The document provides an overview of leadership concepts including trait theory, behavioral theory, contingency theory, and transformational leadership. It discusses various approaches to leadership such as charismatic, authentic, and situational leadership. It also examines challenges to the concept of leadership including attribution theory and substitutes/neutralizers. The document contains case studies on Reverend Jim Jones and Colleen Barrett to illustrate different types of leadership.
Chapter 8:
Organization Leadership
Introduction
Great leaders exist in business, politics, the military, and even sports
Leadership can be used for good and for evil
Communication is a tool used to activate messages to followers
Leadership is a socially constructed phenomenon
Case Study: Charismatic Preacher
Reverend Jim Jones was a charismatic, influential preacher who led rapidly growing congregations throughout California
People were so inspired, that they donated their entire worldly possessions, traveled to South America, and built a community
Several years later, the Reverend leads a mass suicide of 909 people in his town of Jonestown, Guyana
Why would people be so committed to him that they would participate in a mass suicide?
What does this say about leadership?
Trait Approach to Leadership
If a person has certain traits, they will be a more effective leader
Big Five personality traits with leadership potential include:
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
Ambition
Energy
The trait approach to leadership seems to be best able to predict leader emergence rather than leader effectiveness
There is a difference between possessing a trait and being perceived to possess a trait
4
Leadership Behaviors
The behavioral approach to leadership examines what leaders actually do and the behaviors leaders use to achieve their goals
It’s a matter of what you do (behavior theory), rather than who you are (trait theory) as a leader
Critical Thinking Questions – Traits and Behaviors
How does the perspective that leadership is something you do versus something you are change the responsibilities of a leader?
The University of Michigan and Ohio State Studies
Initiating Structure
Extent to which a leader defines and structures the roles of employees in the goal attainment effort
Production-oriented leaders have behavior similar to initiating structure
Consideration
Leader respects employees’ thoughts, ideas, and feelings, expresses appreciation and support, and develops an environment of mutual trust
Employee-oriented leaders also value consideration
Managerial Grid
Contingent Approaches to Leadership
Questions examined by contingency theorists include:
What are the situational factors that actually matter in leadership?
To what leadership styles do they best connect?
Least Preferred Co-Worker
Fiedler (1967) developed Least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire
Rating “least” preferred coworker harshly = task-oriented leader
Rating “least” preferred coworker benevolently = relationship-oriented
Once individual leadership style is assessed, the situation is determined through three dimensions: 1) Leader-member relations 2) Task structure 3) Position power
Critical Thinking Questions – Least Preferred
Why does the way a person treats the least preferred co-worker likely say the most about their style of leadership?
Think about your experiences working in groups. How did you feel about the least-preferre.
Chapter 8:
Organization Leadership
Introduction
Great leaders exist in business, politics, the military, and even sports
Leadership can be used for good and for evil
Communication is a tool used to activate messages to followers
Leadership is a socially constructed phenomenon
Case Study: Charismatic Preacher
Reverend Jim Jones was a charismatic, influential preacher who led rapidly growing congregations throughout California
People were so inspired, that they donated their entire worldly possessions, traveled to South America, and built a community
Several years later, the Reverend leads a mass suicide of 909 people in his town of Jonestown, Guyana
Why would people be so committed to him that they would participate in a mass suicide?
What does this say about leadership?
Trait Approach to Leadership
If a person has certain traits, they will be a more effective leader
Big Five personality traits with leadership potential include:
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
Ambition
Energy
The trait approach to leadership seems to be best able to predict leader emergence rather than leader effectiveness
There is a difference between possessing a trait and being perceived to possess a trait
4
Leadership Behaviors
The behavioral approach to leadership examines what leaders actually do and the behaviors leaders use to achieve their goals
It’s a matter of what you do (behavior theory), rather than who you are (trait theory) as a leader
Critical Thinking Questions – Traits and Behaviors
How does the perspective that leadership is something you do versus something you are change the responsibilities of a leader?
The University of Michigan and Ohio State Studies
Initiating Structure
Extent to which a leader defines and structures the roles of employees in the goal attainment effort
Production-oriented leaders have behavior similar to initiating structure
Consideration
Leader respects employees’ thoughts, ideas, and feelings, expresses appreciation and support, and develops an environment of mutual trust
Employee-oriented leaders also value consideration
Managerial Grid
Contingent Approaches to Leadership
Questions examined by contingency theorists include:
What are the situational factors that actually matter in leadership?
