The document discusses feeding behaviors and nutrition for toddlers, young children, and those with special needs. It covers how physical, motor, and social development influences eating habits at different ages. Key recommendations include providing nutritious meals based on MyPlate, allowing children to determine how much they eat, being a positive role model, and making mealtimes relaxed. The document also addresses creating supportive feeding environments and choosing healthy snacks.
Business Ethics 66Thomas Farrow had been evaluated as having b.docxRAHUL126667
Business Ethics 66
Thomas Farrow had been evaluated as having been inflicted by managerial hubris at the time of the bank’s collapse in 1920.
With this in mind, address the following questions, with thorough explanations and well-supported rationale.
1. How did corporate culture, leadership, power and motivation affect Thomas’ level of managerial hubris?
2. Relate managerial hubris to ethical decision making and the overall impact on the business environment.
3. Explain the pressures associated with ethical decision making at Farrows Bank.
4. Evaluate whether the level of managerial hubris would have been decreased if Farrow Bank had a truly ethical
business culture. Could this have affected the final outcome of Farrow Bank? Explain your position.
Parenting the AdolescentView Full Description
It is often said that there is much similarity in adolescent and toddler development. In fact, some say that the toddler you had comes back as a teenager. Given what you have read about parenting the toddler (Week 3) and the adolescent (Week 5) describe at least one similarity and one difference and describe how parenting is both the same and different. Please note in your post the relevant developmental stages and how parents effectively meet them.
Parenting changes as children get older, offering new challenges to parents at home. School-age children spend more time away from home, and their interactions with others become increasingly complex. Parents maintain many of the same fundamental responsibilities with school-age children as they did with preschoolers. They need to continue to provide love and affection, to set age-appropriate rules and boundaries, and to support physical, cognitive and social development.
Topics to be covered include:
· Normal physical, emotional and social development in during the elementary school and early teen years
· Ways parents can support their child’s development during the elementary school and early teen years
· Techniques to help parents maintain positive relationships with their adolescents as they become more independent and move toward adulthood
· Techniques to help school-age children develop positive relationships with family and peers
· Ways parents can promote healthy lifestyles with school age children
· Effects of media use on children’s development· Sleep
· Sleep helps attention, emotional well-being, and learning. Adequate sleep helps the body regulate its metabolic processes and weight control. Parents should establish a consistent bedtime schedule as well as bedtime routines to help children develop the habit of sleep. Parents who adopt positive and nurturing parenting styles support healthy sleep patterns in children.
· School-age children usually sleep independently; however, maintaining a normal bedtime routine is part of good sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene includes a number of practices that support healthy sleep, like avoiding caffeine in the afternoon, having a cool, dark room, and a r ...
Learn how to the secrets to teaching your kids how to be healthy. How to eat healthy, play healthy and be healthy for a lifetime. This is a complete book on youth and family health and how to keep kids and teens healthy with natural remedies.
Business Ethics 66Thomas Farrow had been evaluated as having b.docxRAHUL126667
Business Ethics 66
Thomas Farrow had been evaluated as having been inflicted by managerial hubris at the time of the bank’s collapse in 1920.
With this in mind, address the following questions, with thorough explanations and well-supported rationale.
1. How did corporate culture, leadership, power and motivation affect Thomas’ level of managerial hubris?
2. Relate managerial hubris to ethical decision making and the overall impact on the business environment.
3. Explain the pressures associated with ethical decision making at Farrows Bank.
4. Evaluate whether the level of managerial hubris would have been decreased if Farrow Bank had a truly ethical
business culture. Could this have affected the final outcome of Farrow Bank? Explain your position.
Parenting the AdolescentView Full Description
It is often said that there is much similarity in adolescent and toddler development. In fact, some say that the toddler you had comes back as a teenager. Given what you have read about parenting the toddler (Week 3) and the adolescent (Week 5) describe at least one similarity and one difference and describe how parenting is both the same and different. Please note in your post the relevant developmental stages and how parents effectively meet them.
Parenting changes as children get older, offering new challenges to parents at home. School-age children spend more time away from home, and their interactions with others become increasingly complex. Parents maintain many of the same fundamental responsibilities with school-age children as they did with preschoolers. They need to continue to provide love and affection, to set age-appropriate rules and boundaries, and to support physical, cognitive and social development.
