This paper presents an updated understanding of the
Nigerian Atlantic waters in terms of the offshore characteristic
and the potentials that these characteristics provide for the
people of the nation and the continent at large. The wind,
wave, swell and current data studied were provided by Shell
Nigeria for some periods between1979 and 1983.General
characteristic consideration of wind, wave, swell and current
is made for the Nigerian Atlantic waters and in particular
Bonny Offshore, Forcadoes Offshore, Asabo Offshore and
Bonga Offshore. Inference from the results in terms of use of
the Atlantic for renewable energy sources and marine food
production based on a proposed offshore technology is
described. It is noted that the Nigerian Atlantic is relatively
mild and benign with low average velocity of 0.3 m/s running
at about 3 meters above ocean bottom. This paper further
discusses efforts made to reinvent the use of vertical axis
turbine for use in such low underwater current velocities of
0.3 m/s which is perhaps the least flow velocity of ocean water
in the world.
This document summarizes a technical report on storm rainfall in Southern Africa. It provides tabulated estimates of extreme n-day rainfall depths (where n=1, 2, 3, 7 days) for over 2,400 locations in South Africa and South West Africa/Namibia. The estimates are provided for selected recurrence intervals up to 200 years. It also outlines the statistical partial duration series and censored log-normal model used to analyze the daily rainfall data and estimate rainfall depths and risks for different durations. Additionally, it reviews previous work on depth-duration-frequency relationships in Southern Africa and details some historic extreme storm events that have impacted the region.
Air Pollution Climatology Of Bhopal And Gwalior ECRD IN
This document analyzes air pollution climatology data from Bhopal and Gwalior, India over a 5-year period. It finds that April has the highest mixing height and ventilation, suggesting best pollutant dispersion. January and October are worst for vertical dispersion. Daytime generally allows for better dispersion than nighttime. Bhopal experiences more unstable conditions and better dispersion than Gwalior. Industries should be located south of cities to minimize pollutant effects, as prevailing winds are from the north.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. The Study Area is located between Latitude 15º57′58′′ N to 16º11′25.6′′ N and 77º18′1′′ E to77º32′5.3′′ E Longitude and covers area of 360.97 km2, having maximum length of 26.17 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 533 m and 323 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 311.469 m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1458.55 m3/s.
Factors affecting monsoon precipitation in NepalSagar Parajuli
I did a brief study about the factors affecting monsoon precipitation in Nepal few months ago for a class project. I am sharing the slides as it is relevant to the recent flooding in north India and Nepal.
This document analyzes historical rainfall variability in nine stations across Eastern Cape, South Africa from 1970 to 2010. It finds declining rainfall trends over time at Grahamstown, Uitenhage and Bathurst stations, while Amakhala, Port Alfred and Port Elizabeth stations showed no change. Most declines occurred in 1980s-1990s. Analysis of daily rainfall index and amounts above 10mm showed similar declines. Frequency of dry days decreased at Port Alfred and Uitenhage, while length of dry spells increased at Bathurst. Previous studies linked 1970s-1990s rainfall variations in the region to El Niño southern oscillation cycles and sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are among the most demandable information in meteorology, hydrology and engineering water resources design, planning, operation, and management works. The IDF Curves accessible are for the most part done by fitting arrangement of yearly greatest precipitation force to parametric dispersions. Intensity-durationfrequency (IDF) curves represent the relationship between storm intensity, storm duration and return period. Environmental change is relied upon to intensify the boundaries in the atmosphere factors. Being prone to harsh climate impacts, it is very crucial to study extreme rainfall-induced flooding for short durations over regions that are rapidly growing. One way to approach the extremes is by the application of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The annual maximum rainfall intensity (AMRI) characteristics are often used to construct these IDF curves that are being used in several infrastructure designs for urban areas. Thus, there is a necessity to obtain high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall information. Many urban areas of developing countries lack long records of short-duration rainfall. The shortest duration obtained is normally at a daily scale/24 h. This paper suggests their generation based on annual daily maximum rainfall (ADMR) records. Rainfall data of 23 (Twenty three) hydrological years of all stations were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by LogNormal Distribution method.
The document discusses using satellite data to detect oceanic fronts and how this data can be used. It describes techniques developed by PML to automatically detect fronts in satellite data. Front data shows strong seasonal variability and has been used to help define Marine Protected Areas. The techniques can also be applied to characterize potential sites for marine renewable energy installations to understand impacts on marine life.
This document summarizes wind data collected over one year at Sitakundu, Bangladesh. The data was analyzed to determine monthly average wind speeds, daily variations, frequency distributions, and instantaneous wind velocities. Irregular wind behavior was observed in August and September, with higher gusts and more variable speeds. Weibull analysis was used to calculate shape and scale factors each month. Factors were outside normal ranges for August and September, likely due to high magnitude wind gusts during this period. Modifications were suggested to better model local wind conditions, including using mean hourly rather than 10-minute wind speeds.
This document summarizes a technical report on storm rainfall in Southern Africa. It provides tabulated estimates of extreme n-day rainfall depths (where n=1, 2, 3, 7 days) for over 2,400 locations in South Africa and South West Africa/Namibia. The estimates are provided for selected recurrence intervals up to 200 years. It also outlines the statistical partial duration series and censored log-normal model used to analyze the daily rainfall data and estimate rainfall depths and risks for different durations. Additionally, it reviews previous work on depth-duration-frequency relationships in Southern Africa and details some historic extreme storm events that have impacted the region.
Air Pollution Climatology Of Bhopal And Gwalior ECRD IN
This document analyzes air pollution climatology data from Bhopal and Gwalior, India over a 5-year period. It finds that April has the highest mixing height and ventilation, suggesting best pollutant dispersion. January and October are worst for vertical dispersion. Daytime generally allows for better dispersion than nighttime. Bhopal experiences more unstable conditions and better dispersion than Gwalior. Industries should be located south of cities to minimize pollutant effects, as prevailing winds are from the north.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. The Study Area is located between Latitude 15º57′58′′ N to 16º11′25.6′′ N and 77º18′1′′ E to77º32′5.3′′ E Longitude and covers area of 360.97 km2, having maximum length of 26.17 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 533 m and 323 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 311.469 m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1458.55 m3/s.
