This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM), including the three main types: Type 1 DM results from the pancreas not producing enough insulin; Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance and a lack of insulin may develop; Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women without diabetes. DM is characterized by high blood sugar levels over time and can cause complications affecting major organs if untreated. The causes, signs and symptoms, and long term complications of each type are described.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.[2] Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[3] Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[4] Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.[3]
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[5] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown.[3]
Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.[3] As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop.[6] This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.[3]
Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels.[3]
Prevention and treatment involve a healthy diet, physical exercise, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with the disease. Type 1 DM must be managed with insulin injections.[3] Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or without insulin.[7] Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.[8] Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.[9] Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby
"Diabetes and exercise" -Biology investigatory project (class 12)Sailesh5908
I have uploaded the complete document, with all the pages including the cover page, the acknowledgement, certificate and contents along with the Project content. Just download it and modify it and your project is ready, if that is all you have wanted. Otherwise use it as a reference for your project. "!!! IF YOU FIND IT WORTHY AT ALL, THEN GIVE ME A LIKE !!!" - It will motivate me to upload more such documents. -THANK YOU
Diabetes is the most common lifestyle disorder in today's time. It need lifestyle modification. As experts suggests there is no cure for diabetes, but balanced diet and regular activity will help in managing the condition.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.[2] Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[3] Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[4] Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.[3]
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[5] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown.[3]
Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.[3] As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop.[6] This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.[3]
Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels.[3]
Prevention and treatment involve a healthy diet, physical exercise, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with the disease. Type 1 DM must be managed with insulin injections.[3] Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or without insulin.[7] Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.[8] Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.[9] Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby
"Diabetes and exercise" -Biology investigatory project (class 12)Sailesh5908
I have uploaded the complete document, with all the pages including the cover page, the acknowledgement, certificate and contents along with the Project content. Just download it and modify it and your project is ready, if that is all you have wanted. Otherwise use it as a reference for your project. "!!! IF YOU FIND IT WORTHY AT ALL, THEN GIVE ME A LIKE !!!" - It will motivate me to upload more such documents. -THANK YOU
Diabetes is the most common lifestyle disorder in today's time. It need lifestyle modification. As experts suggests there is no cure for diabetes, but balanced diet and regular activity will help in managing the condition.
The COVID-19 infection is a double challenge for people with diabetes. Diabetes has been reported to be a risk factor for the severity of the disease. Much attention has been focused on people with diabetes because of poor prognosis in those with the infection. Initial reports were mainly on people with type 2 diabetes, although recent surveys have shown that individuals with type 1 diabetes are also at risk of severe COVID-19. The reason for worse prognosis in diabetes- multifactorial (syndromic nature of diabetes). Age, sex, ethnicity,comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, obesity, and a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulative state all contribute to the risk of worse outcomes. Glucose-lowering agents and anti-viral treatments can modulate the risk
Diabetes Information - Motivation Secrets For Lifelong Fitness SuccessesFrancis Yeung
Diabetes is a ailment touching the behavior in which the figure touch absorb carbohydrates.
If ignored, diabetes can cause very critical physical condition difficult situation, extending from loss of sight to kidney loser.
A few warning of diabetes contain extreme urination, extreme thirstiness and food shortage, unexpected burden reduce, make dirty foresight, arrest in curing of damage, dry and inflamed skin, frequent germs, tiredness and pounding head.
During suggestive of diabetes, these warning can also be affected by other element, and therefore a person with mark careful of the ailment should be examined.
Diabetes Mellitus Complete (Introduction, Pathophysiology, Types, Diagnostic Tests, Treatment, Insulin, Prevention)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Difference
Common Symptoms
How does diabetes transmit?
Diagnostic Tests for Checking Diabetes
Management of Diabetes
Treatment Strategies of Diabetes
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Insulin & Insulin Analogues
Insulin preparation and Treatment
Prevention
Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (1). Raised blood glucose, a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, may, over time, lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. More than 400 million people live with diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by deficiency or diminished effectiveness of endogenous insulin. It is characterised by hyperglycaemia, deranged metabolism and sequelae predominantly affecting the vasculature.
