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Nutrition & You
Sixth Edition
Chapter 8 Lecture
Water Section of the
Chapter
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Outcomes for Chapter 8
8.1 Explain the importance and functions of water in the
body.
8.2 Describe water balance and how the body maintains it.
8.3 Identify daily water needs and the best sources for it.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Why Is Water So Important? (1 of 2)
• Water is the most abundant substance in body.
– Average healthy adult is about 60 percent water.
▪ Muscle tissue is 75 percent water, fat up to 20
percent.
– Can survive only a few days without water
– Water is balanced among fluid compartments.
▪ Intracellular fluids: inside cells
▪ Extracellular fluids: interstitial fluid between cells
and fluid in the blood
– Electrolytes: minerals that help maintain fluid balance
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.1 Your Body Is Mostly Water
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.2 Water as Part of Body Fluids
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Why Is Water So Important? (2 of 2)
• Acts as universal solvent and transport medium
– Medium for chemical reactions in body
– As part of blood, helps transport oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells
– As part of interstitial fluid, helps transport waste
products away from cells for excretion
• Helps maintain body temperature
• Lubricant for joints, eyes; part of mucus and saliva
• Protective cushion for brain, organs, and fetus
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.3 Water Helps Regulate Your
Body Temperature
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What Is Water Balance, and How Do
You Maintain It?
• Water balance: water consumed = water lost
• You take in water through beverages and food
• You lose water through your kidneys (as urine), large
intestine, lungs, and skin
– Insensible water loss: through evaporation from skin
and when you exhale
– Sensible water loss: through urine, feces, and sweat
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.4 The Concept of Water
Balance: Intake Equals Output
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Losing Too Much Water Can Cause
Dehydration (1 of 2)
• Dehydration can result from inadequate water intake or too
much water loss from diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, or use
of diuretics.
• Your thirst mechanism signals dehydration:
– Dry mouth due to increased electrolyte concentration in
blood: less water available to make saliva
– Blood volume decreases, sodium concentration
increases in blood:
▪ Brain triggers thirst mechanism and secretion of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to reduce urine output
▪ Fluid inside cells moves into blood by osmosis
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.5 A Simple Demonstration of
Osmosis
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Losing Too Much Water Can Cause
Dehydration (2 of 2)
• Other ways to tell if you're dehydrated:
– Cornerstone method: measure body weight before and
after exercise
▪ Weight loss = water loss
– Monitor urine color
▪ Color darkens with concentration, indicating water
loss
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.6 Urine Color Can Signal
Dehydration
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Consuming Too Much Water Can
Cause Hyponatremia
• Hyponatremia is a condition of too little sodium in the
blood
• For healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet, it
is difficult to consume too much water
• However, some individuals have experienced water
toxicity
– For example, soldiers in training and endurance
athletes
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.7 Fluid Balance During
Exercise
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
How Much Water Do You Need and
What Are the Best Sources?
• Daily water needs depend on physical activity,
environmental factors, and diet.
• Recommendations based on reported total water intake of
healthy Americans
• Men: 16 cups/day (about 13 cups of beverages)
• Women: 12 cups/day (about 9 cups of beverages)
– About 80 percent from beverages, 20 percent from
foods
– Physical activity increases needs.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.8 Water Content of Foods
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 8.9 The Best Way to Meet Your
Daily Water Needs
1
Includes diet soft drinks and tea or coffee with sugar substitutes.
2
Includes fat-tree or 1 % milk and unsweetened fortified soy milk.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Nutrition in the Real World: Tap Water
or Bottled Water: Is Bottled Better?
• False assumption: bottled water is purer than tap water
• Tap water is perfectly safe.
– Monitored by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
– Provides fluoride and helps prevent dental caries
• Bottled water is very popular
– Most products conform to FDA requirements
– May actually be tap water
– High cost
– Various "designer" waters on the market
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
A Well of Sources for Bottled Water
Mineral water Water derived from an underground source that contains a
specific amount of naturally occurring minerals and trace
elements. The minerals and elements cannot be added to the
water after bottling.
Spring water Water that is obtained from underground water that flows
naturally to the surface. The water is collected at the spring or
at the site of the well purposefully drilled to obtain this water.
Sparkling
water
Spring water that has carbon dioxide gas added to supply
“bubbles” before bottling. Also sold as seltzer water or club
soda. Note: This is technically considered a soft drink and does
not have to adhere to FDA bottled water regulations.
Distilled water Water that has been boiled and processed to remove most, but
not all, contaminants.
Flavored water Water that has a flavor such as lemon or lime added. It may
also contain added sugars and calories.
Vitamin or
enhanced
waters
Water that has vitamins, protein, herbs, and/or caffeine added
to it. Such water may also contain added sugars and calories.