Factors affecting monsoon precipitation in NepalSagar Parajuli
I did a brief study about the factors affecting monsoon precipitation in Nepal few months ago for a class project. I am sharing the slides as it is relevant to the recent flooding in north India and Nepal.
This document analyzes historical rainfall variability in nine stations across Eastern Cape, South Africa from 1970 to 2010. It finds declining rainfall trends over time at Grahamstown, Uitenhage and Bathurst stations, while Amakhala, Port Alfred and Port Elizabeth stations showed no change. Most declines occurred in 1980s-1990s. Analysis of daily rainfall index and amounts above 10mm showed similar declines. Frequency of dry days decreased at Port Alfred and Uitenhage, while length of dry spells increased at Bathurst. Previous studies linked 1970s-1990s rainfall variations in the region to El Niño southern oscillation cycles and sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are among the most demandable information in meteorology, hydrology and engineering water resources design, planning, operation, and management works. The IDF Curves accessible are for the most part done by fitting arrangement of yearly greatest precipitation force to parametric dispersions. Intensity-durationfrequency (IDF) curves represent the relationship between storm intensity, storm duration and return period. Environmental change is relied upon to intensify the boundaries in the atmosphere factors. Being prone to harsh climate impacts, it is very crucial to study extreme rainfall-induced flooding for short durations over regions that are rapidly growing. One way to approach the extremes is by the application of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The annual maximum rainfall intensity (AMRI) characteristics are often used to construct these IDF curves that are being used in several infrastructure designs for urban areas. Thus, there is a necessity to obtain high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall information. Many urban areas of developing countries lack long records of short-duration rainfall. The shortest duration obtained is normally at a daily scale/24 h. This paper suggests their generation based on annual daily maximum rainfall (ADMR) records. Rainfall data of 23 (Twenty three) hydrological years of all stations were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by LogNormal Distribution method.
The document discusses using satellite data to detect oceanic fronts and how this data can be used. It describes techniques developed by PML to automatically detect fronts in satellite data. Front data shows strong seasonal variability and has been used to help define Marine Protected Areas. The techniques can also be applied to characterize potential sites for marine renewable energy installations to understand impacts on marine life.
This document summarizes wind data collected over one year at Sitakundu, Bangladesh. The data was analyzed to determine monthly average wind speeds, daily variations, frequency distributions, and instantaneous wind velocities. Irregular wind behavior was observed in August and September, with higher gusts and more variable speeds. Weibull analysis was used to calculate shape and scale factors each month. Factors were outside normal ranges for August and September, likely due to high magnitude wind gusts during this period. Modifications were suggested to better model local wind conditions, including using mean hourly rather than 10-minute wind speeds.
This document evaluates the effectiveness of detached breakwaters and groynes for reducing coastal erosion along the Alappad coast in Kerala, India. Numerical modeling is conducted using software to analyze wave parameters, currents, and sediment transport with and without protective structures. Results show that detached breakwaters are most effective at reducing wave heights, while groynes provide a better barrier against dominant northward currents. Both structures decrease sediment transport rates and can reduce coastal erosion. Transition groynes with a spacing of twice their length perform well with minimal downstream impacts.
OFFSHORE WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OFF THE SOUTH AFRICAN COASTLINEIAEME Publication
The document analyzes the offshore wind resource potential along the South African coastline. Four potential sites for offshore wind farms were identified based on considerations of shipping routes, proximity to the electrical grid, and offshore oil and gas exploration areas. Wind data from the Global Wind Atlas was analyzed for each site. Site 2 showed the highest power density and average wind speed within the 50m hub height, making it the best potential location for an offshore wind farm. The study found offshore wind energy to be a viable option for South Africa to increase renewable energy production.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that estimated and mapped land surface temperature in the Kolondieba-Tiendaga basin in Mali using AATSR satellite images and GIS. The study area has a tropical climate and vegetation including savannas and agricultural lands. Land surface temperature was calculated using the SEBS model applied to AATSR data. Results found land surface temperatures between 303-296K with standard deviations of 2.66-0.945K, consistent with other studies in West Africa using AATSR images. The land surface temperature data can provide important information for hydrology, natural resource management, agriculture and climate modeling in the region.
Study of Average Hourly Variations of Radio Refractivity Variations across So...iosrjce
The results of the diurnal variation of refractivity based on measurement of atmospheric pressure,
temperature and relative humidity made across some selected locations within Nigeria, Yola (90
11' N, 120
30'
E), Anyigba (70
45' N, 60
45' E), Lagos (60
27' N, 50
12' E), and Port-Harcourt (40
48'N, 70E), is presented in this
study. The study utilized three years of meteorological data measured from January 2010 to December 2013
using Vantage Pro 2 automatic weather station installed at each location. The average hourly variations of
refractivity in the dry season is largely as a result of the variations of the wet component (humidity) while the
average daily variations of surface radio refractivity in the rainy season is as a result of both the variations of
the dry (pressure) and wet (humidity) component of surface radio refractivity. It also observed that the values of
surface radio refractivity showed seasonal variations with high value during rainy season and low values
during dry season with an increase in the value of surface radio refractivity from minimum value of about
242N-units at Anyigba station to maximum value of about 384-N units at Lagos station. The diurnal variation of
refractivity of the troposphere is a function of local meteorology as observed from results obtained from the
study.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document analyzes sea wave transmission through mangrove forests of Rhizophora sp. in Indonesia. Measurements were taken in natural wave tanks constructed within the mangrove forest. Wave period, height, and transmission were measured using sensors. Porosity and transmission coefficients were calculated. Results showed transmission coefficients decreased with increasing wave steepness and porosity. The mangroves reduced wave heights by 57.73% at high porosity, demonstrating their ability to attenuate sea waves and protect the coastline from erosion.
