discusses (1) the early pioneers of rocketry including Robert Goddard, (2) the development of American spaceflight from satellites to the space shuttle, and (3) future technologies like momentum exchange tethers, plasma rockets, and fusion-powered rockets that could enable more efficient long-distance space travel and exploration.
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Earth
This document summarizes the key characteristics that indicate the planet Earth is capable of supporting life. It examines Earth's galactic neighborhood, its G2 class star the Sun, its location within the habitable zone allowing liquid water, its size and composition as a terrestrial planet, its magnetic field and atmosphere, and its nearly circular orbit and rotational properties including axial tilt that produces seasons. All of these factors analyzed together demonstrate how Earth meets the known criteria to potentially support life.
Systems On Earth
Systems consist of interacting elements that form a complex whole. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter, energy, or both. Energy flows through systems and is lost during transformations from one form to another, as stated by the second law of thermodynamics. Ecosystems are open systems that maintain dynamic equilibrium through negative feedback loops, with energy driving materials through processes of transfer and transformation.
Closed and open system in earth
Earth can be considered a system that exchanges both heat and matter with its surroundings, making it an open system. As an open system, Earth gains water and loses heat, though no new materials have entered since heavy meteorite bombardment ended 4 billion years ago. Solar and internal heat cause movement of air, water and shifting of continents through volcanism and earthquakes. Similarly, a river system gains water from rainfall and springs as an open system, with the sun providing its ultimate energy to power the cycle of evaporation and rain.
Habital zone notes
The key factors that determine whether a planet can support life include being located within the circumstellar habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) around its star where liquid water can exist on the surface, having a planetary size that allows for an atmosphere to develop and be retained, and orbiting a stable star that provides a constant radiation level like our middle-aged G-type Sun. Other considerations include the planet having a chemistry that supports liquid water through a greenhouse gas atmosphere, and being located within the optimal area of its galaxy to avoid threats from supernovae while still forming necessary heavier elements.
Earth Science
Earth science involves the study of Earth's interior, rocks, soil, atmosphere, oceans, and space. It examines the connections between these different parts of Earth and how energy from the interior and sun drive Earth's processes. Understanding Earth science helps predict natural hazards and know how to farm effectively. Modern technology allows scientists to better view and map Earth through satellites, planes, deep sea vehicles and other methods to explore the integrated Earth system, which includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and anthroposphere interacting together.
Mars mission
The document discusses NASA's objectives to search for evidence of ancient life on Mars through ongoing rover missions. It also summarizes a presentation on a potential Mars mission, including discussions with scientists about challenges such as water availability, energy for rockets, bone density loss, and radiation. Biosphere 2 is mentioned as a facility studying closed ecological systems that could be relevant for Mars colonization. The overall feasibility of a Mars mission by 2028 is presented.
Mars Mission
This document provides information about a homework assignment submitted by Kartikey Agarwal about the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). It discusses key details of MOM including its objectives to study Mars' surface features, morphology, and atmosphere. It describes the spacecraft's launch via the PSLV rocket and successful orbital insertion around Mars in September 2014. The document also outlines the scientific payloads onboard MOM to analyze Mars' atmosphere and surface composition.
Space Agriculture
The document discusses space agriculture and growing crops in space. It provides background on the need for space farming to supply food for long space missions. It then describes various space farming experiments and systems over the past 40 years, including those on Russian space stations Salyut and Mir, as well as current systems on the International Space Station. Challenges of the microgravity environment are discussed. Key aspects of designing plant growth systems for space such as lighting, nutrient delivery, and environmental control are covered. The document provides an overview of the history and current state of space agriculture research.
Earth
Earth began forming over 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust that also formed the Sun and other planets. As the solar system developed, small objects called planetesimals collided and stuck together, eventually forming Earth. When Earth first formed, it was a hot molten planet bombarded by asteroids and comets. As it cooled over millions of years, the first life forms of bacteria emerged and the oceans and atmosphere developed. Today, Earth is a complex system made up of interacting spheres including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere that sustain life.
Bilimin Cakil Taslari - MOONDUST'S JOURNEY - NASA SpaceApps Challenge Project
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Fun facts about the universe
The document provides 10 fun facts about the universe: 1) The sun is an average-size star but could still fit over 1 million Earths inside it. 2) It was recently discovered that there is running water on Mars as well as Earth. 3) Comets formed around 4.5 billion years ago from the creation of the solar system and consist of ice, sand, and carbon dioxide.
