Chapter 6-Macro
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GDP measures the total market value of goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be calculated using expenditure, income, or production approaches. GDP only includes final goods and services, not intermediate goods. It is made up of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. GDP does not account for non-market activities or environmental costs. Nominal GDP is not adjusted for inflation so real GDP uses price indexes to allow comparisons over time.
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For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/SlideshareFaccounting
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1. How much life insurance do you need? Using the Life Insurance Calculator, enter the information and post your results in the textbox section of the assignment link. You do NOT need to get actual quotes, just see how much you need.
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National income accounting does for the economy what private accounting would do for an individual household or business. The Bureau of Economic Analysis, an agency of the Department of Commerce, compiles the data and reports it in National Income and Product Accounts. This information is used by economists and policymakers in formulating decisions for the best interest of the nation.
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National income accounting measures aggregate economic activity, including GDP and its components. GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced within a nation's borders in a given time period. GDP can be calculated by totaling expenditures on consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Alternatively, GDP can be viewed through the income approach by totaling wages, profits, interest, rent, and subtracting factors like depreciation and taxes to arrive at measures like national income and disposable personal income.
Measuring National Output and National Income
The document discusses key concepts related to measuring national output and national income. It defines GDP as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, which sums consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports, or the income approach, which sums compensation, profits, interest, and rents. The document also discusses related concepts like GNP, NNP, personal income, and disposable personal income.
national income ,GNP, GDP, NOMINAL AND REAL INTEREST RATES& PPP'S
National income refers to the total money value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It is used to measure the overall economic activity and standard of living in a country. GDP is a key measure of national income and is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, income approach, or output approach and includes consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. While GDP is a useful measure, it does not account for all factors that affect economic well-being such as leisure, environmental quality, and non-market activities.
Day 36
The economists on Frontline said that President Bush's fiscal policy led to problems and the recession. They believed that tax cuts and spending increases under Bush led to growing budget deficits, which contributed to the recession. The document then provides notes on estimating GDP, including definitions of GDP, how it is calculated using the expenditure and income approaches, and what is included in national income accounts.
20959913 crecimiento-economico-y-pib
1. The document discusses measuring GDP and economic growth. It defines GDP and explains how the Bureau of Economic Analysis measures US GDP using the expenditure and income approaches.
2. Real GDP is discussed as a way to separate economic growth from inflation. It explains how real GDP is calculated using base year prices or chain-weighted indexes.
3. The limitations of using real GDP as a welfare measure are outlined, as it does not capture all aspects of economic well-being.
National income accounting 1
The document discusses various methods for calculating GDP, including the income, expenditure, and output approaches. It notes that all approaches should yield the same result according to the circular flow model. It also discusses related concepts like GNP, national income, personal income, disposable income, real GDP, GDP deflator, and purchasing power parity which are used to adjust GDP comparisons.
Macro economic Handout 01 introuction.pptx
Macroeconomics examines aggregate economic measures for entire economies, such as total output, income, spending, employment and prices. It analyzes topics like economic growth, inflation, recession and the effects of fiscal and monetary policy. Microeconomics looks at individual agents and markets. Macroeconomics deals with economy-wide phenomena and seeks to understand how the whole economic system functions.
Day 36
The economists on Frontline said that President Bush's fiscal policy was problematic and led to the recession. They believed that Bush's tax cuts and increased government spending led to growing budget deficits, which contributed to the economic downturn. The document then provides notes on calculating and measuring gross domestic product using the expenditure and income approaches. It discusses the components that make up GDP and how national income accounts are used to track economic activity.
Day 36
The economists on Frontline said that President Bush's fiscal policy was problematic and led to the recession. They believed that Bush's tax cuts and increased government spending led to growing budget deficits, which contributed to the economic downturn. The document then provides notes on calculating and measuring gross domestic product using the expenditure and income approaches. It discusses the components that make up GDP and how national income accounts are used to track economic activity.
Notes eco
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in tourism economics. It discusses standardized economic measures such as GDP, FDI, and balance of payments. It also explores economic trends including recession, inflation, and standards of living. Finally, it defines GDP and how it is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure approaches. It provides examples of how GDP, FDI, and balance of payments are determined.
National income accounting
I do not have enough information to determine the category of military expenditure or present two situations where GDP=GDE based on the given document. The document provides an overview of macroeconomics concepts like GDP, GNP, national income accounting, business cycles, inflationary and recessionary gaps, but it does not specify details about military expenditure categories or conditions for GDP=GDE.