● Comparative Study of the Aladin and Arome Wind Effect on Waves Characteristics: Application on the International Port of Algiers https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/708
● Identification of Black Dragon Forest Fire in Amur River Basin Using Satellite Borne NDVI Data and Its Impact on Long Range Transport of Pollutants: A Case Study https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1182
● Perception and Knowledge on Climate Change: A Case Study of University Students in Bangladesh
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1542
● Role of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Height and Ventilation Coefficient on Urban Air Quality- A study based on Observations and NWP Model https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1421
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
EVALUATION OF VERTICAL REFRACTIVITY PROFILE OVER MICROWAVE LINK IN MOWE, NIGERIAjmicro
The radio refractive index structure of the lower section of the atmospheric boundary layer is critical in the
planning and construction of microwave communication connections. This study analyses the refractivity
profile carried out in Mowe (6.8085° N, 3.4367° E) South – Western Nigeria. Ground measurements of air
pressure, temperature, and relative humidity used in this investigation were collected from the rain gauge
of the Tropospheric Observatory Data Acquisition Network (TRODAN). The radio refractivity, associated
refractivity gradient and climatic factor were computed using data from January 2012 to December 2013.
The vertical distributions of radio refractivity were then calculated using these parameters. Seasonal
fluctuations in refractivity are visible over the location, with high values in the wet season and low values
in the dry season. The findings also suggest that propagation circumstances fluctuate in frequency, with
sub-refractive situations being most common between April and September. This is an indication that
microwave link in Mowe will suffer higher signal loss during wet season, while the loss may be mild during
the dry season. The refractivity values in this study are expected to aid in determining the necessary
mitigation to be put in place to reduce loss of signal in Mowe.
EVALUATION OF VERTICAL REFRACTIVITY PROFILE OVER MICROWAVE LINK IN MOWE, NIGERIAjmicro
The radio refractive index structure of the lower section of the atmospheric boundary layer is critical in the
planning and construction of microwave communication connections. This study analyses the refractivity
profile carried out in Mowe (6.8085° N, 3.4367° E) South – Western Nigeria. Ground measurements of air
pressure, temperature, and relative humidity used in this investigation were collected from the rain gauge
of the Tropospheric Observatory Data Acquisition Network (TRODAN). The radio refractivity, associated
refractivity gradient and climatic factor were computed using data from January 2012 to December 2013.
The vertical distributions of radio refractivity were then calculated using these parameters. Seasonal
fluctuations in refractivity are visible over the location, with high values in the wet season and low values
in the dry season. The findings also suggest that propagation circumstances fluctuate in frequency, with
sub-refractive situations being most common between April and September. This is an indication that
microwave link in Mowe will suffer higher signal loss during wet season, while the loss may be mild during
the dry season. The refractivity values in this study are expected to aid in determining the necessary
mitigation to be put in place to reduce loss of signal in Mowe.
This document summarizes a study that characterized cyclones in the Bay of Bengal using cyclone tracking data from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) from 1986 to 2016. The following key points are made:
- Most cyclones occurred during October and November and had landfalls along the northwest coast of the Bay of Bengal, affecting India.
- There is an inverse relationship between wind speed and pressure - high wind speeds are associated with low pressures, resulting in cyclones.
- Spatial analyses showed maximum wind speeds and lowest pressures predominantly in the northeast region of the Bay of Bengal.
- There is a decreasing trend observed in the number of cyclones occurring in the Bay
DETERMINATION OF KWAZULU-NATAL SEA STATE PARAMETERS FOR THE SPECTRAL FUNCTIONSIAEME Publication
1. The study analyzed ocean wave data from KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa to determine typical sea state parameters for use in ocean wave energy assessments.
2. The analysis found that the most probable significant wave height is between 3.75m and 4.015m, with an average peak period between 9.807 seconds and 10.36 seconds.
3. Based on this, the study defined the sea state for KwaZulu-Natal as having a significant wave height of 3.854m and peak period of 9.807 seconds, which can be used to characterize the sea state using the Pierson-Moskowitz and JONSWAP spectral models.
The document summarizes a wind resource assessment conducted in Tonga Islands, South Pacific. It analyzes wind speed and direction data collected from two towers located on the main island of Tongatapu over one year. The mean wind speed was 4.5-4.54 m/s at 34m above ground level and 3.63-3.45 m/s at 20m AGL. The prevailing wind direction was southeast, corresponding to southeast trade winds. Analysis indicated a low wind speed regime and potential for wind energy development.
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
This document compares in situ wind speed observations from Wave Glider deployments in the Southern Ocean to several satellite-derived and reanalysis wind products. The study finds that the ECMWF reanalysis product best represents the temporal variability of winds compared to in situ data. However, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis II product matches observed trends in deviation from the mean wind speed and best depicts the mean wind state, especially during high wind periods. Overall, the high-resolution ECMWF product performs best during lower wind conditions with lower wind speed biases across categories.
A Numerical Simulation for Predicting Sea Waves Characteristics and Downtime ...Professor Kabir Sadeghi
In this paper, a numerical simulation of sea wave characteristics and operation
downtimes of offshore structures is presented. The simulation was based on available
wind data and seawater temperature recorded by an oceanography buoy installed in
the Caspian Sea. Wave characteristics were simulated for deepwater parts of the
Caspian Sea by applying the Bretschneider spectrum and equations using following
recorded data: wind velocity, wind duration, fetch length, and water/air temperature
differences. Since recorded wave data were only available for a one-year period, they
were solely used for validation of the simulation results with recorded data but for
not the simulation itself. Some practically established thresholds for wave velocity,
wave period, and wind velocity were considered as constrains, limiting the operation
of offshore installations. The numerical simulation model revealed that it is possible
to operate offshore installations for 250 days per year in the southern parts of the
Caspian Sea. A worst-case scenario showed that the maximum waiting time for
restarting the offshore installations is 17 days. Considering the swell parameter, it
was concluded that the annual downtime period of offshore installation operations in
southern parts of the Caspian Sea is about one third of a year and the maximum
waiting time for this operation is about two third of a month.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Geohydrological investigation using vertical electrical sounding at banaras h...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) to investigate the geohydrology of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. Nine VES surveys were conducted and interpreted to identify four subsurface layers and map variations in thickness. Four geoelectrical cross-sections were generated that correlated well with borehole data. The results indicate suitable conditions for good aquifers that can ensure a continued groundwater supply to support development in the expanding university campus.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
More Related Content
Similar to Characteristics and Resource Potentials of Nigerian Atlantic
This document evaluates the effectiveness of detached breakwaters and groynes for reducing coastal erosion along the Alappad coast in Kerala, India. Numerical modeling is conducted using software to analyze wave parameters, currents, and sediment transport with and without protective structures. Results show that detached breakwaters are most effective at reducing wave heights, while groynes provide a better barrier against dominant northward currents. Both structures decrease sediment transport rates and can reduce coastal erosion. Transition groynes with a spacing of twice their length perform well with minimal downstream impacts.