To what leadership styles do they best connect?
Least Preferred Co-Worker
Fiedler (1967) developed Least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire
Rating “least” preferred coworker harshly = task-oriented leader
Rating “least” preferred coworker benevolently = relationship-oriented
Once individual leadership style is assessed, the situation is determined through three dimensions: 1) Leader-member relations 2) Task structure 3) Position power
Critical Thinking Questions – Least Preferred
Why does the way a person treats the least preferred co-worker likely say the most about their style of leadership?
Think about your experiences working in groups. How did you feel about the least-preferre.
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1 .docxShiraPrater50
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the major psychological foundations of leadership.
1.1 Describe various foundational traits of leadership.
1.2 Articulate the importance of correlating personal leadership traits and models.
4. Evaluate various leadership models.
4.1 Analyze various leadership models.
4.2 Relate leadership models to a successful leader.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
1.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
Reading Assignment
In addition to a physical copy of the textbook, each unit contains the eTextbook version of the assigned
reading chapters. If preferred, click on Unit I in the course navigation menu to access the online version of the
assigned chapters.
Chapter 1: What Does It Mean to Be a Leader?, pp. 3–24
Chapter 3: Contingency Approaches to Leadership, pp. 65–88
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Leadership Approaches and Models
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Welcome to Unit I! There are many types of leaders in the business world today; some are successful at
leading their team to accomplish organizational goals, while others are not. Leadership is a popular and
sought-after asset in business today. Therefore, it is important to understand what is required for one to
become a good leader and acknowledge the important aspects of leadership. Being that leadership is
complex and often misunderstood, those who are seeking to become effective leaders must possess a desire
to establish meaningful relationships with others while leading with a vision. Daft (2018) describes leadership
as the “ability to support and inspire the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals” (p. 5).
This course covers the history and psychology
of leadership studies, leadership vision,
culture, courage, morals, and values. Our
focus will be on leadership concepts and
theories and correlating that knowledge into
practical use. At the bottom of each study
guide, there will be activities that focus on self-
assessment, goal setting, and overcoming
barriers—all related to how you can apply what
you learn in the course to your everyday life.
The activities are not graded but will assist in
developing your own leadership skills.
Let’s get started, as your next step in becoming a leader awaits.
When we consider the psychology of leadership, the psychodynamic or systematic approach to studying
human behavior, there are a myriad of ways of looking at leadership. The underlining forces that affect
leaders’ ability to lead include their personalities, their feelings and emotions, and how they relate to others.
Leaders’ persona ...
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1 .docxgertrudebellgrove
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the major psychological foundations of leadership.
1.1 Describe various foundational traits of leadership.
1.2 Articulate the importance of correlating personal leadership traits and models.
4. Evaluate various leadership models.
4.1 Analyze various leadership models.
4.2 Relate leadership models to a successful leader.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
1.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
Reading Assignment
In addition to a physical copy of the textbook, each unit contains the eTextbook version of the assigned
reading chapters. If preferred, click on Unit I in the course navigation menu to access the online version of the
assigned chapters.
Chapter 1: What Does It Mean to Be a Leader?, pp. 3–24
Chapter 3: Contingency Approaches to Leadership, pp. 65–88
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Leadership Approaches and Models
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Welcome to Unit I! There are many types of leaders in the business world today; some are successful at
leading their team to accomplish organizational goals, while others are not. Leadership is a popular and
sought-after asset in business today. Therefore, it is important to understand what is required for one to
become a good leader and acknowledge the important aspects of leadership. Being that leadership is
complex and often misunderstood, those who are seeking to become effective leaders must possess a desire
to establish meaningful relationships with others while leading with a vision. Daft (2018) describes leadership
as the “ability to support and inspire the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals” (p. 5).
This course covers the history and psychology
of leadership studies, leadership vision,
culture, courage, morals, and values. Our
focus will be on leadership concepts and
theories and correlating that knowledge into
practical use. At the bottom of each study
guide, there will be activities that focus on self-
assessment, goal setting, and overcoming
barriers—all related to how you can apply what
you learn in the course to your everyday life.
The activities are not graded but will assist in
developing your own leadership skills.
Let’s get started, as your next step in becoming a leader awaits.
When we consider the psychology of leadership, the psychodynamic or systematic approach to studying
human behavior, there are a myriad of ways of looking at leadership. The underlining forces that affect
leaders’ ability to lead include their personalities, their feelings and emotions, and how they relate to others.