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BUSI 223Exercise 6 Instructions1. How much life insurance do y.docx
BUSI 223Exercise 6 Instructions1. How much life insurance do y.docx
Measurement of National Income-concepts simplified
Measurement of National Income-concepts simplified
national income ,GNP, GDP, NOMINAL AND REAL INTEREST RATES& PPP'S
national income ,GNP, GDP, NOMINAL AND REAL INTEREST RATES& PPP'S
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Ch 13 money and the financial system macro econ4
The document discusses the evolution and functions of money, from bartering to the development of coins and paper currency. It describes how banks created money through fractional reserve banking and the role of the Federal Reserve System in regulating the US monetary system. Key points covered include the properties of ideal money, the purchasing power of currency over time, and the goals of the Federal Reserve in maintaining economic growth and price stability.
Chapter 19 economic development
The document summarizes key concepts about economic development and classifying economies. It discusses how the World Bank estimates Gross National Income to sort countries into high, middle, and low-income economies. High-income economies comprise a small portion of the global population but produce most of the world's output, while low-income economies face challenges like malnutrition, high birth rates, and low labor productivity that contribute to cycles of poverty. Developing strategies like import substitution and foreign aid have mixed records of success in promoting economic growth.
Chapter 16 macro policy
This document discusses the debate between active and passive approaches to macroeconomic policymaking. The active approach views the economy as unstable and in need of discretionary fiscal and monetary policy to reduce costs like unemployment after shocks. The passive approach sees the economy as stable enough for market forces to correct imbalances over time without intervention. The document outlines arguments for both approaches and considers issues like lags in policy, rational expectations, credibility of policymakers, and debates around the Phillips curve relationship between inflation and unemployment.
Chapter 15 monetary theory-and-policy
This chapter discusses monetary theory and policy. It introduces the demand for money curve, which represents the amount of money people hold at different interest rates based on transactions, precautionary, and speculative demands. The supply of money is a vertical line, so equilibrium occurs where demand equals supply. If the money supply increases, interest rates fall and people hold more money. The Fed controls the money supply through tools like reserve requirements and open market operations. Monetarism argues that changes in the money supply directly impact prices, GDP, and employment in the short run. The quantity theory of money posits a direct relationship between money supply and price level when velocity of money and output are stable.
Chapter 14 money-and-the money supply
This document discusses measures of the money supply (M1 and M2) and how banks create money through the money multiplier effect. It explains that the money supply expands as banks make loans from their excess reserves. The money multiplier is equal to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio, so in this example the money multiplier is 10. When the Fed conducts open market operations by buying bonds, it increases bank reserves and allows the money supply to expand through additional lending. The Fed uses tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates to influence the money supply and control monetary policy.
Chapter 12 federal budgets-and-public policy
This document discusses the federal budget process and fiscal policy in the United States. It covers three main topics: 1) the federal budget and budget process, how the budget is made and the roles of the president and congress, 2) the impact of federal deficits and debt, how deficits can affect the economy and national savings, and 3) the national debt, how it accumulates from past deficits and who bears the burden of servicing the debt. It also includes exhibits showing trends in government spending, deficits, and debt over time.
Chapter 11 fiscal policy
This document discusses fiscal policy theory and tools. It defines fiscal policy as government spending, transfers, taxes, and borrowing that affect macroeconomic variables. The two categories of fiscal policy tools are automatic stabilizers and discretionary policy. Automatic stabilizers automatically adjust to economic fluctuations, while discretionary policy requires deliberate manipulation of spending, transfers, and taxes. Expansionary policy increases aggregate demand and output, while contractionary policy decreases them.
Chapter 10 aggregate supply
1) The document discusses aggregate supply, which is the relationship between the price level and the amount of output firms are willing to supply given resource prices, technology, and institutions.
2) It explains how shifts in aggregate supply can lead to expansionary or contractionary gaps in the short run that are closed through price level adjustments in the long run.
3) Beneficial supply shocks increase aggregate supply, lowering prices and raising output, while adverse shocks decrease supply, raising prices and lowering output.
Chapter 9 macro
1) The document discusses concepts related to aggregate expenditure and aggregate demand, including consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. It provides exhibits showing relationships between these components and income.
2) The spending multiplier effect is discussed, where a change in autonomous expenditure is amplified into a larger change in output and income. The multiplier is calculated as 1 divided by 1 minus the marginal propensity to consume.
3) Aggregate expenditure is determined by adding consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. Equilibrium output is reached where aggregate expenditure intersects the 45-degree line on a graph of expenditure and income.