OFFSHORE WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OFF THE SOUTH AFRICAN COASTLINEIAEME Publication
The document analyzes the offshore wind resource potential along the South African coastline. Four potential sites for offshore wind farms were identified based on considerations of shipping routes, proximity to the electrical grid, and offshore oil and gas exploration areas. Wind data from the Global Wind Atlas was analyzed for each site. Site 2 showed the highest power density and average wind speed within the 50m hub height, making it the best potential location for an offshore wind farm. The study found offshore wind energy to be a viable option for South Africa to increase renewable energy production.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that estimated and mapped land surface temperature in the Kolondieba-Tiendaga basin in Mali using AATSR satellite images and GIS. The study area has a tropical climate and vegetation including savannas and agricultural lands. Land surface temperature was calculated using the SEBS model applied to AATSR data. Results found land surface temperatures between 303-296K with standard deviations of 2.66-0.945K, consistent with other studies in West Africa using AATSR images. The land surface temperature data can provide important information for hydrology, natural resource management, agriculture and climate modeling in the region.
Study of Average Hourly Variations of Radio Refractivity Variations across So...iosrjce
The results of the diurnal variation of refractivity based on measurement of atmospheric pressure,
temperature and relative humidity made across some selected locations within Nigeria, Yola (90
11' N, 120
30'
E), Anyigba (70
45' N, 60
45' E), Lagos (60
27' N, 50
12' E), and Port-Harcourt (40
48'N, 70E), is presented in this
study. The study utilized three years of meteorological data measured from January 2010 to December 2013
using Vantage Pro 2 automatic weather station installed at each location. The average hourly variations of
refractivity in the dry season is largely as a result of the variations of the wet component (humidity) while the
average daily variations of surface radio refractivity in the rainy season is as a result of both the variations of
the dry (pressure) and wet (humidity) component of surface radio refractivity. It also observed that the values of
surface radio refractivity showed seasonal variations with high value during rainy season and low values
during dry season with an increase in the value of surface radio refractivity from minimum value of about
242N-units at Anyigba station to maximum value of about 384-N units at Lagos station. The diurnal variation of
refractivity of the troposphere is a function of local meteorology as observed from results obtained from the
study.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document analyzes sea wave transmission through mangrove forests of Rhizophora sp. in Indonesia. Measurements were taken in natural wave tanks constructed within the mangrove forest. Wave period, height, and transmission were measured using sensors. Porosity and transmission coefficients were calculated. Results showed transmission coefficients decreased with increasing wave steepness and porosity. The mangroves reduced wave heights by 57.73% at high porosity, demonstrating their ability to attenuate sea waves and protect the coastline from erosion.
● Comparative Study of the Aladin and Arome Wind Effect on Waves Characteristics: Application on the International Port of Algiers https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/708
● Identification of Black Dragon Forest Fire in Amur River Basin Using Satellite Borne NDVI Data and Its Impact on Long Range Transport of Pollutants: A Case Study https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1182
● Perception and Knowledge on Climate Change: A Case Study of University Students in Bangladesh
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1542
● Role of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Height and Ventilation Coefficient on Urban Air Quality- A study based on Observations and NWP Model https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1421
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
EVALUATION OF VERTICAL REFRACTIVITY PROFILE OVER MICROWAVE LINK IN MOWE, NIGERIAjmicro
The radio refractive index structure of the lower section of the atmospheric boundary layer is critical in the
planning and construction of microwave communication connections. This study analyses the refractivity
profile carried out in Mowe (6.8085° N, 3.4367° E) South – Western Nigeria. Ground measurements of air
pressure, temperature, and relative humidity used in this investigation were collected from the rain gauge
of the Tropospheric Observatory Data Acquisition Network (TRODAN). The radio refractivity, associated
refractivity gradient and climatic factor were computed using data from January 2012 to December 2013.
The vertical distributions of radio refractivity were then calculated using these parameters. Seasonal
fluctuations in refractivity are visible over the location, with high values in the wet season and low values
in the dry season. The findings also suggest that propagation circumstances fluctuate in frequency, with
sub-refractive situations being most common between April and September. This is an indication that
microwave link in Mowe will suffer higher signal loss during wet season, while the loss may be mild during
the dry season. The refractivity values in this study are expected to aid in determining the necessary
mitigation to be put in place to reduce loss of signal in Mowe.
EVALUATION OF VERTICAL REFRACTIVITY PROFILE OVER MICROWAVE LINK IN MOWE, NIGERIAjmicro
The radio refractive index structure of the lower section of the atmospheric boundary layer is critical in the
planning and construction of microwave communication connections. This study analyses the refractivity
profile carried out in Mowe (6.8085° N, 3.4367° E) South – Western Nigeria. Ground measurements of air
pressure, temperature, and relative humidity used in this investigation were collected from the rain gauge
of the Tropospheric Observatory Data Acquisition Network (TRODAN). The radio refractivity, associated
refractivity gradient and climatic factor were computed using data from January 2012 to December 2013.
The vertical distributions of radio refractivity were then calculated using these parameters. Seasonal
fluctuations in refractivity are visible over the location, with high values in the wet season and low values
in the dry season. The findings also suggest that propagation circumstances fluctuate in frequency, with
sub-refractive situations being most common between April and September. This is an indication that
microwave link in Mowe will suffer higher signal loss during wet season, while the loss may be mild during
the dry season. The refractivity values in this study are expected to aid in determining the necessary
mitigation to be put in place to reduce loss of signal in Mowe.
