The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the principles of genetics that he discovered, including: - Mendel was the first to study inheritance of traits through breeding experiments. - He discovered the laws of segregation, independent assortment, dominance and recessiveness. - Genes exist in pairs called alleles that determine traits, and can be dominant or recessive. - Punnett squares can be used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses and determine probabilities. - His work formed the basis of classical genetics and heredity.

2. • Gregor Mendel- a
scientist and an
Austrian monk
Was the first to study
how traits are being
control each its trait.

4. • The Law of Complete Dominance
When a pure- breed parent carrying a
“stronger” characteristic is crossed or
bred with another pure breeding
parent carrying “weaker” characteristic,
their offspring will carry or manifest the
“strongest” characteristic possessed by
one parent.
(examined purple and white color of
flower)

5. • Principle of Allelelism
The characteristics carried by any
organism are controlled by
“genes”. Genes-factors that control
each traits.
According to him , the
characteristics of an organism are
determined by certain factors,
which he described as elemente.

6. • These factors are in pairs. Alleles
are that pair of genes.
• Capital or upper case letters
represent dominant genes and
lower case letters represent
recessive genes.
• Purple color –PP, white color pp

7. • If the pair allele is the same
(PP or pp) it is a homozygous
pair,
• If the pair allele is unlike (Pp),
it is a heterozygous pair.

8. • The Law of Segregation and
recombination
During gamete-formation
(gametogenesis), the pair of genes
randomly segregates. Under normal
conditions, one and only one
member of a pair of genes goes to a
gamete. It is only during the process
of fertilization that gene/alleles
recombine. As a result, new gene
combinations are produced.

9. • Genotype refers to the
specific allelic combination
of a certain gene or set of
genes that make up the
organism.
• Phenotype refers t the
observable or expresses
trait or characteristics for a
specific organism.

11. • Dominant is the one that
is expresses in an
organism .
• Recessive trait is the one
stays suppresses or
cannot be expressed in
the presence of the
dominant trait.

13. • The cross of two organisms
heterozygous for a trait is known
as a hybrid cross.

14. • A monohybrid cross is a
genetic cross using traits from
a single character with two
alleles.
• This cross can be done
between two individuals that
are homozygous for a single
trait or heterozygous for a
single trait

15. • Devised a diagram that is
used to predict an outcome of
a particular cross or breeding
experiment. It is called the
Punnett square, used to
determine the probability of
an offspring’s having a
particular genotype.

16. Paternal (TT)
T T
Maternal
(tt)
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt

17. Interpretation:
Father’s genotype:
Father’s phenotype:
Mother’s genotype:
Mother’s phenotype:
Offsprings’ genotype: (F1):
Offsprings’ phenotype: (F1) :

18. • A genetic cross between two pea
plants heterozygous for seed
Yellow color, what fraction of the
offspring should show the
recessive trait?

19. • Show a Punnett square diagram ,
a genetic gross between two pea
plants heterozygous dominant
for pod color (green) with a pea
plant with yellow pod, what
fraction of the offspring should
show the dominant and
recessive trait?

20. Character Height
Trait Tall and short
Dominant Trait Tall
Recessive Trait Short
Allele T or t
Dominant Allele T
Recessive Allele t
Homozygous Allele TT or tt
Heterozygous Allele Tt
Genotype TT or Tt or tt
Phenotype Tall or short

21. Character Flower color Pod color
Trait Purple and white Green and yellow
Dominant Trait purple Green
Recessive Trait White Yellow
Allele P or p G or g
Dominant Allele P G
Recessive Allele p g
Homozygous Allele PP or pp GG or gg
Heterozygous Allele Pp Gg
Genotype PP, Pp, pp GG, Gg, gg
Phenotype Purple and white Green and yellow

22. • Dihybrid inheritance pertains to
the inheritance of two traits at a
time.
YYRR-pure yellow round seed
YR YR YR YR
yyrr-pure yellow wrinkled
yr yr yr yr

23. YR YR YR YR
yr YyRr
yr
yr
yr
YR YR YR YR
yr YyRr
yr
yr
yr

24. • Consider the following traits in rabbits.
Gray coat is dominant over white, short
hair is dominant over long hair, black
eyes are dominant over red eyes.
What are the phenotypes of the rabbit that
have the following traits
1.Ggbb_________
2. ggBb_________
3. GgBb_________
4. Ggbb_________
5. GGbb_________
6. GgBB_________