The document discusses aggregate demand and factors that influence consumption. It introduces the consumption function, which shows the relationship between consumption and disposable income. The marginal propensity to consume is the change in consumption from a $1 change in disposable income. Several factors can shift the consumption function, such as wealth, price levels, and expectations about future income. Tax rebates in 1975 and 2001 failed to significantly boost consumption as intended because consumers viewed the increases in income as temporary rather than permanent.
Measuring a nations Income
GDP
Real GDP
Nominal GDP
Circular Flow Diagram
Components of GDP
The GDP Deflator
Why Do We Care About GDP?
GDP Does Not Value:
Measuring a nations Income
GDP
Real GDP
Nominal GDP
Circular Flow Diagram
Components of GDP
The GDP Deflator
Why Do We Care About GDP?
GDP Does Not Value:
Soyons honnête : nous aimerions tous tester nos plateformes, nos codes, mais personne ne le fait vraiment bien. Heureusement, ce n’est pas une fatalité, et il n’est jamais trop tard pour tester ! La vraie question est : comment tester ? Derrière toute stratégie de tests efficace, il y a une connaissance de tous les types de tests disponibles, de leurs coûts et de leurs utilités. Tout au long de cette journée, nous allons vous détailler les différents types de tests, du test unitaire au test de charge, afin que vous puissiez évaluer la pertinence de chacun dans votre propre contexte.
Among some of the world’s top corporate leaders, there’s a growing understanding that traditional business models—built on the presumption of unlimited and cheap natural resources—must be reworked for 21st century realities. The circular economy represents a markedly different way of doing business, replacing established practices like planned obsolescence with new approaches to generating profits. This report examines how brands from Puma and Ford to Ikea and Starbucks are becoming more circular, why this concept is gaining more adherents now and implications for brands. The circular economy is an important topic not only because the approach is far better for the planet but also because tapping into its principles may well be essential to long-term competitiveness.
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistanAgamya Dixit
It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
Building the Circular Flow of Income & Spendingtutor2u
This revision presentation helps students develop their understanding of the Circular Flow of Income & Spending. It builds the circular flow step-by-step and then provides examples of the circular flow in action. An essential revision presentation for a core macroeconomic concept.
concepts of NATIONAL INCOME, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GNP. NET INCOME, PER CAPTA INCOME, CALCULATION OF NATIONAL INCOME AT CURRENT RATE & CONSTANT RATE, IMPORTANCE OF ESTIMATION, PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATION, CURRENT INDIAN GDP, INDIAN ECONOMIC STATUS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
10. FIGURE 24-1 The Circular Flow of Expenditures and Income 1 3 6 5 4 2 Investors Government Consumers Financial System Saving ( S ) Consumption (C) Investment (I) C + I Government C + I + G Imports ( IM ) Exports ( X ) C + I + G + Transfers Disposable Income ( DI ) Taxes ( X – IM ) Purchases ( G ) Firms (produce the domestic product) Rest of the World Gross National Income ( Y )
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13. FIGURE 24-1 The Circular Flow of Expenditures and Income 1 3 6 5 4 2 Investors Government Consumers Financial System Saving ( S ) Consumption (C) Investment (I) C + I Government C + I + G Imports ( IM ) Exports ( X ) C + I + G + Transfers Disposable Income ( DI ) Taxes ( X – IM ) Purchases ( G ) Firms (produce the domestic product) Rest of the World Gross National Income ( Y )
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20. 100 5,151 Total Consumption 865 Other 816 Medical Care 205 Transportation 310 Household operation 779 Housing 58 2,974 Services 375 Other 133 Energy 264 Clothing & Apparel 772 Food 30 1,545 Nondurable Goods 125 Other 254 Household Equipment 253 Motor Vehicles 12 632 Durable Goods Percent of total Value of category (1996, $, billion) Category of Consumption
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24. Consumption, Saving, and Income 28,360 +1,640 30,000 27,830 +1,170 29,000 27,240 +760 28,000 26,600 +400 27,000 25,850 +150 26,000 25,000 0 25,000 24,110 -110 24,000 (3) Consumption ($) (2) Net saving (+) or dissaving (-) ($) (1) Disposable Income ($)
41. A Consumption Function Derived from the Equation C = 100 + .75 Y 850 1,000 700 800 550 600 400 400 250 200 175 100 160 80 100 0 AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION, C (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS) AGGREGATE INCOME, Y (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
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43. Marginal Propensity to Consume: Again MPC = Change in Consumption _____________________________________________ Change in DI that produces the change in Consumption
44. An Aggregate Consumption Function Derived from the Equation C = 100 + .75 Y 850 1,000 700 800 550 600 400 400 250 200 175 100 160 80 100 0 AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION, C (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS) AGGREGATE INCOME, Y (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
45. Marginal Propensity to Consume MPC = Change in Consumption _____________________________________________ Change in DI that produces the change in Consumption MPC = $75 _____ $100 = 0.75
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47. .80 .85 .90 .95 1.0 Canada United States Netherlands United Kingdom Germany Italy Japan France GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Average Propensities to Consume, Selected Nations, 1999 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000 .986 .976 .972 .940 .907 .873 .869 .842
69. Year 2000 – US Trade with China By 1-digit SITC commodity In millions of dollars Source: US Census Bureau 1-digit SITC Commodity Exports Imports (0) Food and Live Animals 472.95 1,021.17 (1) Beverages and Tobacco 4.93 32.53 (2) Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels 2,566.50 614.03 (3) Mineral Fuels, Lubricants and Related Materials 59.77 729.76 (4) Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes 20.90 7.48 (5) Chemicals and Related Products, N.E.S. 2,325.37 1,809.46 (6) Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material 1,271.89 10,286.90 (7) Machinery and Transport Equipment 8,067.82 34,946.75 (8) Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles 1,240.14 49,475.39 (9) Commodities and Transactions, N.E.S. 222.76 1,139.49 Total 16,253.03 100,062.96
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