This document summarizes a study that characterized cyclones in the Bay of Bengal using cyclone tracking data from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) from 1986 to 2016. The following key points are made:
- Most cyclones occurred during October and November and had landfalls along the northwest coast of the Bay of Bengal, affecting India.
- There is an inverse relationship between wind speed and pressure - high wind speeds are associated with low pressures, resulting in cyclones.
- Spatial analyses showed maximum wind speeds and lowest pressures predominantly in the northeast region of the Bay of Bengal.
- There is a decreasing trend observed in the number of cyclones occurring in the Bay
DETERMINATION OF KWAZULU-NATAL SEA STATE PARAMETERS FOR THE SPECTRAL FUNCTIONSIAEME Publication
1. The study analyzed ocean wave data from KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa to determine typical sea state parameters for use in ocean wave energy assessments.
2. The analysis found that the most probable significant wave height is between 3.75m and 4.015m, with an average peak period between 9.807 seconds and 10.36 seconds.
3. Based on this, the study defined the sea state for KwaZulu-Natal as having a significant wave height of 3.854m and peak period of 9.807 seconds, which can be used to characterize the sea state using the Pierson-Moskowitz and JONSWAP spectral models.
The document summarizes a wind resource assessment conducted in Tonga Islands, South Pacific. It analyzes wind speed and direction data collected from two towers located on the main island of Tongatapu over one year. The mean wind speed was 4.5-4.54 m/s at 34m above ground level and 3.63-3.45 m/s at 20m AGL. The prevailing wind direction was southeast, corresponding to southeast trade winds. Analysis indicated a low wind speed regime and potential for wind energy development.
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
This document compares in situ wind speed observations from Wave Glider deployments in the Southern Ocean to several satellite-derived and reanalysis wind products. The study finds that the ECMWF reanalysis product best represents the temporal variability of winds compared to in situ data. However, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis II product matches observed trends in deviation from the mean wind speed and best depicts the mean wind state, especially during high wind periods. Overall, the high-resolution ECMWF product performs best during lower wind conditions with lower wind speed biases across categories.
A Numerical Simulation for Predicting Sea Waves Characteristics and Downtime ...Professor Kabir Sadeghi
In this paper, a numerical simulation of sea wave characteristics and operation
downtimes of offshore structures is presented. The simulation was based on available
wind data and seawater temperature recorded by an oceanography buoy installed in
the Caspian Sea. Wave characteristics were simulated for deepwater parts of the
Caspian Sea by applying the Bretschneider spectrum and equations using following
recorded data: wind velocity, wind duration, fetch length, and water/air temperature
differences. Since recorded wave data were only available for a one-year period, they
were solely used for validation of the simulation results with recorded data but for
not the simulation itself. Some practically established thresholds for wave velocity,
wave period, and wind velocity were considered as constrains, limiting the operation
of offshore installations. The numerical simulation model revealed that it is possible
to operate offshore installations for 250 days per year in the southern parts of the
Caspian Sea. A worst-case scenario showed that the maximum waiting time for
restarting the offshore installations is 17 days. Considering the swell parameter, it
was concluded that the annual downtime period of offshore installation operations in
southern parts of the Caspian Sea is about one third of a year and the maximum
waiting time for this operation is about two third of a month.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Geohydrological investigation using vertical electrical sounding at banaras h...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) to investigate the geohydrology of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. Nine VES surveys were conducted and interpreted to identify four subsurface layers and map variations in thickness. Four geoelectrical cross-sections were generated that correlated well with borehole data. The results indicate suitable conditions for good aquifers that can ensure a continued groundwater supply to support development in the expanding university campus.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Characteristics and Resource Potentials of Nigerian Atlantic (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence techniques in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to e-commerce and AI, and how AI is being used increasingly in e-commerce applications worldwide. It then reviews literature on how AI can be integrated into e-commerce systems and the various applications of AI in e-commerce. Some key applications discussed include AI assistants, personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, supply chain management, fraud detection and more. The document concludes that Saudi Arabia is well positioned to benefit from using AI to boost its growing e-commerce sector.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the factors influencing ownership patterns of selected Indian companies and the impact of ownership patterns on corporate performance. The study used data from 5 industries over 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Multiple regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results found that the percentage of independent directors on the board and the size of the company had a significant impact on Indian promoter holdings. Additionally, non-institutional ownership was found to have a significant impact on corporate performance measures like asset utilization ratio. The study concluded that ownership patterns can influence corporate performance and companies should work to optimize factors like debt-equity ratio and board independence to improve financial outcomes.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses theoretical estimates for the costs of compressing and transporting CO2 from a hypothetical carbon capture and storage project at the Saline Joniche Power Plant in Italy. It first provides background on the power plant project from 2008 that proposed converting the site to coal power. It then details the methodology used to size the compression system, estimating power needs for multi-stage compression up to pipeline pressures. Costs are considered for constructing, operating, and maintaining both the compression plant and pipeline to a potential offshore storage site. The aim is to evaluate retrofitting the existing plant with carbon capture and storage as a way to enable continued coal power production consistent with climate goals.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Characteristics and Resource Potentials of Nigerian Atlantic
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
99 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Characteristics and Resource Potentials of Nigerian Atlantic
Jasper Ahamefula Agbakwuru1
and Idubor Fabian Ifeanyi2
1
Lecturer, Center for Maritime and Offshore Studies, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State,
NIGERIA
2
Lecturer, Department of Marine Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, NIGERIA
1
Corresponding Author: agbakwuru.jasper@fupre.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an updated understanding of the
Nigerian Atlantic waters in terms of the offshore characteristic
and the potentials that these characteristics provide for the
people of the nation and the continent at large. The wind,
wave, swell and current data studied were provided by Shell
Nigeria for some periods between1979 and 1983.General
characteristic consideration of wind, wave, swell and current
is made for the Nigerian Atlantic waters and in particular
Bonny Offshore, Forcadoes Offshore, Asabo Offshore and
Bonga Offshore. Inference from the results in terms of use of
the Atlantic for renewable energy sources and marine food
production based on a proposed offshore technology is
described. It is noted that the Nigerian Atlantic is relatively
mild and benign with low average velocity of 0.3 m/s running
at about 3 meters above ocean bottom. This paper further
discusses efforts made to reinvent the use of vertical axis
turbine for use in such low underwater current velocities of
0.3 m/s which is perhaps the least flow velocity of ocean water
in the world.
