CVD refers to diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by fatty deposits called atheromas. It begins with fatty streaks accumulating due to LDL cholesterol. Over time, fatty streaks enlarge to form plaques that bulge into arteries and restrict blood flow. This damages artery walls and causes platelets to form blood clots called thrombi. Sometimes thrombi break off and block other arteries as emboli. Weakened arteries can form aneurysms that often burst, leading to hemorrhage or stroke. High blood pressure, smoking, high blood cholesterol, and diet increase CVD risk.
Atherosclerosis is an intima-based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel-like) core and composed of SMCs, ECM, inflammatory cells, lipids, and necrotic debris.
Atherogenesis is driven by an interplay of inflammation and injury to vessel wall cells.
Atherosclerotic plaques accrue slowly over decades but may acutely cause symptoms due to rupture, thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolization.
Risk factor recognition and reduction can reduce the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis-related disease.
Endothelial function can be improved after successful periodontal treatment
Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia.
Several distinct types of DM are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors.
Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production.
The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems that impose a tremendous burden on the individual with diabetes and on the health care system.
Atherosclerosis is an intima-based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel-like) core and composed of SMCs, ECM, inflammatory cells, lipids, and necrotic debris.
Atherogenesis is driven by an interplay of inflammation and injury to vessel wall cells.
Atherosclerotic plaques accrue slowly over decades but may acutely cause symptoms due to rupture, thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolization.
Risk factor recognition and reduction can reduce the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis-related disease.
Endothelial function can be improved after successful periodontal treatment
Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia.
Several distinct types of DM are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors.
Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production.
The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems that impose a tremendous burden on the individual with diabetes and on the health care system.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Chd edexcel
1. CORONARY VASULAR DISEASE
KEY WORDS TO BE ABLE TO DEFINE:
CVD
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
ATHEROMA
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
THROMBUS
EMBOLUS
ANEURYSM
STROKE
CHD
2. From the EDEXCEL specification:
•
Describe the blood clotting process
thromboplastin release, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin and its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD).
•
Explain the course of events that leads to atherosclerosis
endothelial damage, inflammatory response, plaque formation, raised blood pressure
•
Describe the factors that increase the risk of CVD
genetic,diet, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking and inactivity
•
Describe the benefits and risks of treatments for CVD
antihypertensives, plant statins, anticoagulants and platelet inhibitory drugs
•
Analyse and interpret data on the possible significance for health of blood cholesterol levels and levels of high-density lipoproteins
(HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
•
Describe the evidence for a causal relationship between blood cholesterol levels (total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) and CVD.
•
Discuss how people use scientific knowledge about the effects of diet (including obesity indicators), exercise and smoking to reduce
their risk of coronary heart disease.
3. • In 2011, almost 160,000 people in the UK died from
CVD.
• 74,000 of these deaths were caused by coronary
heart disease - the UK's single biggest killer.
• Other types of cardiovascular disease include heart
valve disease and cardiomyopathy.
http://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiovascular-disease.aspx
4. CVD includes all the diseases of
Coronary vein
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heart and circulation
Coronary heart disease
Angina and heart attack
Heart failure
Congenital heart disease
Stroke
Aneurysm
It is also known as heart and
circulatory disease
Coronary artery
5. ATHEROSCLEROSIS is a narrowing of the artery caused
by built up fatty deposits called ATHEROMA
6. • It begins as fatty streaks, accumulations of
white blood cells that have taken up lowdensity lipoproteins (LDLs).
• LDLs are the “bad” form of cholesterol.
7. • Fatty streak laid down by
LDL-carrying white blood cells.
• Streaks start to enlarge to form a
PLAQUE (commonly occur in
larger arteries).
• The plaques bulge into the
lumen of arteries and restrict the
flow of blood, increasing blood
pressure
8. • Sources:– Made by the liver
during the
metabolism of
saturated fats.
– Ingestion of dairy
products
• Insoluble in blood
plasma so transported as
lipoproteins.
9. 2 types: Low density:– Transport cholesterol
from liver to tissues,
– Deposit cholesterol.