Leaders’ persona.
What is Leadership? Essay
Leadership Traits Essay example
Essay on Effective Team Leadership
Management And Leadership Essay example
What Makes a Leader? Essay
Motivation and Leadership Essay
Leadership Essay
Definition Essay Leadership
The Role Of A Leader Essay
What Leadership Means to Me Essay
Leadership Diversity Essay
Clinical Leadership Essay
Importance of Leadership Essay
What Is A Leader? Essay
Leadership and Leadership StylesDefining a Leader….docxsmile790243
Leadership and Leadership Styles
Defining a Leader…Think of a leader that you worked for or observed…
What does this person do and what qualities does this person have that make you admire him or her as a leader?
*
This is basically a brainstorming question to allow the group to think about what makes good leaders. This allows the group to start thinking about leadership styles.
Leadership - what is it?
“influencing people so that they will strive willingly towards the achievement of group goals” 1
1 Koontz, H. and C. O’Donnell. “Management: A System of Contingency Analysis of Managerial Functions”. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
TransactionalMotivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest
Motivate by the exchange process. EX: business owners exchange status and wages for the work effort of the employee.
Focuses on the accomplishment of tasks & good worker relationships in exchange for desirable rewards.
Encourage leader to adapt their style and behavior to meet expectations of followers
*
Some researchers added to Burns original theory and it is thought by many today that transactional leadership can encompass four types of behavior.
1. Contingent Reward – To influence behavior, the leader clarifies the work needed to be accomplished. The leader uses rewards or incentives to achieve results when expectations are met.
2. Passive Management by Exception - To influence behavior, the leader uses correction or punishment as a response to unacceptable performance or deviation from the accepted standards.
3. Active Management by Exception - To influence behavior, the leader actively monitors the work performed and uses corrective methods to ensure the work is completed to meet accepted standards.
4. Laissez-Faire Leadership – The leader is indifferent and has a “hands-off” approach toward the workers and their performance. This leader ignores the needs of others, does not respond to problems or does not monitor performance.
Transactional leadership behavior is used to one degree or another by most leaders. However, as the old saying goes, “if the only tool in your workbox is a hammer…you will perceive every problem as a nail”. A leader should not exclusively or primarily practice transactional leadership behavior to influence others! Here are a few common problems of those who do so. Some use transactional leadership behavior as a tool to manipulate others for selfish personal gain. It can place too much emphasis on the “bottom line” and by its very nature is short-term oriented with the goal of simply maximizing efficiency and profits. The leader can pressure others to engage in unethical or amoral practices by offering strong rewards or punishments. Transactional leadership seeks to influence others by exchanging work for wages, but it does not build on the worker’s need for meaningful work or tap into their creativity. If utilized as the primary behavior by a leader it can lead to an environment perm ...
Leadership is the ability of a company's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform well..
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number o.docxjeffevans62972
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number of issues in your new position. Please address each.
The previous manager used a transactional leadership approach, which has been relatively ineffective. Evaluate one leadership style and describe which you would take.
An experienced executive assistant discovered that she made the same amount of money as a newly hired janitor. Consider the role the human resources department plays in driving organization performance. What HR strategies would you employ to address this?
To keep people motivated in a tough economic environment, the company has shifted from annual to semiannual bonuses. Do you think offering semiannual bonuses is a good way to motivate the kind of behaviors organizations need to survive the economic downturn? What might be some potential problems associated with this approach? What other strategies would you use?
Post answers in paragraph form (minimum of 500-600 words)
SCORING AND INTERPRETATION: A recent view of leadership called Level 5 leadership says that the most successful leaders have two prominent qualities: humility and will. Give 1 point for each item marked Mostly True.
· Humility: Items 1, 2, 3, 4
· Will: Items 5, 6, 7, 8
“Humility” means a quiet, modest, self-effacing manner. A humble person puts group or organizational success ahead of personal success. “Will” means a quiet but fierce resolve to stay the course to achieve the group's desired outcome and to help the group succeed. The traits of humility and will are opposite the traditional idea of leadership as loud and self-centered. If you scored 3 or 4 on either humility or will, you are on track to Level 5 leadership, which says that ordinary people often make excellent leaders.
Remember This
·
(Daft, 2012, p.493)
Nature of Leadership
In most situations, a team, military unit, department, or volunteer group is only as good as its leader. Yet there are as many variations among leaders as there are among other individuals, and many different styles of leadership can be effective.