A case of a Young boy of 15 years with JUVENILE DIABETES treated by Homeopathy - Speciality Homeopathic Clinic
JUVENILE DIABETES, homeopathic consultation, homeopathy, homeopathic treatment of DIABETES, homoeopathy DIABETES, Specility Homeopathic Clinic, JUVENILE DIABETES, Homeopathy for DIABETES, diabetes, Blood sugar
Visit http://www.specialityclinic.com/ for online homeopathic treatment
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel. The main cause of diabetes varies by type.
The COVID-19 infection is a double challenge for people with diabetes. Diabetes has been reported to be a risk factor for the severity of the disease. Much attention has been focused on people with diabetes because of poor prognosis in those with the infection. Initial reports were mainly on people with type 2 diabetes, although recent surveys have shown that individuals with type 1 diabetes are also at risk of severe COVID-19. The reason for worse prognosis in diabetes- multifactorial (syndromic nature of diabetes). Age, sex, ethnicity,comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, obesity, and a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulative state all contribute to the risk of worse outcomes. Glucose-lowering agents and anti-viral treatments can modulate the risk
Diabetes Information - Motivation Secrets For Lifelong Fitness SuccessesFrancis Yeung
Diabetes is a ailment touching the behavior in which the figure touch absorb carbohydrates.
If ignored, diabetes can cause very critical physical condition difficult situation, extending from loss of sight to kidney loser.
A few warning of diabetes contain extreme urination, extreme thirstiness and food shortage, unexpected burden reduce, make dirty foresight, arrest in curing of damage, dry and inflamed skin, frequent germs, tiredness and pounding head.
During suggestive of diabetes, these warning can also be affected by other element, and therefore a person with mark careful of the ailment should be examined.
Diabetes Mellitus Complete (Introduction, Pathophysiology, Types, Diagnostic Tests, Treatment, Insulin, Prevention)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Difference
Common Symptoms
How does diabetes transmit?
Diagnostic Tests for Checking Diabetes
Management of Diabetes
Treatment Strategies of Diabetes
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Insulin & Insulin Analogues
Insulin preparation and Treatment
Prevention
Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (1). Raised blood glucose, a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, may, over time, lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. More than 400 million people live with diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by deficiency or diminished effectiveness of endogenous insulin. It is characterised by hyperglycaemia, deranged metabolism and sequelae predominantly affecting the vasculature.
A case of a Young boy of 15 years with JUVENILE DIABETES treated by Homeopathy - Speciality Homeopathic Clinic
JUVENILE DIABETES, homeopathic consultation, homeopathy, homeopathic treatment of DIABETES, homoeopathy DIABETES, Specility Homeopathic Clinic, JUVENILE DIABETES, Homeopathy for DIABETES, diabetes, Blood sugar
Visit http://www.specialityclinic.com/ for online homeopathic treatment
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel. The main cause of diabetes varies by type.
Causes, Symptoms, and Early Diagnosis of DiabetesRodney Goodie
Diabetes is a long-term disorder marked by unusually high blood sugar (glucose) levels. The pancreas produces insulin, which reduces blood glucose levels. Diabetes is caused by a lack of or inadequate insulin synthesis or the body's inability to utilize insulin correctly.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the two main forms of diabetes. The other types of diabetes are gestational diabetes and prediabetes.
In the United States, diabetes affects roughly 34.2 million individuals (10.5 percent of the population), while another estimated 88 million people have prediabetes and are unaware of the condition. In addition, an estimated 7.3 million people have diabetes that is undiagnosed.
DIABETES – PART 2Diabetes – Part 2 Johna.docxduketjoy27252
DIABETES – PART 2
Diabetes – Part 2
Johnathon Hakola
Rasmussen College
Signs and symptoms of diabetes
Diabetes is often referred to as a silent killer since it is quite easy to miss its symptoms. Individuals can experience different signs and symptoms and at times there could be no signs at all. The development of type 1 diabetes is normally sudden and dramatic. Its symptoms are often mild or absent especially ion people who are suffering from type II diabetes. The early symptoms of type II diabetes are often subtle and harmless. Over time, one ends up developing diabetes complications even if one did not have any symptoms. These include excessive thirst and an increase in urination. This is because there is an excessive buildup of glucose in the blood and kidneys are forced to overwork. If kidneys are not able to keep up the excess sugar is excreted through urine hence frequent urination (Mathew, 2008). The other symptom is fatigue that is caused by dehydration from the increase in urination. The other symptom is weight loss since the loss of sugars through urination can lead to loss of calories. Blurred vision is also a symptom of diabetes since high levels of sugars in the blood end up pulling fluids from tissues such as the lenses of the eyes. This affects an individual’s ability to focus. Another symptom is slow healing of sores or frequent infections.