Space Chapter 4 Notes
The document summarizes key concepts about the solar system. It describes the eight planets in our solar system, distinguishing between inner and outer planets. It also discusses Earth's rotation and revolution around the sun, as well as how our atmosphere protects us by filtering UV rays and creating a greenhouse effect. The moon and its effect on ocean tides is covered. Finally, it briefly touches on asteroids, comets, and meteors that also travel through our solar system.
Ronans pwp
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This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
1 CS - Earth and Universe
The document summarizes key concepts about the universe, solar system, and Earth. It describes the universe as containing many stars and systems, including our Milky Way galaxy. It then discusses our solar system, distinguishing the inner, smaller, rocky planets from the outer, larger gas planets. It notes the Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon, which revolves around us in about 28 days. The document also provides brief descriptions of Earth's rotation, revolution, atmosphere containing nitrogen, oxygen and water vapor, hydrosphere of water, and geosphere of rocks and minerals in the core, mantle and crust.
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Rockets
Rockets use the principle of Newton's third law of motion to provide thrust by expelling gases from the engine. There are two main types of rocket fuel: solid fuel and liquid fuel. Rockets are used to launch satellites into orbit around Earth. Satellites orbit Earth to provide applications such as communications, weather monitoring, navigation, and more. Key differences between rockets and satellites are that rockets are powered by onboard fuel while satellites use inertia and solar power to remain in orbit.
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2. Produce rockets capable of reaching near-light speeds to travel vast distances in space. Current chemical rockets are limited and producing vehicles that can reach the speed of light poses radiation hazards.
3. Protect humans during space travel by developing advanced life support systems for environments outside Earth, such as proposed inflatable heat shields and high-tech spacesuits for Mars.
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To get an object into space, it must reach a speed of 28,000 km/h to overcome Earth's gravity. The first recorded rocket was Archytas's "pigeon." The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957, the first artificial satellite about the size of a basketball. The second Soviet satellite was significant because it carried living creatures into space, setting the path for human space travel. Rockets use Newton's third law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - to propel themselves by ejecting exhaust in one direction. The three main parts of a rocket are the payload, propellant, and engines. Scientists are studying ion drives and solar sails as alternatives to rocket engines for long
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A launch vehicle is a system used to launch satellites into stable orbits. It works on Newton's third law of motion, where the exhaust gases ejected from the rocket engine provide an equal and opposite reaction force that propels the launch vehicle upward. Launch vehicles are classified based on their payload capacity and number of stages. India's space agency ISRO has used several launch vehicles over the years of increasing capability, starting with the SLV, then the ASLV, and now predominantly uses the PSLV and GSLV.
PHYS 220A30 November 2015Endeavour Space ShuttleThe visit .docx
PHYS 220A
30 November 2015
Endeavour Space Shuttle
The visit to Endeavour Space Shuttle in Los Angeles provided me with a deeper insight of how physics principles are applied in real life. Not only did I learn of how the rockets get propelled into space, but also gained a better understanding of how the satellites are injected into orbit after the rocket gets into space. As I strolled into the facility, I was excited since I finally had the chance to get the answers to the several questions that crammed in my mind regarding rockets and satellites. Before the visit, questions such as how does the spacecraft travel with accuracy and know where it’s going? Once it reaches the orbit, what keeps it in motion? Besides, can any place be chosen for the launch of the rockets? Even more importantly, I was fascinated to learn the various structural parts of the rockets and the fuel used in its operation.
