The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and brain. It defines key terms like neurons, glial cells, myelination and action potentials. It describes the main parts of the brain like the brain stem (medulla, pons, midbrain), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), cerebellum, and cerebrum. Key functions are summarized for each area, such as the brain stem controlling vital functions and the cerebrum enabling higher cognition. The limbic system is involved in emotions and behaviors critical for survival.

1. Chapter 9 Nervous Tissue-Chapter 10 Brain
Note-taking and study guide
Vocabulary Words
• Autonomic nervous
system
• Enteric nervous
system
• Ganglia
• Neuron
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axon
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Myelin Sheath
• Central Nervous
System
• White matter
• Gray matter
• Neuroglia
• Astrocytes
• microglia
• Oligodendrocytes
• Schwann Cells
• Satellite cells
• Ependymal cells
• Membrane
potential
• Peripheral Nervous
System
• Somatic Nervous
System
• Depolarizing phase
• Repolarizing phase
• conduction
• Synapse
• Neurotransmitter
• Leakage channels
• Gated channels
• Resting membrane
potential
• Action potential
Structure and Organization
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Subdivided: Somatic (SNS) & Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems, (ENS) enteric
nervous system
• INPUT-Afferent or Sensory division
• OUTPUT- Efferent or Motor division
• Brain-
• Spinal cord–

2. • Nerves-
– Cranial emerge from _____________________________; spinal nerves-
emerge from __________________________________
• Ganglia-
• Enteric plexuses-
• Sensory receptors-
• Functions
• Sensory Receptors & afferent nerves
– ___________________________________________________________
_
• Integration- information processing
– Perception = ______________________________________________
– Carry by ___________________________________
• Motor activity- efferent nerves
– _________________________________________________________

3. Nervous System
• Neuron= __________________________________________
– Specialized for __________________________ &
_________________________________
• Neuroglia cells-
______________________________________________________
– Neuroglia critical for ________________________________ of
interstitial fluid around neurons

4. Neuronal Structure
• Cell body- _____________________________________________________
• Dendrites________________________________________________________
• Axon____________________________________________________________
– Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock
• Axon terminals -_________________________________________________

5. Myelination
• Axons covered with a ____________________________________
– Many layered ________________________________________ creating
___________________________________________
– Increases speed of ___________________________________________.
• Nodes of Ranvier= _______________________________________________
– Nodes are important for ______________________________________
• Some diseases destroy ______________________________ E.g. multiple
sclerosis & Tay-Sachs
Gray and White Matter
• White matter- ________________________________________
• Gray matter- __________________________________________
• spinal cord gray matter is centrally located
• Gray matter in brain covers ___________________________________________
– cortex
• deep cluster of neuronal cell bodies =
__________________________________
• Bundle of white matter in CNS= __________________________

6. •
Neuroglia
• ~ half the volume of CNS
• Cells ____________________________________
• _________________________________________________ and fill in brain
areas
• Do not ______________________________________________
• Astrocytes- _____________________________________________________
• Oligodendrocytes- _____________________________________________
• microglia - ________________________________
• Ependymal cells- __________________________________________________
• Schwann-
___________________________________________________________
• Satellite cells- __________________________________________________

7. Action Potentials
• Action potentials = ________________________________
• Require a __________________________________
– electrical charge difference across cell membrane – like a Battery
Ion Channels
• Ion Channels-
_______________________________________________________________
• Two types: leakage channels and gated channels

8. • Leakage channels-_______________________________________________
• Gated channels-___________________________________________________
• If no action potential then resting cell has
_______________________________________________
• Allow ____________________________________________ to diffuse across
membrane
• Move from _________________________________________________
• or toward area of ____________________________________________
• Voltage-
______________________________________________________________
Resting Membrane Potential
• Leakage channels
• Cytosol __________________________________ & interstitial fluid high in
________________________ (sodium –potassium pumps)
• Leakage lets ___________________ through easily and
______________________ poorly
• Starts ______________________________________ and
_________________________________, slowly changes to the opposite as ions
diffuse.
• Actual value depends on the relative
_______________________________________

9. •
Action Potential (AP)
• Series of active events
• Channels _______________________________________________
• Some ______________________________________ is required to reach a
voltage threshold (~ = - 55 mv)
• Stimulus = any event bringing membrane to ____________________________
• Then
• Depolarizing phase-
• _________________________________________________________________
_
• Repolarizing phase-

10. • _________________________________________________________________
_
• May overshoot =____________________________________________________
• Then recovery to rest.
• ______________________________ to reach threshold
• Na+ channel opens=> Na+ ions enter=> positive potential=>Causes K+ channel
opening =>repolarization
All or None
• This sequence is always the same
• If ________________________________ is met, then the same size of changes
occur, __________________________________________________________
• Stimulus must reach threshold to start, if it’s
_____________________________________, NO AP!
• After one AP there is a
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__

11. •
Conduction of Nerve Impulses
• Each section ___________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________ keeps it going the
right direction
• unmyelinated fiber- ______________________________________
• With myelin- ___________________________________________
– Can only be triggered at
___________________________________________
• Myelinated fibers __________________________________________________
•

