1. The space shuttle was a partially reusable low earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. 2. Primary objective is to improve access to space 3. flight was april 1981 with astronauts young and crippen 4. Has flown approximately 100 missions carrying 1.5 million pounds of cargo and over 600 major payloads

1. Submitted By: Yogesh Aute
Guided By: Prof.A.N.Shinde Mam

2. SPACE SHUTTLE
1. The space shuttle was a partially reusable
low earth orbital spacecraft system that was
operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S.
2. Primary objective is to improve access to space
3. First flight was april 1981 with astronauts young
and crippen
4. Has flown approximately 100 missions carrying
1.5 million pounds of cargo and over 600 major
payloads

3. 5. World’s first and only reusable space vehicle
6. Can transport people, materials, equipment
and spacecraft into orbit
7. Also used to service and repair satellites and
observatories and to conduct medical and
scientific experiments

4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE
1. Near the end of the apollo space program, NASA officials were looking at the future of
the american space program.
2. At that time, the rockets used to place astronauts and equipment in outer space was
one-shot disposable rockets.
3. What they needed was a reliable, but less expensive, rocket, perhaps one that was
reusable.
4. The idea of a reusable "space shuttle" that could launch like a rocket but deliver and
land like an airplane was appealing and would be a great technical achievement.

5. 5. In 1972 NASA announced that it would develop a
reusable space shuttle or space transportation program (STS).
NASA decided that the shuttle would consist of an
orbiter attached to solid rocket boosters and an external
fuel tank because this design was considered safer and
more cost effective.
6. Four shuttles were made (Columbia, Discovery, Atlantis,
Challenger).
The first flight was in 1981 with the space shuttle Columbia,
piloted by astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen.

6. THE SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION
A typical shuttle mission lasts seven to eight days,
but can extend to as much as 14 days depending upon the objectives of the mission.
A typical shuttle mission is as follows:
1. Getting into orbit
launch – the shuttle lifts off the launching pad.
ascent.
orbital maneuvering burn.
2. Orbit-life in space.
3. Re-entry.
4. Landing.

7. 1. Getting into orbit
To lift the 4.5 million pound (2.05 million kg) shuttle from the pad to orbit (115 to
400 miles/185 to 643 km) above the earth,
the shuttle uses the following components:
A) two solid rocket boosters (SRB)
B) Three main engines of the orbiter
C) external fuel tank (ET)
D) orbital maneuvering system (OMS) on
the orbiter
let's look at these components closely.

8. A) SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS
1. The srbs are solid rockets that provide
most of the main force or thrust (71
Percent) needed to lift the space
shuttle off the launch pad.
2. In addition, the Srb support the entire
weight of the space shuttle orbiter
and fuel tank on the Launchad.
3. Because the SRBs are solid rocket
engines,once they are ignited, they
cannot be shut down.
Therefore, they are the last component
to light at launch.

9. B) MAIN ENGINES
The orbiter has three main engines located in the body of the spacecraft. Each
engine is (4.3) long and (2. 3) m in diameter at its widest point (the nozzle)
The main engines provide the remainder of the thrust
(29 percent) to lift the shuttle off the pad and into orbit.
The engines burn liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen,
which are stored in the external tank (ET), at a
ratio of 6:1

10. C) EXTERNAL FUEL TANK
The ET is (48 m) long and has a diameter of (8.4 m).
The Et is made of aluminum and aluminium composite
material
It has two separate tanks inside, the forward tank for
oxygen and the aft tank for hydrogen
During the first few shuttle missions, the ET was painted
white, but this was stopped to reduce the weight.

11. SPACE SHUTTLE DURING RE-ENTRY
SPACE SHUTTLE DURING RE-ENTRY

12. THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
 TPS on the orbiter is the biggest defense system to the heat encountered
during re-entry.
 TPS mainly constitutes of tiles , which are reusable.
 Tiles are made up of “ Amorphous silica fiber ”and these are ableto withstand
3000 F.

13.  These tiles consists of 90% air and
remaining 10% silicafiber.
 As these are bad conductors of heat they
can touch withbare hands at 2200F.
COMPOSITION OF TILES

14. TILES AT 2000 F TAKEN FROM AWOVEN

15. CRITICISM OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM
1. Nasa's shuttle program failed to achieve its promised cost and utility
goals,
2. As well as design, cost, management,
and safety issues.
fundamentally, it failed in the goal of
reducing the cost of space access.
3. SPACE SHUTTLE COLUMBIA DISASTER
A TOTAL OF 7 ASTRONAUTS WERE LOST
IN SPACE WHEN A PIECE OF FOAM INSULATION BROKE
OFF FROM THE SPACE SHUTTLE EXTERNAL TANK
WHICH INCLUDING ONE INDIAN ASTRONAUT
KALPANA CHAWLA

16. SPACE PLANES AND REPLACEMENT OF SPACE SHUTTLE
To replace the space shuttle NASA is planning to launch a series of
space planes that named as X series planes. Some X series planes are given
below :
1. The X-37, which will test many space plane
technologies, including re-entry capabilities.
2. The X-34, a sub orbital vehicle that will test
technologies to reduce cost,time and personnel for
space launches.
3. The X-33, a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) that is a
prototype for a space shuttle replacement.

17. ADVANTAGES
1. REDUCES LAUNCH COST
2. VEHICLE WILL BE EASIER TO MANEUVER THE CURRENT
SPACECRAFT.
3. AIR-BREATHING ROCKET-POWERED VEHICLE WILL BE SAFER

18. CONCLUSION
1. By using air breathing engine we can reduce the launch cost.
2. Moreover air breathing rocket vehicle is much safer as compared to
conventional rocket.