This document discusses diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. It defines diabetes mellitus as a disorder where the body does not properly produce or respond to insulin, leading to abnormally high blood sugar levels. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, and blurry vision. Hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar, which can cause symptoms like confusion, dizziness, and weakness if not treated by raising blood sugar levels. The document provides information on the different types and symptoms of diabetes and hypoglycemia.

1. Diabetes mellitus and
hypoglycemia
GROUP:
N AME: Moses Dumbuya
I.D NUMBER: 10374
Faculty: Pharmaceutical Sciences

2. INTRODUCTION
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the
body does not produce enough or respond
normally to insulin, causing blood sugar(glucose)
levels to be abnormally high.

3. 







There are three min types of diabetes. Vizs re
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes
other> prediabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Results from the pancreas’s failure to produce enough insulin.
Thebody's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the
pancreas, and more than 90% of them are permanently destroyed.
This form was previously referred to as “
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus” (IDDM)
or “ Juvenile diabetes”
Types of Diabetes
mellitus

4. •
•
•
Type 2 DM
Begin with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fails to respond to insulin properly.
Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non–insulin-dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes)
Types of Diabetes
mellitus
Primary cause is excessive body weight and
not enough exercise.

5. •
•
•
GESTATIONAL DM: Is the third form and occurs in pregnant women without a previous
history of diabetes mellitus.
PREDIABETES
Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are too high to be considered normal but
not high enough to be labeled diabetes. People have prediabetes if their fasting blood glucose level
is between 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) and 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L) or if their blood glucose level 2
hours after a glucose tolerance test is between 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) and 199 mg/dL (11.0
mmol/L). Prediabetes carries a higher risk of future diabetes as well as heart disease.
Types of Diabetes mellitus

6. •
•
•
•
•
•





The types of diabetes can have very similar symptoms if the blood
glucose is significantly elevated.
The symptoms of high blood glucose levels include
POLYURIA
Frequent urination
POLYDISPSIA
Increased thirst
POLYPHAGIA
increased hunger/ appetite.
Other includes
Blurry vision
Headache
Itchy skin
Fatigue
Slow healing of cuts and
SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

7. Diabetes complications
Diabetes damages blood vessels,
causing them to narrow and
therefore restricting blood flow.
Because blood vessels throughout
the body are affected, people may
have many complications of
diabetes. Many organs can be
affected, particularly the following:
Brain, causing stroke
Eyes (diabetic retinopathy),
causing blindness
Heart, causing heart attack
Kidneys (diabetic nephropathy),
causing chronic kidney disease
Nerves (diabetic neuropathy),
causing decreased sensation in
feet.

8. Pathophysiology

9. •
•
•
•
•
Hypoglycemia is a clinical syndrome with diverse causes in which low plasma
glucose concentrations lead to symptoms/signs, and there is resolution of the
symptoms and signs when plasma glucose concentration is raised.
In patients with diabetes, hypoglycemia is defined as: All episodes of an abnormally
low plasma glucose concentration(with or without symptoms) that expose the
individual to harm.
Symptoms
Most people feel symptoms of hypoglycemia when their blood sugar is 70 milligrams
per deciliter (mg/dL) or lower.
Each person with diabetes may have different symptoms of hypoglycemia. You'll
learn to spot yours.
HYPOGLYCEMIA

10. SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA












Early symptoms include:
Confusion
Dizziness
Feeling shaky
Hunger
Headaches
Irritability
Pounding heart; racing pulse
Pale skin
Sweating
Trembling
Weakness
Anxiety

11. SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Without treatment, you might get more severe symptoms, including:
Poor coordination
Poor concentration
Numbness in mouth and tongue
Passing out
Seizures
Nightmares or bad dreams
Coma
References
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-
mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-hypoglycemia