Chapter 5 price elasticity
This document discusses price elasticity of demand and supply. It defines price elasticity of demand as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Price elasticity measures how responsive consumers are to price changes. Demand is more elastic when good substitutes exist, when the good is a small part of the budget, or over longer periods of time as consumers can adjust. Price elasticity of supply is defined similarly, measuring producer responsiveness to price changes. Supply becomes more elastic over longer periods as producers can adjust production. The document also discusses income elasticity of demand and cross-price elasticity.
Chapter 1-Micro-TonyaElliott
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including scarcity, resources, goods and services, markets, and the circular flow model. It explains that economics examines how people use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. Resources include labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability. Goods and services are also scarce because resources are scarce. Markets bring together buyers and sellers to determine price and quantity of products and resources. The circular flow model illustrates the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue between households and firms.
Monetary policy
The document discusses monetary policy and how it affects the economy. It defines money and describes the different components that make up the money supply. Commercial banks engage in fractional reserve banking by keeping only a percentage of deposits on hand while lending out the rest. The Federal Reserve System acts as the central bank that implements monetary policy tools, such as open market operations and reserve requirements, to influence the money supply and control inflation. Expanding the money supply through more accommodative monetary policy can stimulate the economy by increasing aggregate demand, while contracting the money supply through restrictive policy reduces demand and prices.
Chapter11 fiscal policy
Fiscal policy involves government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence economic activity. There are three main views on fiscal policy: Keynesian, New Classical, and Supply-Side. Keynesians support using deficits during recessions and surpluses during booms. New Classical economists argue deficits only affect tax timing. Supply-Siders emphasize reducing marginal tax rates to boost labor and investment. Automatic stabilizers and difficulties with proper timing make discretionary policy challenging with both benefits and risks.
Personal finance.hs
The document outlines 12 key elements of practical personal finance. It discusses discovering one's comparative advantage, being entrepreneurial by helping others and finding better ways of doing things. It recommends using budgeting to save regularly and spend money effectively. It advises not financing purchases for longer than their useful life. The document provides guidance on avoiding credit card debt, using compound interest, diversifying investments, and teaching children to earn and spend money wisely.
Survey section three
The document discusses several elements of clear thinking about economic progress and the role of government. It argues that while government can promote progress by protecting rights and providing public goods, political allocation of resources is less efficient than market allocation. Special interest groups will use the democratic political process to benefit themselves at the expense of taxpayers. Unless constrained, legislators will run deficits and overspend. Government slows progress when it favors some groups over others. The net gain to recipients of government transfers is often less than the amount received due to unintended consequences. Central planning replaces efficient markets with inefficient politics. Competition is important for improving government as well as markets. Constitutional rules are needed to align political and economic incentives to promote progress.
Seven major sources of economic progress
This document discusses seven major sources of economic progress: legal systems that protect property rights, competitive markets, limits on government regulation, an efficient capital market, monetary stability, low tax rates, and free trade. It provides details on each source, including how competitive markets promote efficiency, the importance of private property rights and how excessive regulation can undermine economic gains. It also discusses quality of life measures like life expectancy and economic freedom indexes. Capital markets are described as important for channeling savings into productive investments. The negative impacts of inflation and high taxes on work incentives and capital formation are noted.
Twelve key elements of economics
This document outlines 12 key elements of economics according to Common Sense Economics. It discusses how incentives matter in economic decision making and that there is no such thing as a free lunch due to scarcity. It also explains that decisions are made at the margin, and that trade promotes economic progress through specialization and comparative advantage. Additionally, it covers how transaction costs can be obstacles to trade, and how prices bring buyers and sellers into balance through supply and demand. Profits direct business activities, and people earn income by providing valuable goods and services to others. Economic progress occurs through investment, innovation, and strong institutions. The invisible hand of the market and supply/demand forces generally promote societal welfare. Secondary effects of actions should also be considered
Chapter 20-Macro
The document discusses how the World Bank classifies economies based on gross national income per capita into high, middle, and low-income groups. It then describes key characteristics of developing economies like high rates of poverty, malnutrition, and infant mortality compared to industrialized countries. Common challenges facing developing countries include low labor productivity, lack of capital and infrastructure, brain drain, and difficulties integrating into the global trading system. The document also examines different approaches to economic development like import substitution, export promotion, and the roles of foreign aid, privatization, and institutions.