The process of rocket propulsion was illustrated to me just like I had learned in my theoretical physics. Essentially, a rocket is propelled forward due to a rearward ejection of burned fuel that was initially in the rocket. Consequently, the forward thrust gained by the rocket is as a result of the back force of the ejected burning fuel. In the end, the rocket propulsion principle confirmed Newton’s third law of motion which states that action and reaction are opposite yet equal forces. Unlike the jet engine that depends on drawing in air to burn the fuel, the rockets utilize the fuel on board which is a mixture of liquid oxygen and hydrogen to cause combustion ensuring that they can operate in space where a vacuum exists. I was also intrigued to learn that the rocket didn’t work on the principle of pushing against the ground, or air but depended solely on the thrust force provided by the burning fuel. I also realized that for a large weight of rockets is dominated by fuel. As such, for massive uplift force to be achieved by the rocket, the fuel has to be burned at a rapid rate. This would ultimately ensure that the rate of change of momentum is huge and therefore causing the propulsion force to be sufficient to cause uplift. Certainly, this principle was in line with Newton’s second law of motion which suggests that the magnitude of force on a moving body is directly proportion to the rate of change of its momentum {F = (v-u)dm/t}.
The second fact that I learned at the science facility is that the earth is shielded from radioactive particles from the sun by an electromagnetic field around it. As such, when the rockets pass through the layer of the earth’s electromagnetic field, it may get charged and risk burning when leaving or entering the earth’s atmosphere from space. Therefore, the rocket’s nose is designed to be curved instead of being sharp pointed in order avoid the concentration of charges that may in the end build an electrical potential difference capable of destroying the rocket. Certainly, this principle reiterated the electrostatic cha.
Case Study 1The Challenger Space Shuttle disasterand the.docx
Case Study 1
The Challenger Space Shuttle disaster
and the Solid-Fuel Rocket Booster
(SRB) project
Overview
On 28 January,1986 the Challenger space shuttle blew up 73 seconds after
launch. Seven lives and three billion dollars worth of equipment was lost.
The Challenger accident was the result of a faulty sealing system which
allowed exhaust flames from the Solid-Fuel Rocket Boosters (SRB) to vent
directly on the external tank, rupturing the tank and causing the explosion.
NASA identified the failure due to the improper sealing of the O- rings, the
giant black rubber loops that help seal the segments of the SRBs. The O-ring
is made of a fluoroelastomer, which seals the joint between two solid rocket
booster sections. An elastomer is a material that can be deformed
dramatically and recover its shape completely. A rubber band is an example
of an elastomer.
In almost half of the shuttle flights there was O- ring erosion in the booster
field joints. The launch took place in untested temperature conditions and in
spite of serious warnings on the part of the engineers of Thiokol, the
company that manufactured the SRBs. The sequence of events that led to
the unfortunate events is examined in order to draw the necessary
conclusions.
NASA was very anxious to proceed with the launch for a variety of reasons
including, economic considerations and political pressure. To justify its
budget NASA had scheduled a large number of missions in 1986. It was
vital for the Challenger to be launched so that there would be enough time to
refurbish the launch pad to prepare it for the next launch. The European
Space Agency was providing added competition and there was political
pressure for the Challenger to be in space when the president of the US gave
the State of the Union address.
There were plenty of advanced warnings regarding the SRBs, from previous
missions. Concerns had been voiced by Thiokol, the SRB manufacturing
company, as to whether the fatal launch should have taken place. The cold
weather, some of the coldest in Florida history, provided uncharted waters
for the operation of the SRBs.
What went wrong? Why did NASA launch in spite of the evidence and
warnings from Thiokol engineers? Should the launch have been cancelled?
Challenger space shuttle: A project success or a program
failure?
At first sight, the Challenger incident can only be regarded as a failure. Loss
of life and loss of equipment worth billions of dollars can only be associated
with bad news. The television pictures of the Challenger’s explosion made
their way round the world and were broadcast over and over as the leading
news story and will indelibly remain in people’s minds for many years to
come.
Before arriving at a verdict about the Challenger explosion, it is necessary to
examine the various events that led to NASA’s twenty-fifth shuttle mission,
which proved to be fatal for the Challenger. Is it possible that the SRB
project was a success, while the overall program was ...
Rockets by ayush
The document discusses the principles behind rocket engines and space exploration. It explains that rocket engines work by expelling mass at high speeds in one direction, which creates an equal and opposite reaction that propels the rocket in the other direction. It also describes the differences between solid and liquid fuel rockets, and how multi-stage rockets work by jettisoning empty stages to reduce mass and allow upper stages to accelerate the remaining rocket.
The Creative Cooperative Cosmos: Big History, From Hydrogen to Humans
The Emergent Power of Cooperation
From cooperating hydrogen nuclei to the Earth (4.5 Billion years ago)
From single to cooperative specialized cells enabling the Cambrian Explosion of Complex Life and humans.