13. Synaptic Transmission
• Sequence of events at synapse
• Triggered by ____________________________________________ of the
Action Potential
• Sending neuron =_______________________________
• Receiving neuron = ____________________________________
• Space between = _________________________________________
• Neurotransmitter
_____________________________________________________
• AP arrives at ____________________________=>
• Opens ______________________________ channels=>
• _______________________ into cell
• increased ______________________________ =>

14. • exocytosis of ____________________________=>
• Neurotransmitter released into _____________________
• Diffuse across and bind to _____________________ in postsynaptic cell
membrane
• Binding at __________________________
• Chemical trigger of ______________________________________
• May _________________________ or ____________________________
postsynaptic cell membrane
• If ______________________________reached at axon hillock then postsynaptic
cell ________________________________-- results
• Finally the _________________________________________________ must be
removed from the cleft-
• Diffusion away
• Destroyed by enzymes in cleft
• Transport back into _____________________________________
• _________________________________ destruction
•

15. Neurotransmitters
• AcetylCholine (Ach)- common in PNS
– ___________________________________________________
• Amino Acids-
– Glutamate, Aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine
• Modified amino acids-
– ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__

16. • Neuropeptides – _________________________________
• Nitric oxide (NO)
Chapter 10 Central Nervous System
Vocabulary Words
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater
• Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Brain stem-medulla, pons, midbrain
• Diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
• Limbic system
• Cerebrum
• cerebellum
• The CNS includes ___________________________.
• The ________________________ are three layers of connective tissue that
extend around the spinal chord and brain.
3 Layers
• Dura mater-
• Arachnoid mater-

17. • Pia mater-
Spinal Chord
• The interior of the spinal chord
_________________________________________________________________.
• The outer of the spinal chord is ___________________________.
• The spinal chord is protected by the _____________________ in the spine
although the chord doesn’t extend fully throughout the back.
Reflex Arc
A _________________ is a fast, ___________________________ sequence of actions
that occurs in response to a particular stimulus.
Some reflexes are __________________ such as withdrawal reflex (take your hand from
a hot surface.)
• Reflexes that take place in the spinal chord gray matter are called a
_________________________. These bypass the brain.
• If the _________________________ occurs in the brain, it’s called a
_______________________________.

18. Blood-Brain Barrier
• The ________________________________ protects brain cells from harmful
substances and pathogens by
_______________________________________________ of many substances
from the blood to brain tissue.
• However, the BBB doesn’t prevent all substances from getting through.
– Examples:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__

19. Cerebrospinal Fluid
• The _________________________________ are further protected against
chemical and physical injury by CSF.
• This is a _________________________________________________________
that carries oxygen, glucose and other nutrients from the blood to neurons and
neuroglia.
• The CSF also removes ___________________________________________.
• CSF circulates in the _____________________________________ in the spinal
chord.
The Brain
• The brain is one of largest organs in the body with _________________________
and 10-50 trillion neuroglia cells.
• The four major parts of the brain are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

20. The Brain Stem
• The brain stem consists of three regions:
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
Medulla Oblongata
• Contain all ____________________________ ascending and descending between
the brain and spinal chord.

21. • Contain _____________________________ which controls heart rate, force of
beat and diameter of blood vessels.
• Contain _________________________________ area which adjusts the rhythm
of breathing.
• Control reflexes for
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__
• Receive sensory input from or provides motor output to
__________________________.
Pons
• This is a _________________________ that connects parts of the brain with one
another.
• _______________________________ are relayed to the cerebellum.
• Contain sensory and motor tracts.
• Help control ____________________.
Midbrain
• The midbrain connects the
_____________________________________________________________.
• Contains neurons that conduct ____________________ from the cerebrum to the
spinal chord. Medulla, and pons.

22. • Loss of these neurons is associated with
____________________________________.
• Contain several reflex arcs including:
• ______________________________________________
• ___________________________________ (pupil size)
• _______________________________________ (shape of lens)
• _________________________________
• Also contains an area called the _________________________________ (RAS)
• When RAS is stimulated, the result is _________________________.
• The RAS maintains wakefulness.
• Inactivation of RAS produces _________________________.
• RAS also maintains __________________________.
Diencephalon
• The major regions include:
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
Thalamus
• They are a paired oval shaped area.

23. • Important relay station for ____________________________ for all parts of the
brain.
• Plays an essential role in
__________________________________________________ of knowledge,
which is called __________________________.
• Maintains _____________________________ and regulation of involuntary
activities.
Hypothalamus
1. Control of ANS-
2. Control the pituitary gland-
3. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns-
4. Regulation of eating and drinking- thirst center-
5. Control of body temperature-
6. Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness-

24. Pineal Gland
• Size of a small pea.
• Secretes ___________________________ that promotes sleepiness and setting
the body’s internal clock.
Cerebellum
• Consists of two _________________________.
• Surface consists of _____________________________.
• The cerebellum compares
_____________________________________________________________.
• Regulates ___________________________________________ and coordinate
muscle contractions.
Cerebrum
• Consists of ___________________________________________.
• Consists of two hemispheres connected by the ___________________________.
• Provides us with the ability for higher cognitive functions such as
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__
• Contains many folds called _________________________ to increase surface
area.

25. Limbic System
• Sometimes called the _____________________________.
• Produces a variety of emotions including:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__
• Control patterns of behavior and may be linked to animal instinct for survival.
• Together with parts of the cerebrum, it functions in _______________________.