Topics to be covered include:
· Normal physical, emotional and social development in during the elementary school and early teen years
· Ways parents can support their child’s development during the elementary school and early teen years
· Techniques to help parents maintain positive relationships with their adolescents as they become more independent and move toward adulthood
· Techniques to help school-age children develop positive relationships with family and peers
· Ways parents can promote healthy lifestyles with school age children
· Effects of media use on children’s development· Sleep
· Sleep helps attention, emotional well-being, and learning. Adequate sleep helps the body regulate its metabolic processes and weight control. Parents should establish a consistent bedtime schedule as well as bedtime routines to help children develop the habit of sleep. Parents who adopt positive and nurturing parenting styles support healthy sleep patterns in children.
· School-age children usually sleep independently; however, maintaining a normal bedtime routine is part of good sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene includes a number of practices that support healthy sleep, like avoiding caffeine in the afternoon, having a cool, dark room, and a r ...
Learn how to the secrets to teaching your kids how to be healthy. How to eat healthy, play healthy and be healthy for a lifetime. This is a complete book on youth and family health and how to keep kids and teens healthy with natural remedies.
Right nutrition in early days of life is very important. Nutritional requirements are different for kids and adults in the family. They are in their growing age, they need balanced nutrition but not only high calorie foods, In growing years different age groups have different requirements. Discussion with experts helps in dealing with the situation.
There are a lot of reasons why a child should be taught to eat healthily
from a very young age. With good eating habits inculcated into a child
daily dietary regiment the assurance of getting all the nutritional
needs for the body will be well under control. It would also ensure the
child’s weight and health conditions are kept to its optimum.
http://www.unileverhealth.co.za/about | There are 195 million children in the world who have not developed adequately and are too short for their age. There are also 42 million children below the age of five who are obese. What all these children have in common is that they have not received the right nutrition growing up. That is why Unilever Health has made child nutrition one of its main focus points. Unilever prides itself on producing products that are conducive to a child’s development and educating people on the nutrition needs of children.
Getting your child or a child that you are looking after to eat healthy can seem like a somewhat impossible task. Kids can be very picky at times and for the most part, vegetables and other healthy foods are not high on their list of preferences. The good news is that it is possible to get your child to eat healthy nutritious food and you can even get them to like it.
A lot of the process of getting your child to eat healthy is a trial and error process. You are going to have to keep trying new things and preparing them different ways until you become familiar with what healthy things your child does and does not like.
There are a lot of tips and tricks you can use to get your child to eat healthy, many parents just are not aware of them. You should use as many of these tricks as you can because proper childhood nutrition is extremely important for the development of a child. Children who are malnourished in their earlier years will have noticeable health problems in the future and may suffer from certain deficiencies such as anemia. I am sure you do not want your child to have to go through something like this so get them eating healthy!
Parenting the AdolescentView Full DescriptionIt is often.docxjakeomoore75037
Parenting the Adolescent
View Full Description
It is often said that there is much similarity in adolescent and toddler development. In fact, some say that the toddler you had comes back as a teenager. Given what you have read about parenting the toddler (Week 3) and the adolescent (Week 5) describe at least one similarity and one difference and describe how parenting is both the same and different. Please note in your post the relevant developmental stages and how parents effectively meet them.
Parenting changes as children get older, offering new challenges to parents at home. School-age children spend more time away from home, and their interactions with others become increasingly complex. Parents maintain many of the same fundamental responsibilities with school-age children as they did with preschoolers. They need to continue to provide love and affection, to set age-appropriate rules and boundaries, and to support physical, cognitive and social development.
Topics to be covered include:
Normal physical, emotional and social development in during the elementary school and early teen years
Ways parents can support their child’s development during the elementary school and early teen years
Techniques to help parents maintain positive relationships with their adolescents as they become more independent and move toward adulthood
Techniques to help school-age children develop positive relationships with family and peers
Ways parents can promote healthy lifestyles with school age children
Effects of media use on children’s development
· Sleep
· Sleep helps attention, emotional well-being, and learning. Adequate sleep helps the body regulate its metabolic processes and weight control. Parents should establish a consistent bedtime schedule as well as bedtime routines to help children develop the habit of sleep. Parents who adopt positive and nurturing parenting styles support healthy sleep patterns in children.
· School-age children usually sleep independently; however, maintaining a normal bedtime routine is part of good sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene includes a number of practices that support healthy sleep, like avoiding caffeine in the afternoon, having a cool, dark room, and a relaxing bedtime routine. For school-age children, this might involve a shower or bath, a snack, and reading time, either alone or with a parents. It is best to avoid screens, including smartphones and tablets, before bed.
·
CDC RECOMMENDATIONS
· The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) recommends that newborns sleep between 16–18 hours per day. A preschool-age child should sleep between 11–12 hours per day. It is recommended that school-age children get nine to 11 hours of sleep per night. There is some room for individual variation between children, with some managing well on eight hours and others needing 12 hours a night to feel well. If a child is consistently sleeping less than seven hours or more than.