Water can be classified according to its source or how it is treated prior to bottling.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Bottled Versus Tap Water: A Summary
Bottled Water Tap Water
Cost to Consumers Cost to Consumers
• About $1.00–$4.00 per gallon (plain water) • About $0.003 per gallon
• Designer waters can cost more than $10
per gallon and may contain added sugar
and calories
Blank
Safety and Sustainability Safety and Sustainability
• Generally safe • Municipal water is regulated by EPA, state,
and local regulations
• Regulated by the FDA • EPA guidelines require that the public have
access to water quality reports and be
notified if water quality is outside
established bounds
• May not contain fluoride
Blank
• If not recycled, end up as garbage in
landfills
Blank
Benefits to Consumers Benefits to Consumers
• Packaging of bottled water may make it
more convenient than tap water
• Available at the faucet
Blank
• Often contains fluoride, which helps to
prevent tooth decay
• May taste better than tap water • Doesn’t contain any added sugar or calories
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is
provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

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CHAPTER 8 WATER Section.pptx

  • 1. Nutrition & You Sixth Edition Chapter 8 Lecture Water Section of the Chapter Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 2. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Outcomes for Chapter 8 8.1 Explain the importance and functions of water in the body. 8.2 Describe water balance and how the body maintains it. 8.3 Identify daily water needs and the best sources for it.
  • 3. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Why Is Water So Important? (1 of 2) • Water is the most abundant substance in body. – Average healthy adult is about 60 percent water. ▪ Muscle tissue is 75 percent water, fat up to 20 percent. – Can survive only a few days without water – Water is balanced among fluid compartments. ▪ Intracellular fluids: inside cells ▪ Extracellular fluids: interstitial fluid between cells and fluid in the blood – Electrolytes: minerals that help maintain fluid balance
  • 4. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.1 Your Body Is Mostly Water
  • 5. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.2 Water as Part of Body Fluids
  • 6. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Why Is Water So Important? (2 of 2) • Acts as universal solvent and transport medium – Medium for chemical reactions in body – As part of blood, helps transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells – As part of interstitial fluid, helps transport waste products away from cells for excretion • Helps maintain body temperature • Lubricant for joints, eyes; part of mucus and saliva • Protective cushion for brain, organs, and fetus
  • 7. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.3 Water Helps Regulate Your Body Temperature
  • 8. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Is Water Balance, and How Do You Maintain It? • Water balance: water consumed = water lost • You take in water through beverages and food • You lose water through your kidneys (as urine), large intestine, lungs, and skin – Insensible water loss: through evaporation from skin and when you exhale – Sensible water loss: through urine, feces, and sweat
  • 9. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.4 The Concept of Water Balance: Intake Equals Output
  • 10. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Losing Too Much Water Can Cause Dehydration (1 of 2) • Dehydration can result from inadequate water intake or too much water loss from diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, or use of diuretics. • Your thirst mechanism signals dehydration: – Dry mouth due to increased electrolyte concentration in blood: less water available to make saliva – Blood volume decreases, sodium concentration increases in blood: ▪ Brain triggers thirst mechanism and secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to reduce urine output ▪ Fluid inside cells moves into blood by osmosis
  • 11. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.5 A Simple Demonstration of Osmosis
  • 12. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Losing Too Much Water Can Cause Dehydration (2 of 2) • Other ways to tell if you're dehydrated: – Cornerstone method: measure body weight before and after exercise ▪ Weight loss = water loss – Monitor urine color ▪ Color darkens with concentration, indicating water loss
  • 13. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.6 Urine Color Can Signal Dehydration
  • 14. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Consuming Too Much Water Can Cause Hyponatremia • Hyponatremia is a condition of too little sodium in the blood • For healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet, it is difficult to consume too much water • However, some individuals have experienced water toxicity – For example, soldiers in training and endurance athletes
  • 15. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.7 Fluid Balance During Exercise
  • 16. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How Much Water Do You Need and What Are the Best Sources? • Daily water needs depend on physical activity, environmental factors, and diet. • Recommendations based on reported total water intake of healthy Americans • Men: 16 cups/day (about 13 cups of beverages) • Women: 12 cups/day (about 9 cups of beverages) – About 80 percent from beverages, 20 percent from foods – Physical activity increases needs.
  • 17. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.8 Water Content of Foods
  • 18. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8.9 The Best Way to Meet Your Daily Water Needs 1 Includes diet soft drinks and tea or coffee with sugar substitutes. 2 Includes fat-tree or 1 % milk and unsweetened fortified soy milk.
