The document provides details about the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. It describes the founding and role of Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It then discusses important figures like Justinian who commissioned constructions like the Hagia Sophia. The document also outlines the rise of Russia through the Kievan Rus period and the impacts of the Mongol invasion, with Moscow emerging as a new center.

1. Chapter 9
Civilization in
Eastern Europe
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

2. Constantinople
 Originally Byzantion, a market town/fishing
village on the Bosporus Strait
 Constantine named it Constantinople and
made it the capital of the E. Roman Empire
 City kept its name from 340 CE – 1453 CE
 Crossroads – access to Anatolia, SW Asia,
SE Europe, etc.

3. The Byzantine Court
 Caesaropapism – emperor rules not only as
a secular lord, but also plays prominent role
in ecclesiastical affairs
 Heavily jeweled crowns, silk robes of dark,
rich purple (the color reserved for imperial
use)
 Latin = language of the court; Greek =
language of the people

4. Justinian (527-565 CE)
 “the sleepless emperor”
 Theodora
 Construction project thoroughly remade
the city
 Hagia Sophia – one of world’s greatest
examples of Christian architecture
 Gold, silver, gems, precious stones, and
healing pwrs
 Justinian Code
 Systematic review and improvement of
Roman law
 Makes Greek official language
 Unsuccessfully tries to expand the empire

5. Hagia Sophia

9. Belisarius
 General employed by Justinian to recapture
the Roman Empire
 Gains N Africa and parts of Italy
 Want N Africa b/c of its grain production
 Can’t maintain Rome against Germanics
 Ravenna – home of gorgeous Christian mosaics
 Will lose what they gained pretty quickly

10. New external pressures
 Focus on defending the eastern empire
 What group is about to debut?
 They attack 717-718 CE and the Byzantines
have a secret weapon…

11. So cool…
 When Muslims tried to invade Byzantium, the Byzantine
forces used a weapon called “Greek fire” – basically
ancient napalm – against the fleets and ground forces
 Greek fire even burns as it floats on water – very
hazardous to wooden ships

12.  Byzantine empire loses some
landholdings, but still maintains
Managing the

Anatolia, Greece, and Balkans
“Theme” system – imperial province Empire
(theme) under jurisdiction of a
general
 Assumes responsibility for
military defense and civil admin.
 Enabled quick mobilization
 Byzantine empire expands as
each theme’s military can
gradually spread outward
 Basil the Bulgar Slayer – blinded
15,000
 The blind leading the
blind….ha ha….
 Supposed sight of the
massacre causes the
Bulgarian king’s death
 Helps gain control of the
fiesty Bulgarian kingdom

13. Trade
 Crossroads for Eurasia
 Commercial links between manufacturers and merchants between
central Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, northern Europe, and lands of
the Black Sea and Mediterranean basin
 Bezant – Byzantine gold coin
 Very wealthy from control of trade and levying of custom duties
 China
 India
 Persia
 Western Europe
 Russia and Scandinavia – timber, furs, honey, amber, and slaves
 Banks, business partnerships, loans for business ventures
 Pool resources and limit risks

14. Iconoclasm
 Icons – particularly popular in Byzantine churches
 Inspired the popular imagination and encouraged
reverence for holy personages
 Emperor Leo believed veneration of religious images
was sinful
 726 orders iconoclasm – breaking of icons
 Also disagree over
 Sacrament of communion
 Whether priests should be allowed to marry
 Use of local languages in church

15. 1054 – Great Schism

16. Thesis Practice
 On your own paper respond to the following
prompt:
 Compare and contrast the rise and roles of
Constantinople and Mecca
 Compare and contrast the split in the
Christian Church and Islam

17. Effects of the Crusades
 During 4th Crusade
Constantinople is
attacked
 Plundered and burned
 Ruled for 50 years
 Empire never quite
recovers, Venetian
merchants gain
upperhand

18. Istanbul v. Constantinople
 1453 – Ottoman forces http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=Mv-
take over KcF3Rkv8&feature=related
 Ancient Christian city is
overturned
 Istanbul becomes capital
of Ottoman Empire
 Hagia Sophia is turned
into a mosque and turets
are added

20. Arts
 Mosaics
 Icons
 Greek, Roman, Persian, and other Middle
Eastern styles blend together

21. The Rise of Russia
 HUGE
 Borders both Europe and China, touches the
Baltic Sea and the Pacific Ocean
 Is Russia part of Europe or Asia?
 Northern forests – poor soil, cold, snowy climate
 South – band of fertile land, attracted farmers
(modern day Ukraine)
 Southern steppe – open, treeless grassland,
nomadic people, herds and horses
 Dnieper and Volga River – major trade routes

22. Kievan Rus’
 Slavs expand into southern Russia
 Varangians (Russian word for Vikings) – trade
with Slavs, Kiev becomes a midpoint between
Scandinavia and Constantinople
 Cyril and Methodius
 Missionaries from Constantinople, adapt Greek alphabet
to Slavic language – develops Cyrillic (still used in Ukraine
and Russia)
 Byzantine Christianity
 Onion domes from Byzantium

23. Kievan Rus’
 First ruler – prince Rurik
 Russia is coined by the Scandinavians,
could be from Greek word for “red”
 Vladimir I (r. 980-1015)– converts to
Christianity on behalf of all his people
 Organizes mass baptisms for his subjects, forced
conversions
 Russian Orthodox Church soon develops

24. Yaroslav the Wise
 1019 – 1054
 Improved code of
law
 Arranged marriages
between his kids
and the royal
families of Western
Europe

25. Eastern Europe
 Roman Catholicism and Latin
alphabet reach Czech and
Hungarian areas
 Magyars (Turkic people) take
over Hungary 9th c.
 1334 Casimir III the Great – openly
welcomes the Jewish population to
move to Poland

26. Mongol Conquest
 A young leader
united the nomadic
Mongols of central
Asia
 Overrun lands from
China to Eastern
Europe – dubs
himself “Genghis
Khan” – “world
emperor”

28. The Golden Horde
 1236-1241 – Batu, Genghiz’s grandson leads
Mongol armies into Russia
 “Golden Horde” because of the color of their tents
 Also called Tatars in the Russian tradition
 Loot and burn Kiev and many other Russian
towns
 “no eye remained to weep for the dead”
 Rule from a capital on the Volga for the next 240
years
 ***This is Russia’s dormant/stagnant period***

29. 240 Years of Mongol Rule
 Women become especially subservient to their
husbands. (Husbands can even sell their wives
into slavery to pay family debts)
 Absolute power Mongols have will serve as an
inspiration for Russian rulers later on
 Mongols severed Russian ties to Western
Europe at a time when Europeans were making
rapid advances in the arts and sciences

30. Moscow
 Steadily becomes a
political and spiritual
center
 Princes in Moscow
slowly gain pwr
against Mongols
 Became the capital
of the Russian
Orthodox Church

31. Ivan the Great
 Ivan III – 1462-1505
 Brought much of N. Russia under his rule
 Built the framework for absolute rule
 Worked to limit the boyars powers
 Boyars – Russian, land-owning nobles
 Adopted the rituals of the fallen empire’s traditions to
emphasize Russia’s role as the heir to Byzantine power
 Double-headed eagle symbol
 Titles himself Czar (Russian for caesar)
 “the czar is in nature like all men, but in authority he
is like the highest God”