Chapter 17-Macro
The document discusses different approaches to macroeconomic policymaking, specifically whether policy should be active or passive. The active approach views the economy as unstable and in need of discretionary policy interventions, while the passive approach sees the economy as stable enough to self-correct through market forces. The document also examines the short-run and long-run tradeoffs between inflation and unemployment using Phillips curves and how expectations affect the ability of policymakers to influence economic outcomes.
Chapter 14-Macro
This document is a chapter from an economics textbook that discusses the evolution and development of money and financial systems. It covers the origins of commodity money and the properties of ideal money. It then describes the development of representative money, banks, and the rise of fiat currency. The chapter also summarizes the role of the Federal Reserve System in regulating the US financial system and monetary policy. It provides information on the goals of the Fed and discusses trends in the banking industry over recent decades.
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2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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Chapter 6-Macro
- 1. Chapter 6 Tracking the U.S. Economy
- 2. National Income Accounts GDP (Gross Domestic Product) What is it??? It measures the market value of all final goods and services produced during a year by resources located in the U.S., regardless of who owns the resources.
- 3. National Income Account It is based on the simple fact that one person’s spending is another person’s income. It is measured in two ways: Total spending of the U.S. production or by the Total income received from that production.
- 4. What is included in GDP? It includes only final goods and services, i.e. goods sold to the final user. Example Intermediate goods and services are not included. These are goods that are purchased for resale. Example
- 5. Expenditure Approach This approach adds up spending on all final goods and services produced during the year.
- 6. Expenditure Approach For the expenditure approach, its components are divided into four: Consumption Investment Government purchases Net Exports
- 7. Income Approach This approach adds up earnings during the year by those who produce all that output.
- 8. Income Approach The income approach sums, or aggregates, income arising from production. Wages Interest Rent Profit
- 9. Aggregate Income Aggregate Income equals the sum of all the income earned by resource suppliers in the economy. SO… we can say : Aggregate Expenditures = GDP=Aggregate Income Value Added: At each stage of production, the value added to the product. This is the selling price of the product minus the cost of the intermediate goods purchased from other firms.
- 10. Disposable Income (DI) The income households have available to spend or to save after paying taxes and receiving transfer payments. This is income that is adjusted for net taxes(NT). This subtracts taxes and adds back transfer payments. Take-home pay for households.
- 11. Expenditure Half of the Circular Flow Where does DI (Disposable Income) go? Part is spent on Consumption (C ) and part is spent on Savings ( S). Consumption remains in the circular flow However, savings flows to financial markets- banks and other financial institutions.
- 12. Leakages Equal Injections Injections Government purchases Exports Leakages Saving Net taxes Imports
- 13. Some Production is not included in GDP It ignores all do-it-yourself production Child care Meal preparation House cleaning Laundry Home maintenance and repair It ignores off-the-book production Underground economies
- 14. Some Other Limitations Leisure, Quality, and Variety It does not take into account depreciation Net domestic product. GDP does not reflect all costs. Environmental costs Other externalities GDP and Economic Welfare
- 15. Nominal GDP It is based on the prices prevailing when production takes place. Since, price levels change over time, then nominal GDP cannot be compared across years. It does not adjust for inflation!!
- 16. Price Indexes Base year- the point of reference year Prices in other years are expressed relative to the base-year price. A price index is constructed by dividing each year’s price in the base year and then multiplying by 100. The price index in the base year is ALWAYS 100.
- 17. Consumer Price Index (CPI) The CPI measures changes over time in the cost of buying a “market basket” of goods and services purchased by a typical family. The government used the 36 months of 1982 thru 1984 as the base period for calculating the CPI for a market basket . It is reported monthly. http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServle t? data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=CUSR0000SA0& output_view=pct_1mth
- 18. Some Tables: ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ppi/sopnew10.txt http://www.bls.gov/ppi/#tables
- 19. Problems with CPI Quality bias It overstates inflation It ignores the substitution effect. It overstates inflation Discount stores Widely used products
- 20. GDP Price Index It measures the average price of all goods and services produced in the economy. (Nominal GDP/Real GDP)*100 Before 1995 Fixed-weighted system; base year 1987 Chain-weighted system; base year 2000
Editor's Notes
- Consumption is personal consumption expenditures (e.g. purchases of final goods and services). Consumption is the largest component of GDP and it includes nondurable and durable goods. Investment (Gross Private Domestic Investment) is spending on new capital goods and on net additions to inventories. It also includes new residential construction. It includes inventories. Gov. purchases include government spending for goods and services. It excludes transfer payments. Net exports are Exports-Imports.
- The value added is the income earned by resource suppliers. “The value added at all stages sums to the market value of the final good, and the value added for all final goods sums to GDP based