Treatment and prevention of diabetes
If one has a family history, they are exposed to other risk factors or have been diagnosed with pre-diabetes, there are some healthy living tips that one can follow to prevent the onset of diabetes. Numerous studies suggest that leading healthy lifestyles like eating healthy, losing weight and an increase in physical activity can lead to the reduction of progression of diabetes type II and help in controlling type 1 diabetes. Regular physical activity has numerous benefits such as lose weight, lowering the levels of blood sugar and boosting the sensitivity to insulin that assist in keeping the level of blood sugar within the required range (Mathew, 2008). Lifestyle changes have to be complemented with medications that help in controlling the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol and high blood pressure that lead to deaths of many diabetes patients. Working together with a healthcare team can enable an individual to set their personal treatment goals, monitor their critical health and be able to successfully manage diabetes while at the same time preventing any complications that can arise from diabetes (Semple & Olshan, 2000).
Short and long-term consequences of diabetes
Short-term effects of diabetes can occur anytime when an individual has diabetes. Long-term results, on the other hand, develop when an individual has suffered from diabetes for a long period. Some of the short-term consequences include low levels of glucose in the blood also known as hypoglycemia. This can be due to too much insulin, too much exercise or lack of.
Diabetes: Get to know about it and its solution.Huma Kashif
Diabetes mellitus , which is one of the leading diseases of the age , is a type of disease that plays the first role in the formation of many fatal diseases and is very common all over the world.
While talking about diabetes, you may be frightened from the idea that you may have it. Or maybe, you may have it in the future. You want to know if you are at risk to develop diabetes and anxiously you’re looking to find if you have any diabetes symptoms.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Diabetes freedom
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270283336
Diabetes mellitus
Article · December 2014
CITATION
1
READS
100,070
1 author:
Hossam A. Shouip
Sinai University
13 PUBLICATIONS 127 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Hossam A. Shouip on 02 January 2015.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
Learn Do you want to cure your diabetes then click here
2. Diabetes mellitus:
Hossam A. Shouip,
Diabetes mellitus (DM) also known as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic
diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period This high
blood sugar produces the symptoms of frequent urination, increased thirst, and
increased hunger. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute
complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.
Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot
ulcers and damage to the eyes.
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the
body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of
diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM results from the body's failure to produce enough insulin. This
form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"
(IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown
Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to
respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may
also develop. This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The primary cause is
excessive body weight and not enough exercise.
Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women
without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level.
Prevention and treatment involves a healthy diet, physical exercise, not using tobacco,
and being a normal body weight. Blood pressure control and proper foot care are also
important for people with the disease. Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin
injections. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications with or without insulin.
Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar. Weight loss surgery in
those with obesity is an effective measure in those with type 2 DM. Gestational
diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.
Signs and symptoms:
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight loss, polyuria (frequent
urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).[17]
3. Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type
usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes, a
not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they include blurry
vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood
glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which
its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in
diabetes are collectively known as
Diabetic emergencies
People (usually with type 1 diabetes) may also experience episodes of
ketoacidosis, a type of metabolic problems characterized by
abdominal pain, the smell of
Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness.
A rare but equally severe possibility is
common in type 2 diabetes and is mainly the result of dehydration.
Complications:
All forms of diabetes increase the risk of long
develop after many years (10
otherwise not received a diagnosis before that time.
Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes, while they
usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 diabetes.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes, although they are
not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they include blurry
vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood
glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in
its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in
diabetes are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.
1 diabetes) may also experience episodes of diabetic
, a type of metabolic problems characterized by nausea, vomiting and
, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep breathing known as
, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness.
A rare but equally severe possibility is hyperosmolar nonketotic state, which is more
2 diabetes and is mainly the result of dehydration.
All forms of diabetes increase the risk of long-term complications. These typically
lop after many years (10–20), but may be the first symptom in those who have
otherwise not received a diagnosis before that time.