High density:– Transport cholesterol
from tissues to liver,
– Remove cholesterol from
vessels.
10. • As the blood flow is restricted,
blood pressure increases.
• This causes some damage to the
lining (endothelium) of the
artery.
• Platelets start to aggregate and
lay down a BLOOD CLOT
• This is now called a THROMBUS
11. • Sometimes a thrombus may
become dislodged and move
around the body now called an
EMBOLISM
• This mobile thrombus can
settled elsewhere and block
other arteries and veins.
• This is particularly problematic if
the thrombus moves to the
lungs.
12. • Atheromas that lead to the
formation of a thrombus also
weaken the artery walls.
• These weakened points swell to
form a balloon-like blood-filled
structure called an ANEURYSM.
• Aneurysms frequently burst,
leading to haemorrhage.
• This then leads to a loss of blood
in that region of the body.
• A brain aneurysm is known as a
cerebrovascular aneurysm (CVA),
or stroke.
13. • Also known as a HEART ATTACK.
• The term literally means a reduced
supply of oxygen to the muscle of the
heart.
• MI is a symptom of CHD.
• MI results from a blockage in one of the
coronary arteries.
• If the blockage is close to the junction of
the coronary artery and the aorta, then
the heart will stop beating because the
blood supply is completely cut off.
14. Artery in brain bursts or
is blocked.
Part of the brain is
starved of oxygen.
Effects usually on one
side only.
Effects depend upon site.
Prognosis depends upon
site.
16. ANGINA- In time, your arteries may become so narrow that they cannot
deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to your heart. This can cause chest a pain or
discomfort.
THROMBUS- If a piece of the atheroma in your arteries breaks away it may
cause a blood clot to form.
EMBOLISM- If the blood clot moves to other parts of the body causing
blockage
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION/HEART ATTACK- If the blood clot blocks your
coronary artery and cuts off the supply of oxygen-rich blood to your heart
muscle, your heart muscle may become permanentlydamaged
STROKE- When a blood clot blocks an artery that carries blood to your brain
19. Saturated Fats (lipids)
• Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between
the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain.
That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated"
with hydrogen atoms.
20. Unsaturated Fats
• An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least
one double bond
• A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains one double
bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double
bond.
• Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are
eliminated.
22. There are two main constituents of tobacco
smoke which increase likelihood of heart
disease:
Carbon monoxide
Nicotine
23. • Combines irreversibly with Hb of RBCs.
• This means that the oxygen carrying capacity
of the blood is reduced.
• This will remain throughout the whole lifespan
of the RBC (~120 days).
• This could lead to insufficient supply of oxygen
to the heart during exercise.
24. • Stimulates the production of adrenaline which
increases heart rate and blood pressure.
• This increases the risk of CHD or CVA.
• Nicotine also makes RBCs more “sticky” –
leading to a higher risk of thrombosis.
25. • As there is already pressure in the arteries, the
heart must work harder to pump blood into them
and is therefore more prone to failure.
• Higher blood pressure within the arteries means
that they are more likely to develop an aneurysm
and burst.
• To resist the higher blood pressure within them,
the walls of the arteries may become hardened
and thickened – leading to restricted flow of
blood.
26. Cholesterol is an essential component of
membranes. As such, it is an essential
biochemical which must be transported in the
blood. It is carried in the plasma in tiny
spheres of lipoprotein (lipid and protein).
There are two main types:
High-density liproprotein (HDLs)
Low-density liprorotein (LDLs)
27. • These remove cholesterol from tissues and
transport it to the liver for excretion. They
help protect arteries against disease.
28. • These transport cholesterol from the liver to
the tissues, including the artery walls, which
they infiltrate, leading to the development of
atheroma and hence heart disease.
29. There are a number of aspects of diet which
increase the risk of heart disease, both
directly and indirectly:
• High levels of salt raise blood pressure.
• High levels of fat increase LDL level and hence
blood cholesterol concentration.
Editor's Notes
Discuss with the students. Was prev. Covered in the lifestyle section so they should have some ideas.