So, what does it mean to be a leader? Among all the ideas and writings about leadership, three aspects stand out—people, influence, and goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence, and is used to attain goals.2Influence means that the relationship among people is not passive. Moreover, influence is designed to achieve some end or goal. Thus, leadership as defined here is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. This definition captures the idea that leaders are involved with other people in the achievement of goals. Leadership is reciprocal, occurring among people.3 Leadership is a “people” activity, distinct from administrative paperwork or problem-solving activities.
Remember This
· • The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how well employees can do their jobs; thus, leaders play a tremendous role in the .
IV. Internal Environment Strengths and Weaknesses (SWOT)Ford moto.docxDioneWang844
IV. Internal Environment: Strengths and Weaknesses (SWOT)
Ford motor Corporate Structure
1.
How is the corporation structured at present?
a.
Is the decision-making authority centralized around one group or decentralized to many units?
b.
Is the corporation organized on the basis of functions, projects, geography, or some combination of these?
2.
Is the structure clearly understood by everyone in the corporation?
3.
Is the present structure consistent with current corporate objectives, strategies, policies, and programs, as well as with the firm’s international operations?
4.
In what ways does this structure compare with those of similar corporations?
answer each question in a paragraph
.
its due in 55 minsTCO 1) How has user access of the Web changed ov.docxDioneWang844
its due in 55 mins
TCO 1) How has user access of the Web changed over the past 10 years? How does this impact the design of a website?
(Points : 30)
Question 12.
Question 13.
Question 14.
Question 15.
Question 16.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 8 Organization LeadershipIntroductionGreat le
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1 .docxShiraPrater50
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the major psychological foundations of leadership.
1.1 Describe various foundational traits of leadership.
1.2 Articulate the importance of correlating personal leadership traits and models.
4. Evaluate various leadership models.
4.1 Analyze various leadership models.
4.2 Relate leadership models to a successful leader.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
1.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
Reading Assignment
In addition to a physical copy of the textbook, each unit contains the eTextbook version of the assigned
reading chapters. If preferred, click on Unit I in the course navigation menu to access the online version of the
assigned chapters.
Chapter 1: What Does It Mean to Be a Leader?, pp. 3–24
Chapter 3: Contingency Approaches to Leadership, pp. 65–88
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Leadership Approaches and Models
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Welcome to Unit I! There are many types of leaders in the business world today; some are successful at
leading their team to accomplish organizational goals, while others are not. Leadership is a popular and
sought-after asset in business today. Therefore, it is important to understand what is required for one to
become a good leader and acknowledge the important aspects of leadership. Being that leadership is
complex and often misunderstood, those who are seeking to become effective leaders must possess a desire
to establish meaningful relationships with others while leading with a vision. Daft (2018) describes leadership
as the “ability to support and inspire the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals” (p. 5).
This course covers the history and psychology
of leadership studies, leadership vision,
culture, courage, morals, and values. Our
focus will be on leadership concepts and
theories and correlating that knowledge into
practical use. At the bottom of each study
guide, there will be activities that focus on self-
assessment, goal setting, and overcoming
barriers—all related to how you can apply what
you learn in the course to your everyday life.
The activities are not graded but will assist in
developing your own leadership skills.
Let’s get started, as your next step in becoming a leader awaits.
When we consider the psychology of leadership, the psychodynamic or systematic approach to studying
human behavior, there are a myriad of ways of looking at leadership. The underlining forces that affect
leaders’ ability to lead include their personalities, their feelings and emotions, and how they relate to others.
Leaders’ persona ...
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1 .docxgertrudebellgrove
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the major psychological foundations of leadership.
1.1 Describe various foundational traits of leadership.
1.2 Articulate the importance of correlating personal leadership traits and models.
4. Evaluate various leadership models.
4.1 Analyze various leadership models.
4.2 Relate leadership models to a successful leader.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
1.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 1
Unit I Essay
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit I Essay
Reading Assignment
In addition to a physical copy of the textbook, each unit contains the eTextbook version of the assigned
reading chapters. If preferred, click on Unit I in the course navigation menu to access the online version of the
assigned chapters.