Keywords-- Offshore Renewable Energy, West African
Ocean Characteristics, Ocean Current, Offshore Wind
I. INTRODUCTION
Atlantic Ocean is bound by West and South of
Africa on its Eastern side and North and South America on
its Western side. This work narrows to the part of the
Atlantic on the side the West African continent. This part is
often referred to as Offshore West Africa.
Figure 1: The Atlantic Ocean (Source:
Wikipidia.orghttps://www.google.com/search?q=North+Equatorial+Current&sa=X&stick)
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
100 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Within the Offshore West Africa is part of the
Ocean belonging to Nigeria as a country. We will refer to
this part as Offshore Nigeria. This work studies the
Atlantic Ocean characteristics of the Offshore Nigeria.
Shell Nigeria has provided data of some Nigerian Offshore
Stations, namely, Bonny, Forcados, Aasabo and Bonga
offshores. The data is studied and very important
inferences made. More details on the presentation can be
provided on demand.
West African Ocean Characteristic
It is known that the Ocean environment Offshore
West Africa is mild as local storms are just rare. It is
dominated by swell waves, which are generated by high
wind energies, far away from offshore West Africa, in the
South Atlantic and North Atlantic during the austral winter
and austral summer, respectively (Prevosto et al.,
2013).High energies transferred by the wind to the sea
results in the propagation of fast moving swell waves,
covering enormous distance to West Africa coast. These
swells, being generated from sources far from the West
African ocean environment, are characterized as low long
waves, having long wavelength, with reduced
amplitude/wave height. However, these swells possess
enormous amounts of energies transferred by the strong
winds at the source(Prevosto et al., 2013).
Based on National Aeronautical and Space
Administration (NASA) satellite sensors, Quik SCAT
scatter meters etc., (Chen et al.,2002) produced global
maps of swell climate and based on the study of
(Alves,2006) three well-defined swell-dominated zones in
the tropical areas of Pacific ocean (South and North),
Atlantic ocean (South and North), and the Indian ocean
were identified, see Figure 1.
FigureError! No text of specified style in document.: Swell Generation Areas-Storm Extra-tropical Storm Atlas (Alves,
2006)
The persistent, strong winds over the Southern
Ocean near the southern tip of South Africa generate high
waves that travel thousands of kilometers to the North
Indian Ocean as large swell component with the magnitude
of swell height between 15.0 m (near the generation area)
and around 6.0 m (near La Reunion island) (Alves, 2006).
These swells, on entering the Indian Ocean region,
contribute to the total wave height of the surface waves.
(Ardhuin et al.,2009) provided an accurate estimation of the
dissipation rate of swell energy across the oceans. Study by
(Bhowmick et al.,2011) shows that the Indian Ocean is
dominated by swells of considerable amplitudes. These
swells arrive from the Southern Ocean during most part of
the year and can grow significantly under the influence of
strong winds such as storms.
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Bonga Offshore Nigeria (water depth - 1018m)
Based on the values of the significant wave height
and period(Hs and Tp) for the swell wave components as
shown in the Figure 2, it can be deduced that swell
component-1 is the primary swell while swell component-2
is a secondary swell.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
101 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 2: Hs and Tp scatter Plot of swell components 1 & 2 (Adesanya et al., 2017)
Table 1 and Figures 3 and 4 indicate the extreme waves and fitted distribution.
Table Error! No text of specified style in document.: Plot Function Values of 3-parameter Weibull Distr. for Swell
Components Hs for Different Return Periods
(Adesanya et al., 2017)
Return Period
(years)
n3h
ln(-ln(1-F)
Components 1 & 2 Swell
1 2920 2.07
10 29200 2.33
100 292000 2.53
4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
102 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 3: Empirical and fitted 3-parameter Weibull Distr. for the Component-1 Swell Hs(Adesanya et al., 2017)
Figure 4: Empirical and fitted Log-normal distribution for the Component-1 Swell Hs(Adesanya et al., 2017)
2.2 Bonny Offshore (Water depth of 19.0m)
Bonny offshore, unlike the Bonga is a shallow
offshore.
It is observed that there is consistent increase in
wave height for mid years. There is a relatively strong
difference between the measurements of Hs recorded in
August of the three years. The spectral period of the Bonny
wave study is about 7 seconds. See Figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5: Bonny time history for 1980 to 1983
Figure 6: Hs and Tp Scatter Plot for 1979 and1983
5. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
103 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 7 shows applicable distribution for Bonny wave system.
Figure 7: Log Normal probability paper – Empirical and fitter distribution for Bonny
2.3 Asabo Offshore (Water depth - 47 m) Asabo offshore located at Qua-Ibo in AkwaIbom
state in Figure 8
Figure 8: Asabo Offshore (Marked Red)
Figure 9 and 10 indicate the spectral period and fitted distribution for Asabo data.
6. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
104 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 10: Asabo offshore distribution fitted
2.4 Forcados Offshore (water depth - 22 m) Forcados Offshore is another shallow water
offshore as seen in Figure 11. The spectral plot with wave
height is given in Figure 12.
Figure 11: Forcados Offshore
7. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
105 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 12: Plot of Tp versus Hs of Forcados data
2.5 Offshore Wind
Tables 2 to 5 show the data that indicate the
monthly mean values of the wind speed at the different
locations. These data descriptions were used in the
computations of energy potentials of the sites and other
related parameters as documented in the Tables.
Table 2: Forcados field energy analysis using 1982 wind data.