Overcoming Nutrition and Anxiety pitfalls during and after Covid-19 Pandemic ...Ankita Gupta
COVID-19 outbreak has added additional challenges in maintaining a healthy diet, lifestyle and normal daily routine. Disruption in formal education and social interactions have contributed to increased stress & anxiety among students.
Right nutrition in early days of life is very important. Nutritional requirements are different for kids and adults in the family. They are in their growing age, they need balanced nutrition but not only high calorie foods, In growing years different age groups have different requirements. Discussion with experts helps in dealing with the situation.
There are a lot of reasons why a child should be taught to eat healthily
from a very young age. With good eating habits inculcated into a child
daily dietary regiment the assurance of getting all the nutritional
needs for the body will be well under control. It would also ensure the
child’s weight and health conditions are kept to its optimum.
http://www.unileverhealth.co.za/about | There are 195 million children in the world who have not developed adequately and are too short for their age. There are also 42 million children below the age of five who are obese. What all these children have in common is that they have not received the right nutrition growing up. That is why Unilever Health has made child nutrition one of its main focus points. Unilever prides itself on producing products that are conducive to a child’s development and educating people on the nutrition needs of children.
Getting your child or a child that you are looking after to eat healthy can seem like a somewhat impossible task. Kids can be very picky at times and for the most part, vegetables and other healthy foods are not high on their list of preferences. The good news is that it is possible to get your child to eat healthy nutritious food and you can even get them to like it.
A lot of the process of getting your child to eat healthy is a trial and error process. You are going to have to keep trying new things and preparing them different ways until you become familiar with what healthy things your child does and does not like.
There are a lot of tips and tricks you can use to get your child to eat healthy, many parents just are not aware of them. You should use as many of these tricks as you can because proper childhood nutrition is extremely important for the development of a child. Children who are malnourished in their earlier years will have noticeable health problems in the future and may suffer from certain deficiencies such as anemia. I am sure you do not want your child to have to go through something like this so get them eating healthy!
Parenting the AdolescentView Full DescriptionIt is often.docxjakeomoore75037
Parenting the Adolescent
View Full Description
It is often said that there is much similarity in adolescent and toddler development. In fact, some say that the toddler you had comes back as a teenager. Given what you have read about parenting the toddler (Week 3) and the adolescent (Week 5) describe at least one similarity and one difference and describe how parenting is both the same and different. Please note in your post the relevant developmental stages and how parents effectively meet them.
Parenting changes as children get older, offering new challenges to parents at home. School-age children spend more time away from home, and their interactions with others become increasingly complex. Parents maintain many of the same fundamental responsibilities with school-age children as they did with preschoolers. They need to continue to provide love and affection, to set age-appropriate rules and boundaries, and to support physical, cognitive and social development.
Topics to be covered include:
Normal physical, emotional and social development in during the elementary school and early teen years
Ways parents can support their child’s development during the elementary school and early teen years
Techniques to help parents maintain positive relationships with their adolescents as they become more independent and move toward adulthood
Techniques to help school-age children develop positive relationships with family and peers
Ways parents can promote healthy lifestyles with school age children
Effects of media use on children’s development
· Sleep
· Sleep helps attention, emotional well-being, and learning. Adequate sleep helps the body regulate its metabolic processes and weight control. Parents should establish a consistent bedtime schedule as well as bedtime routines to help children develop the habit of sleep. Parents who adopt positive and nurturing parenting styles support healthy sleep patterns in children.
· School-age children usually sleep independently; however, maintaining a normal bedtime routine is part of good sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene includes a number of practices that support healthy sleep, like avoiding caffeine in the afternoon, having a cool, dark room, and a relaxing bedtime routine. For school-age children, this might involve a shower or bath, a snack, and reading time, either alone or with a parents. It is best to avoid screens, including smartphones and tablets, before bed.
·
CDC RECOMMENDATIONS
· The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) recommends that newborns sleep between 16–18 hours per day. A preschool-age child should sleep between 11–12 hours per day. It is recommended that school-age children get nine to 11 hours of sleep per night. There is some room for individual variation between children, with some managing well on eight hours and others needing 12 hours a night to feel well. If a child is consistently sleeping less than seven hours or more than.
Overcoming Nutrition and Anxiety pitfalls during and after Covid-19 Pandemic ...Ankita Gupta
COVID-19 outbreak has added additional challenges in maintaining a healthy diet, lifestyle and normal daily routine. Disruption in formal education and social interactions have contributed to increased stress & anxiety among students.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