1 diabetes, while they
2 diabetes.
lthough they are
not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they include blurry
vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood
leads to changes in
its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in
diabetic
nausea, vomiting and
on the breath, deep breathing known as
, which is more
term complications. These typically
20), but may be the first symptom in those who have
4. The major long-term complications relate to damage to blood vessels. Diabetes
doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are
due to coronary artery disease. Other "macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and
peripheral vascular disease.
The primary microvascular complications of diabetes include damage to the eyes,
kidneys, and nerves. Damage to the eyes, known as diabetic retinopathy, is caused by
damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye, and can result in gradual vision
loss and potentially blindness. Damage to the kidneys, known as diabetic
nephropathy, can lead to tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic
kidney disease, sometimes requiring dialysis or kidney transplant Damage to the
nerves of the body, known as diabetic neuropathy, is the most common complication
of diabetes. The symptoms can include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain
sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin. Diabetes-related foot problems (such
as diabetic foot ulcers) may occur, and can be difficult to treat, occasionally requiring
amputation. Additionally, proximal diabetic neuropathy causes painful muscle
wasting and weakness.
There is a link between cognitive deficit and diabetes. Compared to those without
diabetes, those with the disease have a 1.2 to 1.5-fold greater rate of decline in
cognitive function.
Causes :
Diabetes mellitus is classified into four broad categories: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes,
and "other specific types". The "other specific types" are a collection of a few dozen
individual causes. The term "diabetes", without qualification, usually refers to diabetes
mellitus.
5. Type 1:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin
the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can
be further classified as immune
diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, in which a
attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin.
of diabetes mellitus cases in North Amer
otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and
responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type
diabetes can affect children or adults, but was tradi
because a majority of these diabetes cases were in children.
"Brittle" diabetes, also known as unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, is a term that
was traditionally used to describe the dramatic and recurrent swings in
often occurring for no apparent reason in
however, has no biologic basis
accompanied by irregular and unpredictable
and sometimes with serious hypoglycemia
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, infection,
erratic absorption of dietary carbohydrates), and endocrinopathies (e.g.,
disease).[25]
These phenomena are believed to occur no more frequently than in 1% to
2% of persons with type 1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited, with multiple gen
genotypes, known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people,
the onset of diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors, such as a
viral infection or diet. There is some evidence that suggests an association between
type 1 diabetes and Coxsackie B4 virus
diabetes is unrelated to lifestyle.
1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells
in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can
be further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic. The majority of type
mediated nature, in which a T-cell-mediated autoimmune
attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin.[24]
It causes approximately 10%
of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and Europe. Most affected people are
otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and
responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type
diabetes can affect children or adults, but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes"
because a majority of these diabetes cases were in children.
"Brittle" diabetes, also known as unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, is a term that
was traditionally used to describe the dramatic and recurrent swings in glucose
often occurring for no apparent reason in insulin-dependent diabetes. This term,
however, has no biologic basis and should not be used.[25]
Still, type 1 diabetes can be
accompanied by irregular and unpredictable hyperglycemia, frequently with
hypoglycemia. Other complications include an impaired
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, infection, gastroparesis (which leads to
erratic absorption of dietary carbohydrates), and endocrinopathies (e.g., Addison's
These phenomena are believed to occur no more frequently than in 1% to
1 diabetes.[26]
1 diabetes is partly inherited, with multiple genes, including certain HLA
, known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people,
of diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors, such as a
viral infection or diet. There is some evidence that suggests an association between
Coxsackie B4 virus. Unlike type 2 diabetes, the onset of type
diabetes is unrelated to lifestyle.
beta cells of
in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can
mediated or idiopathic. The majority of type 1
autoimmune
It causes approximately 10%
ica and Europe. Most affected people are
otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and
responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1
tionally termed "juvenile diabetes"
"Brittle" diabetes, also known as unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, is a term that
glucose levels,
dependent diabetes. This term,
1 diabetes can be
, frequently with ketosis,
impaired
(which leads to
Addison's
These phenomena are believed to occur no more frequently than in 1% to
HLA
, known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people,
of diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors, such as a
viral infection or diet. There is some evidence that suggests an association between
. Unlike type 2 diabetes, the onset of type 1
6. Type 2:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, which may be
combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion.[5]
The defective responsiveness of
body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the insulin receptor. However, the
specific defects are not known. Diabetes mellitus cases due to a known defect are
classified separately. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type.