Chapter 1: What Does It Mean to Be a Leader?, pp. 3–24
Chapter 3: Contingency Approaches to Leadership, pp. 65–88
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Leadership Approaches and Models
MSL 6000, Psychological Foundations of Leadership 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Welcome to Unit I! There are many types of leaders in the business world today; some are successful at
leading their team to accomplish organizational goals, while others are not. Leadership is a popular and
sought-after asset in business today. Therefore, it is important to understand what is required for one to
become a good leader and acknowledge the important aspects of leadership. Being that leadership is
complex and often misunderstood, those who are seeking to become effective leaders must possess a desire
to establish meaningful relationships with others while leading with a vision. Daft (2018) describes leadership
as the “ability to support and inspire the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals” (p. 5).
This course covers the history and psychology
of leadership studies, leadership vision,
culture, courage, morals, and values. Our
focus will be on leadership concepts and
theories and correlating that knowledge into
practical use. At the bottom of each study
guide, there will be activities that focus on self-
assessment, goal setting, and overcoming
barriers—all related to how you can apply what
you learn in the course to your everyday life.
The activities are not graded but will assist in
developing your own leadership skills.
Let’s get started, as your next step in becoming a leader awaits.
When we consider the psychology of leadership, the psychodynamic or systematic approach to studying
human behavior, there are a myriad of ways of looking at leadership. The underlining forces that affect
leaders’ ability to lead include their personalities, their feelings and emotions, and how they relate to others.
Leaders’ persona.
What is Leadership? Essay
Leadership Traits Essay example
Essay on Effective Team Leadership
Management And Leadership Essay example
What Makes a Leader? Essay
Motivation and Leadership Essay
Leadership Essay
Definition Essay Leadership
The Role Of A Leader Essay
What Leadership Means to Me Essay
Leadership Diversity Essay
Clinical Leadership Essay
Importance of Leadership Essay
What Is A Leader? Essay
Leadership and Leadership StylesDefining a Leader….docxsmile790243
Leadership and Leadership Styles
Defining a Leader…Think of a leader that you worked for or observed…
What does this person do and what qualities does this person have that make you admire him or her as a leader?
*
This is basically a brainstorming question to allow the group to think about what makes good leaders. This allows the group to start thinking about leadership styles.
Leadership - what is it?
“influencing people so that they will strive willingly towards the achievement of group goals” 1
1 Koontz, H. and C. O’Donnell. “Management: A System of Contingency Analysis of Managerial Functions”. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
TransactionalMotivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest
Motivate by the exchange process. EX: business owners exchange status and wages for the work effort of the employee.
Focuses on the accomplishment of tasks & good worker relationships in exchange for desirable rewards.
Encourage leader to adapt their style and behavior to meet expectations of followers
*
Some researchers added to Burns original theory and it is thought by many today that transactional leadership can encompass four types of behavior.
1. Contingent Reward – To influence behavior, the leader clarifies the work needed to be accomplished. The leader uses rewards or incentives to achieve results when expectations are met.
2. Passive Management by Exception - To influence behavior, the leader uses correction or punishment as a response to unacceptable performance or deviation from the accepted standards.
3. Active Management by Exception - To influence behavior, the leader actively monitors the work performed and uses corrective methods to ensure the work is completed to meet accepted standards.
4. Laissez-Faire Leadership – The leader is indifferent and has a “hands-off” approach toward the workers and their performance. This leader ignores the needs of others, does not respond to problems or does not monitor performance.
Transactional leadership behavior is used to one degree or another by most leaders. However, as the old saying goes, “if the only tool in your workbox is a hammer…you will perceive every problem as a nail”. A leader should not exclusively or primarily practice transactional leadership behavior to influence others! Here are a few common problems of those who do so. Some use transactional leadership behavior as a tool to manipulate others for selfish personal gain. It can place too much emphasis on the “bottom line” and by its very nature is short-term oriented with the goal of simply maximizing efficiency and profits. The leader can pressure others to engage in unethical or amoral practices by offering strong rewards or punishments. Transactional leadership seeks to influence others by exchanging work for wages, but it does not build on the worker’s need for meaningful work or tap into their creativity. If utilized as the primary behavior by a leader it can lead to an environment perm ...
Leadership is the ability of a company's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform well..
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number o.docxjeffevans62972
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number of issues in your new position. Please address each.
The previous manager used a transactional leadership approach, which has been relatively ineffective. Evaluate one leadership style and describe which you would take.
An experienced executive assistant discovered that she made the same amount of money as a newly hired janitor. Consider the role the human resources department plays in driving organization performance. What HR strategies would you employ to address this?
