5. Instructional Methods and Material are NOT the same and a
clear distinction should be made between them .
Instructional Methods are the way information is thought
Instructional Material include print and non print media
used to transmit information and the accompanying
hardware and software needed for delivery.
6. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Definition: It is a vehicle by which information is communicated
Purposes: to help the nurse educator deliver a message
creatively and clearly intended to supplement, rather than
replace, the act of teaching and the role of the teacher
7. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVENESS
Media should:
Change behavior by influencing a gain in
cognitive, affective, and/or psychomotor
skills
Enhance learning—no one tool is better
than another
Complement the instructional methods
8. Media should (cont’d):
Match available financial resources
Be appropriate for physical environment
Complement learners’ sensory abilities,
developmental stage, and educational level
Impart accurate, current, valid and
appropriate messages
Add diversity and information to learning
General Principles (cont’d)
9. CHOOSING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Three Major Variables to Consider when choosing instructional
material
1. Characteristics of the Learner
Sensorimotor abilities
Physical attributes
Reading skills
Motivational level
Developmental stages
Learning styles
12. THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
1. Delivery System
Definition : both the software (physical form) and the
hardware used to present materials
Examples
Software (physical form) : Power Point slides , DVDs
Hardware : computer, DVD players
13. COMPONENTS (CONT’D)
2. Content
Definition: actual information imparted to the learner
Selection criteria for content
Accuracy
Appropriateness for skill determination
Readability
14. COMPONENTS (CONT’D)
3. Presentation
Definition: Weston and Canston (1986) states that the
form of the message; in other words how information
is presented is the form most important for
selecting/developing instructional materials
They describe the form of the message as occurring a
long a continuum from Concrete to Abstract
including ;
15. COMPONENTS (CONT’D)
Realia: most Concrete and accurate form of stimuli
used to deliver information e.g . An actual woman or
mannequin demonstrating breast-self examination
Illusionary representations: Less concrete e.g. real life
visual and auditory media such as audiotapes on how
to discriminate between normal and abnormal lung
sound
Symbolic representations: most abstract types of
message /stimuli used for instruction e.g. Audiotapes
,oral; presentation, graphs written text ,handout….
17. Written (Printed) Materials
Advantages
Available to learner in absence of teacher
Widely acceptable, familiar
Readily available
Relatively cheap
Convenient form
Learner controls rate of reading
Content easily altered to target specific audiences
18. WRITTEN MATERIALS (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Most abstract form of reality
Immediate feedback limited
Proper reading level essential for full usefulness
Less useful with low literate learners or visually or
cognitively impaired learners
Inappropriate for illiterate learners
19. WRITTEN MATERIALS
Example of Written Materials ; Commercially Prepared
materials
These materials includes material that prepared by companies that
may or may not produced in collaboration with health professionals
,which raises the questions of how factual the information may be.
20. WRITTEN MATERIALS
Factors to be considered when using Commercially Prepared
materials
Who produced the item? Was there any input by healthcare professionals?
Can the item be previewed?
The price must be consistent with its educational value.
21. WRITTEN MATERIALS
Example of Written Materials ;Instructor Composed
Material
Educators may choose to write their own instructional
material for the purpose of cost saving or the need to
tailor content to specific audience.
22. Guidelines for writing Effective Instructor Composed Material
Fit your own institution’s policies, procedures and equipment.
Build in answers to those questions asked most frequently by
your patients.
Highlight points considered especially important by your
healthcare team.
Reinforce specific oral instructions and clarify difficult
concepts.
23. EVALUATING PRINTED MATERIALS
Educator must consider :
Nature of the audience
Literacy level required
Linguistic variety available
Brevity and clarity
Layout and appearance
Opportunity for repetition
Concreteness and familiarity
24. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Demonstration materials includes many types of non-print media,
such as models and real equipment as well as displays, such as
posters ,diagrams, illustrations ,charts bulletin boards …..
25. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Advantages
Fast way to attract attention, make a point
Flexible
Portable
Reusable
Stimulate interest or ideas in observer
Can change or influence attitudes
Purchasable and/or can be made
28. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Models are usually three-dimensional instructional tools that allow
the learner to immediately apply knowledge and psychomotor
skills by observing ,examining ,manipulating handling ,assembling
and disassembling objects while the teacher provides feedback
(Rankin & Stealing 2001)
29. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS MODELS
Advantages
Useful when real object is too small, too large, too
expensive, unavailable, or too complex
Allows safe, hands-on practice
More active involvement by the learner with
immediate feedback available
Readily available
30. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
MODELS (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
May not be suitable for learner with poor abstraction
abilities or for visually impaired
Some models fragile, expensive, bulky, or difficult to
transport
Cannot be observed or manipulated by more than a
few learners at a time
32. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Displays such as chalkboards, boards, flipchart are two-
dimensional objects ,they are useful tools for a variety of teaching
purposes to clarify, reinforce or summarize information on
important topics and themes.
33. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Displays
Babcock and Miller (1994) suggested important guidelines
when using chalkboards and white marker boards as
follows;
Be sure that writing is legible and discernible
Step a side and face the audience after putting notations
on the boards to maintain contact with audience
Allow audience time to copy the message
Enlist a good note taker to capture a creative design or
record an idea before the board is erased
35. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Although they are a type of display material ,posters are being
addressed separately because they have become increasingly
unique, popular and important educational tools
36. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Posters
When using poster the educators must Consider:
Color (opposite spectrum, one color should make up as 70% of the
display)
Graphics should be easily interpreted
White space and another background color
Avoid unfamiliar words and symbols
KISS principle (keep it small and simple)
Keep learning objectives in mind for the focus of the display tool
Be sure content is free from spelling and grammar mistake
Balance Titles / Script
39. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Technology software and hardware are exceptional aids because
many can influence all three domains of learning by promoting
cognitive development ,stimulating attitude change, and helps to
build psychomotor skills
40. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Audiovisual materials can be categorized in to five major types ;
Projected Learning Resources
Audio Learning Resources
Video Learning Resources
Telecommunications Learning Resources
Computer Learning Resources
42. PROJECTED LEARNING RESOURCES
Advantages
Most effectively used with groups
Especially beneficial with hearing-impaired, low-
literate learners
Excellent media for use in teaching psychomotor
skills
43. PROJECTED LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Lack of flexibility due to static content of some forms
Some forms may be expensive
Requires darkened room for some forms
Requires special equipment for use
44. AUDIO LEARNING RESOURCES
Audio Learning Resources includes CDs, Digital Sound
Files, Radio
Advantages
Widely available
May be especially beneficial to visually-impaired, low
literate learners
May be listened to repeatedly
Most forms practical, cheap, small, portable
45. AUDIO LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Relies only on sense of hearing
Some forms may be expensive
Lack of opportunity for interaction between
instructor and learner
46. VIDEO LEARNING RESOURCES
Video Learning Resources includes ; Digital Video Files,
DVDs, Webinars
Advantages
Widely used educational tool
Inexpensive; uses visual, auditory senses
Flexible for use with different audiences
Powerful tool for role-modeling and demonstration
Effective for teaching psychomotor skills
47. VIDEO LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Viewing formats limited depending on use of VHS or
DVD
Some commercial products may be expensive
Some purchased materials may be too long or
inappropriate for audience
48. TELECOMMUNICATIONS LEARNING
RESOURCES
Telecommunications Learning Resources includes
Television, Telephones
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive, widely available
Disadvantages
Complicated to set up interactive capability
Expensive to broadcast via satellite
49. COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES
In our technological society ,the computer has changed our
lives dramatically and has found widespread application in
industry, business, schools and homes
Examples of Computer Learning Resources (See chapter
12 page 504)
51. COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES
Advantages
Interactive potential: quick feedback, retention
Potential database is enormous
Can individualize to suit different types of learners,
different pace of learning
Time efficient
52. COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES
(CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Primary learning efficacy: cognitive domain less
useful for attitude/behavior change or psychomotor
skill development
Software and hardware expensive
Must be purchased
Limited use for most older adults, low-literate
learners, those with physical limitations
53. EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR
SELECTING MATERIALS
Considerations for Selecting Materials
Learner characteristics
Task(s) to be achieved
Media available
54. STATE OF THE EVIDENCE
Performance is improved and learner satisfaction
increased with visual reinforcement.
Distance learning is an increasingly viable option for
learners.
55. LEARNING PYRAMID ; INFORMATION RETENTION BASED ON THE
LEVEL OF ACTIVE LEARNER INVOLVEMENT
Source : Adopted from National Training Laboratories. Institutes of Applied Behavioral Science