This document discusses how different fields study myths, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, folklore studies, history, archaeology, science, philosophy and art. It also outlines some key characteristics of oral myths and written myths. Oral myths often use repetition, have an abundance of names and titles, and use a paratactic style of storytelling. Written myths are shaped by the author's literary frame and goals, and later authors often rationalize oral myths by making them seem more logical and less confusing.

1. Chapter 2
Ways of
Understanding Myth

2. Who Studies Myth?
Field
• Psychologists
• Sociologists
• Anthropologists
• Folklorists
• Historians
• Archeologists
• Scientists
• Philosophers
• Artists
Interests and Concerns
• The mind and mental processes
• Origin, development, organization, and
functioning of human social relations and
human institutions
• Origins, physical and cultural development,
and social customs and beliefs of humans
• Traditional beliefs, legends, and customs of
people
• Past events
• Culture of people as revealed by their
artifacts, inscriptions, and monuments
• Physical and material world
• Principles of being, knowledge, or conduct
• Production of work according to aesthetic
principles

3. How to Read Myth
• Myths are old stories, often from oral
cultures.
• Later myths are often written in the same
style as older myths, because the oral
style has become the trademark of
mythology.

4. Characteristics of Oral Myth
1. Extensive Repetition
Example from the Epic of Gilgamesh:
Then Siduri said to him, “If you are that Gilgamesh who
seized and killed the Bull of Heaven, who killed the
watchman of the cedar forest, who overthrew Humbaba
that lived in the forest, and killed the lions in the passes of
the mountain, why are your cheeks so starved and why is
your face so drawn? Why is despair in your heart and your
face like the face of one who has made a long journey?
Yes, why is your face burned from heat and cold, and why
do you come here wandering over the pastures in search
of the wind?”

5. Characteristics of Oral Myth
Repetition, continued
Gilgamesh answered her, "And why should not my
cheeks be so starved and my face drawn? Despair is
in my heart and my face like the face of one who has
made a long journey, it was burned with heat and
with cold. Why should I not wander over the pastures
in search of the wind? My friend, my younger
brother, he who hunted the wild ass of the wilderness
and the panther of the plains, … Enkidu my younger
brother whom I loved, the end of mortality has
overtaken him. I wept for him for seven days and
nights till the worm fastened on him. Because of my
brother I am afraid of death, because of my brother I
stray through the wilderness and cannot rest.

6. Characteristics of Oral Myth
2. Abundance of Names and Titles
Example from The Iliad, Book II, lines 493–624,
trans. Robert Fagles:
Now will I can only tell
the lords of the ships, the ships in all their numbers!
First came the Boeotian units led by Leitus and Peneleos:
Arcesilaus and Prothoënor and Clonius shared command
Of the armed men who lived in Hyria, rocky Aulis,
Schoenus, Scolus and Eteonus spurred with hills,
Thespia and Graea, the dancing rings of Mycalessus,
men who lived round Harma, Ilesion and Peteon,
Ocalea Medeon's fortress walled and strong,
Copae, Eutresis and Thisbe thronged with doves
fighters from Coronea, Haliartus deep in meadows,
and the men who held Plataea and lived in Glisas ...

7. Characteristics of Oral Myth
3. Paratactic Storytelling
Example of paratactic storytelling:
I was in the park and I saw a bird and I chased
it and it flew away.
Example of syntactic storytelling:
When I was in the park, I saw a bird. Because
I chased it, it flew away.

8. Examples of
Paratactic Storytelling
• Genesis includes two accounts of creation,
one after the other.
• Creation of Pandora in Hesiod does not fit
with the story of the Ages of Man.

9. Characteristics of Written Myth
1. The Literary Frame
Example: The story of Medea as told by
the Greek dramatist Euripides includes
no shape changes, but as told by Ovid
includes at least three.

10. Characteristics of Written Myth
2. Goals of the Author
Examples:
• Charles Segal explains that the world of
Ovid’s Metamorphoses is one which
“holds out the risk of moral chaos, of
purposeless change, movement without
meaning or end.”
• Ovid’s Metamorphoses reflected Ovid’s
own times with respect to the absence of
justice and the need to please the
supreme ruler, Augustus.

11. Characteristics of Written Myth
3. The Rationalization of Myth: Because oral tales often
seem illogical, repetitious, and confusing, later authors who
give us versions of myths often will “clean them up,”
making them seem more logical and less confusing.
Example:
Snorri starts his Prologue as if he were quoting from the
Bible: “In the beginning Almighty God created heaven and
earth and everything that goes with them....” He then
quickly moves forward to the time when Priam ruled in
Troy. He says that Thor was Priam's descendant. In this
account, Snorri creates connections between the Biblical
belief system, the ancient Greek myths, and finally the
stories he wants to tell about the Icelandic gods. He does
this by rationalization – adding a set of connections
between these stories that were never made before.