To keep people motivated in a tough economic environment, the company has shifted from annual to semiannual bonuses. Do you think offering semiannual bonuses is a good way to motivate the kind of behaviors organizations need to survive the economic downturn? What might be some potential problems associated with this approach? What other strategies would you use?
Post answers in paragraph form (minimum of 500-600 words)
SCORING AND INTERPRETATION: A recent view of leadership called Level 5 leadership says that the most successful leaders have two prominent qualities: humility and will. Give 1 point for each item marked Mostly True.
· Humility: Items 1, 2, 3, 4
· Will: Items 5, 6, 7, 8
“Humility” means a quiet, modest, self-effacing manner. A humble person puts group or organizational success ahead of personal success. “Will” means a quiet but fierce resolve to stay the course to achieve the group's desired outcome and to help the group succeed. The traits of humility and will are opposite the traditional idea of leadership as loud and self-centered. If you scored 3 or 4 on either humility or will, you are on track to Level 5 leadership, which says that ordinary people often make excellent leaders.
Remember This
·
(Daft, 2012, p.493)
Nature of Leadership
In most situations, a team, military unit, department, or volunteer group is only as good as its leader. Yet there are as many variations among leaders as there are among other individuals, and many different styles of leadership can be effective.
So, what does it mean to be a leader? Among all the ideas and writings about leadership, three aspects stand out—people, influence, and goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence, and is used to attain goals.2Influence means that the relationship among people is not passive. Moreover, influence is designed to achieve some end or goal. Thus, leadership as defined here is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. This definition captures the idea that leaders are involved with other people in the achievement of goals. Leadership is reciprocal, occurring among people.3 Leadership is a “people” activity, distinct from administrative paperwork or problem-solving activities.
Remember This
· • The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how well employees can do their jobs; thus, leaders play a tremendous role in the .
Similar to Chapter 8 Organization LeadershipIntroductionGreat le (20)
IV. Internal Environment Strengths and Weaknesses (SWOT)Ford moto.docxDioneWang844
IV. Internal Environment: Strengths and Weaknesses (SWOT)
Ford motor Corporate Structure
1.
How is the corporation structured at present?
a.
Is the decision-making authority centralized around one group or decentralized to many units?
b.
Is the corporation organized on the basis of functions, projects, geography, or some combination of these?
2.
Is the structure clearly understood by everyone in the corporation?
3.
Is the present structure consistent with current corporate objectives, strategies, policies, and programs, as well as with the firm’s international operations?
4.
In what ways does this structure compare with those of similar corporations?
answer each question in a paragraph
.
its due in 55 minsTCO 1) How has user access of the Web changed ov.docxDioneWang844
its due in 55 mins
TCO 1) How has user access of the Web changed over the past 10 years? How does this impact the design of a website?
(Points : 30)
Question 12.
Question 13.
Question 14.
Question 15.
Question 16.
.
Its due in 4 hours.Please use very simple French.Qu’est-ce .docxDioneWang844
It's due in 4 hours.
Please use very simple French.
Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire (to do) le weekend? Où est-ce que tu vas? Avec qui est-ce que tu visites? A quelle heure est-ce que tu manges? Est-ce que tu voyages loin ou près (near or far)? Est-ce que tu visites avec les amis? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas? Qu’est-ce que tu fais pour la reste du weekend?
Be sure to use food and the verb aller. Should be about 2 paragraphs.
.
ITS 365 syllabusWith the end of the Cold War, Central Asia, a re.docxDioneWang844
ITS 365 syllabus
With the end of the Cold War, Central Asia, a region that for many remains relatively obscure, has enjoyed renewed attention. One area of particular interest for many observers has been the impact of the so-called “Islamic factor” on domains like regional security, domestic politics, and international relations. However, the region is sometimes treated as peripheral to the rest of the Islamic world, while Central Asian Muslims are depicted as casual and ignorant in comparison to their supposedly more rigorous and “authentic” coreligionists elsewhere. As a result, Islam’s role in Central Asia, past and present, remains poorly understood and misconstrued as a source of danger, backwardness, and instability. The goal of this course is to shed light on the different ways that people make sense of Islam in contemporary Central Asia, with a particular focus on the diversity of Islamic belief and practice in the region. Special emphasis will also be placed on exploring the ways in which Islam is imbricated with, rather than opposed to, modernity and modern ideologies like nationalism and the nation-state.
Class meetings will consist of lecture and discussion. Students will be expected to participate in class discussions and will learn to think critically, and to substantiate beliefs and opinions with facts and context.