MONTHS Vm (m/s) K c (m/s) VF (m/s) VE (m/s) PD(W/m2
)
January 1.2 2.6 1.6 1.3 3.4 1.0584
February 4.2 5.7 5.7 4.4 7.5 45.3789
March 6.1 6.5 6.3 6 10 139.0258625
April 5.3 6 5.44 5.3 6.6 91.1871625
May 3.9 4.91 4.31 3.7 5.4 36.3328875
June 5.4 6.2 5.7 5.1 8 96.4467
July 5.1 6.1 5.9 5 6.4 81.2487375
August 2.5 3.6 2.8 3.1 4.8 9.5703125
September 2.1 3.3 2.4 4 5 5.6723625
October 4.1 5.1 4.5 4.1 5.3 42.2141125
November 1.8 2.5 1 2.3 3.88 3.5721
December 2.3 2.8 2.6 3.1 4.4 7.4522875
TOTAL 44 55.37 48.25 47.4 70.72 559.159825
Annual Mean 3.67 4.61 4.02 3.95 5.89 46.59665208
Mean wind speed (Vm); dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k); Weibull scale parameter (c); most probable wind speed
(VF); wind speed carrying maximum energy (VE); wind power density (PD); mean energy density (ED).
(Source: Agbakwuru and Akawaase, 2018)
Table 3: Bonny field energy analysis using 1980 wind data.
MONTHS Vm (m/s) K c (m/s) VF (m/s) VE (m/s) PD(W/m2
)
January 3.6 3.2 3 2.9 5 28.5768
February 4.3 4.6 5.3 4.4 6 48.69804
March 3.8 4.2 6 6 8 33.6091
8. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
106 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
April 3.2 4.5 5.98 5 7 20.0704
May 3.5 4.62 4.86 4.6 5.4 26.26094
June 4.7 4.2 5.2 5.3 8 63.59159
July 5.4 5.1 5.7 5 7 96.4467
August 4.5 4.3 3.8 5.3 6 55.81406
September 4.1 4.7 2.9 4 5 42.21411
October 3.5 3.8 4.6 4.2 5.6 26.26094
November 3.9 2.5 2.8 3.6 4 36.33289
December 4.7 2.8 3.4 3.9 3 63.59159
TOTAL 49.2 48.52 53.54 54.2 70 541.4672
Annual
Mean
4.1 4.043333 4.46166 4.516667 5.83333 45.1222
Mean wind speed (Vm); dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k); Weibull scale parameter (c); most probable wind speed
(VF); wind speed carrying maximum energy (VE); wind power density (PD); mean energy density (ED).(Source: Agbakwuru and
Akawaase, 2018)
Table 4: Bonga platform energy analysis using 1980 wind data
MONTHS Vm (m/s) K c (m/s) VF (m/s) VE (m/s) PD(W/m2
)
January 6.5268 4.05 4.4 4.31 8.01 170.297
February 6.8376 4.31 4.56 4.42 7.04 195.802
March 5.9052 3.76 4.03 4 10 126.1275
April 5.2836 3.31 3.78 3.65 9.68 90.34329
May 6.993 4.47 4.63 4.42 12 209.4579
June 7.9254 4.95 5.51 4.97 8.11 304.9086
July 7.6146 4.83 4.95 4.93 7.9 270.4253
August 6.216 3.96 4.35 4.26 6.3 147.109
September 5.7498 3.63 3.96 3.82 6.01 116.4298
October 6.6822 4.22 4.47 4.41 7.31 182.753
November 9.4794 5.72 8.01 7.07 15.01 521.7334
December 4.5066 3.13 4.08 3.83 4.4 56.06
TOTAL 79.7202 50.34 56.73 54.09 101.79 2391.447
Annual
Mean
6.64335 4.195 4.73 4.51 8.48 199.2872
Mean wind speed (Vm); dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k); Weibull scale parameter (c);most probable wind speed
(VF); wind speed carrying maximum energy (VE); wind power density (PD); mean energy density (ED).(Source: Agbakwuru and
Akawaase, 2018)
Table 5: Asabo field energy analysis 1982
MONTHS Vm (m/s) K c (m/s) VF (m/s) VE (m/s) PD(W/m2
)
January 3.7 3.23 3.53 3.62 4.1 31.0249625
February 4.9 3.49 4.13 4.21 4.5 42.2141125
March 4.6 4.78 4.71 4.65 5.2 69.6183
April 4.5 4.24 3.99 4.32 4.8 45.3789
May 4.8 3.53 4.82 4.84 5.4 77.7376
9. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
107 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
June 6.4 3.01 6.32 5.08 7.7 160.5632
July 5.7 4.52 5.62 5.82 6.5 113.4307125
August 7.1 3.07 7.04 6.89 8.2 219.2204875
September 5.8 4.93 5.43 5.72 6.4 107.5648
October 6.2 4.41 6.14 5.67 7.5 145.9759
November 4.4 3.65 4.39 4.53 5.8 52.1752
December 3.9 3.11 3.74 4 4.6 31.0249625
TOTAL 60.5 45.97 59.86 64.43 71.3 1075.929138
Annual
Mean
5.14 3.83 4.99 5.37 5.94 95.66076146
Mean wind speed (Vm); dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k); Weibull scale parameter (c); most probable wind speed
(VF); wind speed carrying maximum energy (VE); wind power density (PD); mean energy density (ED).(Source: Agbakwuru and
Akawaase, 2018)
Figures 13 to 17 shows the wind direction of most of the stations under consideration.
Figure 13: Weekly mean wind direction in 1982 at Asabo platform.
The mean wind speed experienced at Asabo
platform in 1982 reached a monthly mean speed of 7.1m/s
in the month of August with a maximum wind speed of
12m/s at an instant during the month.
Figure 14: Bonga monthly and weekly wind direction in 1980 and 1981
10. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
108 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 15: Monthly and weekly wind direction at Forcados
Figure 16: Bonny monthly and weekly wind direction measured in 2006
Examining the results with the Universal
Classification of Table 6, the wind resource in these
locations falls into class 3 or less. This is considered as
marginal or unsuitable for wind power development. The
wind source as found can be used for water pumping and
small-scale electricity generation, providing intermittent
power requirements for a variety of purposes that need low-
energy capacity, slow-running high-torque. It is noted that
energy can be enhanced to enter higher class by applying
the current technology of wind tunneling. For a modern
wind turbine, the cut-in wind speed required to start
generating electricity is generally between 3m/s to 5 m/s.
Depending on the size of the turbine, the peak power output
can be attained when the wind speed is in the range of 10
m/s to 15 m/s.