In the early stage of type 2, the predominant abnormality is reduced insulin
sensitivity. At this stage, hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures and
medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production by the liver.
Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.[27]
A number of
lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes,
including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than thirty), lack of
physical activity, poor diet, stress, and urbanization.[11]
Excess body fat is associated
with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-80% of cases in those
of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.[5]
Those who are not obese often have a high waist–hip ratio.[5]
Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of
sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk.[28][29]
The type
of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing
the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk.[27]
Eating
lots of white rice appears to also play a role in increasing risk.[30]
A lack of exercise is
believed to cause 7% of cases.[3
Gestational diabetes:
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects,
involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness.
It occurs in about 2-10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after
delivery.[32]
However, after pregnancy approximately 5-10% of women with
gestational diabetes are found to have diabetes mellitus, most commonly type 2.[32]
Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision
throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose
monitoring, and in some cases insulin may be required.
7. Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of
the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include macrosomia (high birth weight),
congenital cardiac and central nervous system anomalies, and skeletal muscle
malformations. Increased fetal insulin may inhibit fetal surfactant production and
cause respiratory distress syndrome. Hyperbilirubinemia may result from red blood
cell destruction. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a
result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. Labor induction may be
indicated with decreased placental function. A Caesarean section may be performed if
there is marked fetal distress or an increased risk of injury associated with
macrosomia, such as shoulder dystocia.
Diagnosis:
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is
diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:[33]
Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl)
Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) two hours after a 75 g oral glucose
load as in a glucose tolerance test
Symptoms of hyperglycemia and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l
(200 mg/dl)
8. A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, should be confirmed
by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure
a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time
commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete
and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.[43]
According to the current
definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) is
considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.
Prevention:
2 diabetes can often be
Type
[3]
1 diabetes.
There is no known preventive measure for type
sical exercise, and following a
, phy
normal body weight
prevented by a person being a
healthy diet Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include a
polyunsaturated fats
, and choosing good fats, such as
fiber
and
whole grains
diet rich in
Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat
[48]
found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.
Active
[48]
n of diabetes.
can also help in the preventio
saturated fat
and other sources of
can be an
smoking cessation
smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes, so
important preventive measure as well.
Management:
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, for which there is no known cure except in very
specific situations. Management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close
to normal ("euglycemia") as possible, without causing hypoglycemia. This can
usually be accomplished with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications
(insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes; oral medications, as well as possibly insulin, in
type 2 diabetes). Learn: Do you want to cure Diabetes then click here
9. Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is vital for
people with diabetes, since the complications of diabetes are far less common and less
severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.[50][51]
The goal of
treatment is an HbA1C level of 6.5%, but should not be lower than that, and may be
set higher.[52]
Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the
deleterious effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels,
obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.[52]
Specialised footwear is
widely used to reduce the risk of ulceration, or re-ulceration, in at-risk diabetic feet.
Evidence for the efficacy of this remains equivocal, however.[53]
Lifestyle:
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, good
to achieve a normal body weight, and sensible exercise, with the goal of keeping
nutrition
. In addition,
within acceptable bounds
term blood glucose levels
-
term and long
-
both short
given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are
recommended to control blood pressure
Medications:
Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes, as
there is good evidence that it decreases mortality.[55]
Routine use of aspirin, however,
has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.[56]
Angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) improve outcomes in those with DM while the
similar medications angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) do not.[57]
Type 1 diabetes is typically treated with a combinations of regular and NPH insulin,
or synthetic insulin analogs. When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting
formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications.[55]
Doses of
insulin are then increased to effect.[55]
In those with diabetes some recommend blood pressure levels below
120/80 mmHg;[58][59]
however, evidence only supports less than or equal to
somewhere between 140/90 mmHg to 160/100 mmHg.
10. References:
^ "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March
2006.
^ "About diabetes". World Health Organization. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j
"Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013. Retrieved 25
March 2014.
^ Kitabchi, AE; Umpierrez, GE; Miles, JM; Fisher, JN (Jul 2009). "Hyperglycemic
crises in adult patients with diabetes.". Diabetes Care 32 (7): 1335–43.
doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
^ a b c d e f
Shoback, edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores (2011). Greenspan's basic
& clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 17.
ISBN 0-07-162243-8.
View publication stats
View publication stats
Learn: Do you want to cure Diabetes then click here