Small tribes of hunter-gather humans to agriculture about 10,000 years ago.
1000 BC King David replaced the Judges, who governed the 12 tribes of Israel.
BOTTOM-UP DEMOCRACIES MORPHED INTO MONARCHIES
400 BC Greek Democracy in Athens till 330BC Alexander the Great’s Greek Empire,
SPQR Senātus Populusque Rōmānus to Roman Emperors.
500 After the fall of the Roman Empire, Top-Down Monarchs led countries.
1215 The Magna Carta subjected the English Kings to the Rule of Law.
1650 Parliamentary Army of Oliver Cromwell defeated that of the King.
Monarchy re-established after the death of Cromwell.
1775 “Taxation without representation” sparked the American Revolution.
“We have given you a Republic, if you can keep it,” said Ben Franklin after the Constitutional Convention.
Solar Impulse Logbook (ENG)
Exploration to change the world,
A zero fuel airplane flying day and night on solar energy.
An epic journey around the world to promote clean technologies!
A Seminar on Plasma Propelled Rocket Engine
This document discusses different types of plasma propelled rocket engines. It begins by introducing plasma rocket engines and their advantages over traditional chemical rocket engines, notably much higher efficiency and specific impulse. It then describes three main types of plasma engines: ion drives, Hall thrusters, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. Ion drives use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant like xenon, producing thrust through ion exhaust. Hall thrusters also use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant but do so through electron drift. Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters generate thrust by ohmic heating of propellant in a magnetic nozzle.
The miracle planet 2. the design in light and water. english
This document summarizes the extraordinary design features of sunlight and water that make life possible on Earth. It discusses how:
1) Sunlight is concentrated into a narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum that supports photosynthesis and life.
2) Photosynthesis converts sunlight into oxygen and glucose, and the cycle of photosynthesis and respiration sustains all life.
3) The atmosphere allows beneficial sunlight to pass through but filters out harmful radiation, showing design.
4) Water is another vital substance that was designed for life, as the document will explore further.
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PHYS 220A30 November 2015Endeavour Space ShuttleThe visit .docx
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The Creative Cooperative Cosmos: Big History, From Hydrogen to Humans
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- 2. Rocket Boosters were brought about around the same time as space shuttles were, which was in 1982. Rocket Boosters are so crucial because they provide about 70% of the force needed to lift off and into outer space. History of the Rocket Booster
- 3. The rockets boosters weighs about 193,000 pounds empty, after it is filled with propellant it weighs a total of 1.3 million pounds. During the launch sequence, the boosters exert all of the propellant before the space shuttle reaches an altitude of twenty four nautical miles, they detach from the main shuttle and fall back to Earth, land in an ocean, and are reused. BASIC FACTS
- 4. Solid Rocket boosters work on the idea of Newton’s third law of motion, which is for every action there is an equal an opposite reaction. The rocket boosters exert a force, the propellant, on the ground, which is the action, and in return the rocket lifts off, an equal and opposite reaction. The main chemical equation for a rocket booster is 10 Al+6NH4ClO > 5Al2O3+ 6HCL+3N2 +9H2O How do SRB’s work?
- 5. The propellant consists of many things, including fuel, an oxidizer, a catalyst, a binder, and a curing agent. During the liftoff sequence, the rocket boosters exert around 2.65 million pounds of propellant.
- 7. The main engines of the shuttle are powered by Fuel Cells. The fuel cells use Hydrogen and Oxygen to provide electricity to the shuttle in a more environmentally friendly way rather than use oil, which will eventually grow scarce.
- 8. "Everyday Chemistry-The Chemistry of Rocketry." Everyday Chemistry. WATConsult, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2013. <http://humantouchofchemistry.com/the- chemistry-of-rocketry.htm>. Kelter, Paul, Michael Mosher, and Andrew Scott. Chemistry: The Practical Science, Volume 10. N.p.: Charles Hartford, 2009. Print. Machalovic, Mark. "Beyond Hydrogen:The New Chemistry of Fuel Cells." ChemMatters Dec. 2007: 17-19. Print. Wilson, Jim, ed. "Space Shuttle: Solid Rocket Booster." National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system _SRB.html>.