Figure 17 indicates that wind speed increase
towards the deep water.
11. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
109 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 17: Annual wind speed distribution for Probability density function.
In general, Nigerian offshore exhibits a great
variation in the wind speed in daily terms, recording as high
as 15m/s at some instance and 0m/s at times. The mean
power density is a useful way to evaluate the wind resource
available at a potential site as it indicates how much energy
is available at the site for conversion by a wind turbine.
III. GENERAL DISCUSSIONS ON THE
NIGERIAN ATLANTIC UNDER STUDY
Figure 18: Collective area of the West Africa offshore under study
Forcados
Bonny
Asabo
Bonga
12. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
110 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The locations under the study are shown in Figure
18. It is noted that there are three shallow water locations
and one deep water (Bonga) station. The locations studied
can be generalized into the part of the Nigeria offshore as
marked in red lines.
Based on the data available and the consequent
analyzed results, the following observations are made:
1. The ocean condition is mild with extreme waves
less than 2.5m.
2. The wave is largely primary swell with long period
in Bonga. The swell metamorphosed into
secondary waves with lower period as it
approaches shallow water.
a. In Forcados, the secondary waves is
attributed to shallow water and vegetation
sheltering
b. In Bonny and Asabo, it is largely due to
numerous islands and shallow water
3. Wind power source offshore is not competitively
large.
4. Underwater Current power source is not
competitively large. The minimum current velocity
required for power is 1.0 m/s. The mea current
velocity in the area under study is only 0.3 m/s.
5. Though Shell Nigeria report discussed the possible
errors in the Bonga current directions, a deeper
review tends to point that the current is
unidirectional.
a. In Shallow water Forcados, it is purely
tidal.
b. Bonny and Asabo show relatively
unidirectional
IV. OPPORTUNITIES IN THE NIGERIAN
ATLANTIC UNDER STUDY
Nigeria is not as lucky as their counterparts in
Europe, America and Asia with large wind power and huge
underwater current. However, it can be optimized fit its
purpose.
4.1 Renewable Power
Opportunities in renewable energy power do exist
but the required approach is purely by integrating two or
more energy sources. Solar is abundant and require space
which can easily be found offshore. The Center for
Maritime and Offshore Studies of the University has
developed a ducted vertical axis underwater current power
turbine (UCPT) that can operate at low velocities of about
0.2m/s (Agbakwuru et al., 2019). See Figures 19, 20 and
21.
Figure 19: Vertical axis underwater power turbine for low velocities
13. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
111 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 20: The floated UCPT model showing throat to blades (other parts are submerged)
Figure 21: The UCPT at workshop demonstration.
The wave period in certain places, especially at
show locations is very low and considering the fact that the
ocean surface is mild, an indigenous technology of buoy
operated wave power can be made and deployed. The
Center for Maritime and Offshore Studies of the University
has initiated work on this.
The consequence of these developments is that we
can integrate solar system on exposed platforms.
4.2. Marine Food Production
The consequence of such installation is generation
of power for use not only in the riverine but also for the so
called all-electric driven vessels for fish production.
Nigeria is noted to have lost its base as a fish
trawling nation, not because our water is infertile but
basically due to unavailability of affordable technology to
ensure that sea going capital cost is well lower than the
price of fish trawled. The present day diesel engine
operated system of trawling certainly have costs concern.
The idea of all-electric driven vessel or hybrid is perhaps
the best way to go. This will be addressed in another paper.
V. CONCLUSION
The paper has attempted to demonstrate that though
in terms of magnitudes, wave heights, underwater currents
and winds are low, but one can capitalize on the mild nature
of the West African Ocean and harness energies through
integration of energy systems. This can further be extended
into the marine food production in ocean system using low
capital vessels with all electric driven for trawling.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Center for Maritime and Offshore Studies. And
the Department of Marine Engineering, both of the Federal
University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, gladly thank
Shell Nigeria for the provision of relevant data used in this
work.
14. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 3 (June 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.14
112 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
REFERENCES
[1] Djamal Hissein Didane, Nurhayati Rosly, Mohd
Fadhli Zulkafli, & Syariful Syafiq Shamsudin. (2017).
Evaluation of wind energy potential as a power generation
source in chad. Available at:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijrm/2017/3121875/.
[2] Agbakwuru, J.A., Akaawase, B., & Nwaoha, T. C.
(2019). Characteristics and resource potentials of Nigerian
Atlantic. Presented at the 5th
High Level Industry, science
and government dialogue on Atlantic interaction. Available
at: https://www.researchgate.net/project/Characteristics-
and-resource-potentials-of-Nigerian-Atlantic.
[3] Agbakwuru, J.A., Akaawase, B.T., & Ove, G.T. (2017).
The sea state description of Asabo location in offshore
Nigeria. Ocean System Engineering: Techno Press.
[4] Akinsanya Akinyemi Olugbenga, Gudmestad Ove
Tobias, & Agbakwuru Jasper. (2017). Swell description for
Bonga Offshore Nigeria location. Ocean System
Engineering, 7(4). Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322300474_Swell
_description_for_Bonga_offshore_Nigeria location
[5] Alves, J.H.G.M. (2006). Numerical modeling of ocean
swell contributions to the global wind wave climate. Ocean
Modelling, 11(1-2), 98-122.
[6] Ardhuin, F., Bertrand, C., & Fabrice, C. (2009).
Observation of swell dissipation across oceans.
Geophysical Research Letters, 36(6). Available at:
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/20
08GL037030..
[7] Bhowmick, S., Kumar, R., Chaudhuri, S., & Sarkar, A.
(2011). Swell propagation over Indian ocean region.
International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems, 2, 87–
99.
[8] Chen, Y. et al. (2002). Surface temperature of the
Arctic: Comparison of TOVS satellite retrievals with
surface observations. Available at:
https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-
0442%282002%29015%3C3698%3ASTOTAC%3E2.0.CO
%3B2.
[9] Prevosto, M.et al. (2013). Swell genesis, modelling and
measurements in West Africa. Availale at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267607618_Swell
_Genesis_Modelling_and_Measurements_in_West_Africa.