  • 19. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nutrition in the Real World: Tap Water or Bottled Water: Is Bottled Better? • False assumption: bottled water is purer than tap water • Tap water is perfectly safe. – Monitored by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Provides fluoride and helps prevent dental caries • Bottled water is very popular – Most products conform to FDA requirements – May actually be tap water – High cost – Various "designer" waters on the market
  • 20. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved A Well of Sources for Bottled Water Mineral water Water derived from an underground source that contains a specific amount of naturally occurring minerals and trace elements. The minerals and elements cannot be added to the water after bottling. Spring water Water that is obtained from underground water that flows naturally to the surface. The water is collected at the spring or at the site of the well purposefully drilled to obtain this water. Sparkling water Spring water that has carbon dioxide gas added to supply “bubbles” before bottling. Also sold as seltzer water or club soda. Note: This is technically considered a soft drink and does not have to adhere to FDA bottled water regulations. Distilled water Water that has been boiled and processed to remove most, but not all, contaminants. Flavored water Water that has a flavor such as lemon or lime added. It may also contain added sugars and calories. Vitamin or enhanced waters Water that has vitamins, protein, herbs, and/or caffeine added to it. Such water may also contain added sugars and calories. Water can be classified according to its source or how it is treated prior to bottling.
  • 21. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bottled Versus Tap Water: A Summary Bottled Water Tap Water Cost to Consumers Cost to Consumers • About $1.00–$4.00 per gallon (plain water) • About $0.003 per gallon • Designer waters can cost more than $10 per gallon and may contain added sugar and calories Blank Safety and Sustainability Safety and Sustainability • Generally safe • Municipal water is regulated by EPA, state, and local regulations • Regulated by the FDA • EPA guidelines require that the public have access to water quality reports and be notified if water quality is outside established bounds • May not contain fluoride Blank • If not recycled, end up as garbage in landfills Blank Benefits to Consumers Benefits to Consumers • Packaging of bottled water may make it more convenient than tap water • Available at the faucet Blank • Often contains fluoride, which helps to prevent tooth decay • May taste better than tap water • Doesn’t contain any added sugar or calories
  • 22. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

Editor's Notes

  1. If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed: 1) MathType Plugin 2) Math Player (free versions available) 3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)
  2. ● Part A. The water in blood carries heat to the capillaries at the skin surface. ● Part B. The heat is released at the skin surface. Evaporation of sweat cools the skin. ● Part C. Cooled blood returns to the body core.
  3. Water intake, 1 cup metabolism, 3 cups food, and 6.5 cups beverages for a total of 10.5 cups. Water output, 0.5 cups intestines, in stool, 1 cup sweat, 3 cups skin and lungs, and 6 cups kidneys, leading to urine, for a total of 10.5 cups.
  4. Moderate exercise When you are appropriately hydrated, engaged in moderate exercise, and not too hot, the concentration of electrolytes is likely to be the same on both sides of cell membranes. You will be in fluid balance. Concentration of electrolytes about equal inside and outside cell. Strenuous exercise with rapid and high water intake If a person drinks a great deal of water quickly during intense, prolonged exercise, the extracellular fluid becomes diluted. This results in the concentration of electrolytes being greater inside the cells, which causes water to enter the cells, making them swell. Drinking moderate amounts of water or sports drinks more slowly will replace lost fluids and restore fluid balance. Lower concentration of electrolytes outside Higher concentration of electrolytes inside Strenuous exercise with inadequate fluid intake If a person does not consume adequate amounts of fluid during strenuous exercise of long duration, the concentration of electrolytes becomes greater outside the cells, drawing water away from the inside of the cells and making them shrink. Consuming sports drinks will replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Higher concentration of electrolytes outside Lower concentration of electrolytes inside
  5. An illustration of MyPlate dot gov shows a plate divided into four segments labeled fruits, grains, protein, and vegetables with a side of dairy. The vertical axis is labeled percentage of water by weight. The horizontal axis has five segments labeled vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, and dairy. Vegetables: Potatoes, cooked: bar height is greater than 70 percent Lettuce, tomatoes: Bar height is greater than 90 percent Fruits: Peaches, pears, oranges, grapes, apples: Bar height is 80 to 90 percent Watermelon: Bar height is greater than 90 percent Grains: Baked goods: Bar height is less than 69 percent Pasta an rice, cooked: Bar height is less than 69 percent Protein: Beef, chicken: Bar height is less than 69 percent Eggs: Bar height is less than 69 percent Fish: Bar height is 70 to 79 percent Dairy: Frozen yoghurt: Bar height is 70 to 79 percent Milk: Bar height is 80 to 90 percent
  6. The illustration shows a jug divided into six parts. They are labeled as follows. Soft drinks, fruit drinks, 0 to 1 serving (110 calories). 100% fruit juices, sports drinks, 0 to 1 serving (115 calories). Diet drinks superscript 1, 0 to 4 servings (0 calories). Milk, soy milk superscript 2, 0 to 2 servings (100 calories). Unsweetened coffee or tea, 0 to 5 servings (90 calories). Water, 2 to 6 servings (0 calories).