Required Texts
· Julie McBrien – From Belonging to Belief
· Adeeb Khalid – Islam after Communism
· Richard Foltz – Religions of the Silk Road (recommended)
· Other course materials will be available on Canvas
Response Papers:
Periodically throughout the semester students will be asked to submit reading response papers. The purpose of these assignments is to get you to reflect critically on the assigned readings, to put them in conversation with other readings, and to offer your personal thoughts and reflections.
Class Schedule:
Topic
Readings
NOTES:
Week 1 01/27
Perspectives on “Islam”
· Salvatore – Western Scholars of Islam on the Issue of Modernity
· McBrien – Introduction
· Light – Participation and Analysis
in Studying Religion in Central Asia
Week 2 02/03
Pre-Tsarist Eurasia
· Khalid – Ch. 1
· Abazov – Maps 5-38 (skim as
necessary)
· DeWeese – The Religious
Environment
· Khalid (PMCR) – Knowledge and
Society in the 19th Century
Week 3 02/10
Tsarist Russia
· Sahni – Ch. 1
· Khalid – Ch. 2
· Crews – 1) A Church for Islam
AND 2) Nomads into Muslims
PAPER PROSPECTUS
Week 4 02/17
The Jadid Movement
· Khalid (PMCR) – 1) The Origins of Jadidism, AND 2) The Politics of Admonition
· DeWeese – It Was a Dark and Stagnant Night (‘til the Jadids Brought the Light)
6
Week 5 02/24
Modernity Imposed
· Khalid – Ch. 3
· Khalid (PMCR) – 1) 1917: The
Moment of Truth AND 2) Epilogue
· Northrop – The Limits of Liberation
· Keller – Breaking Islam &
Conclusion
Week 6 03/03
Islam in the Soviet Union I
· Khalid – Ch. 4
· Kemper – Studying Islam in the
Soviet Union
· Benni.
Its 1 - 3 pages assaingment for art 101 classabout how the grou.docxDioneWang844
It's 1 - 3 pages assaingment for art 101 class
about how the group Savonarola who showed up many years ago are similar
to the ISIS group nowadays.
They are both releigous groups.
Plaese pay attention that it's an assaingment to describe how they are similar, not to tell thier history.
I need it ASAP pleasem it's due on monday 12:00 pm
.
Its a argumentive essay that you have to answer if technology has m.docxDioneWang844
It's a argumentive essay that you have to answer if technology has made us dumber. i provided the outline and the three stories that you need. you need to put your opinion through a teenagers point of view because i'm a teen. you also need other outside sources. I need this no later then 10:00 am tomorrow 3/15/17. It must be 4 pages long ! please and thank you
.
It stated that an estimated 30-60 of patients are not compliant wi.docxDioneWang844
It stated that "an estimated 30-60% of patients are not compliant with their physicians-directed treatment or medication regimens. Because of the serious clinical and cost concerns this raises, behavior modification has become recognized as an integral part of the population health paradigm."(Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, Clarke & Horowitz, 2016, p. 28) "What are the roles of behavior change and self-care in achieving population health outcomes" (Nash, Fabius, Skoufalos, Clarke & Horowitz, 2016, p. 35).
Reference:
Nash, D.B., Fabius, R.J., Skoufalos, A., Clarke, J.L. & Horowitz, M.R. (2016).
Population health: creating a culture of wellness.
Burlington: MA, Jones & Bartlett
.
.
Its 4 part to the entire project, the first part is due next Wednesd.docxDioneWang844
Its 4 part to the entire project, the first part is due next Wednesday 07/26/2017 before midnight (Illinois time).
The topic in which my entire paper is "Gun violence, the juvenile Offender"
P
ART
I
– Paper to present your Topic:
During Week 3, students will submit a 2-3 page paper in APA format describing a juvenile justice topic area of interest and why they are interested in this topic, what characteristics it has and what its relevance is to our study of juvenile crime.
Please provide atleast 3 references!
.
it should not take you that long!!(6.12) filepart 1) reading a.docxDioneWang844
it should not take you that long!!
(6.12) file
part 1) reading and answering 3 questions
Part2)
)
only identify the formal clues in the poems:
a. Enjambment
b. Ambiguity
c. Rhyme (or lack thereof)
d. Repetition
I will provide an example on how you answer part 2 (in file 6.8)
.
It revolves being culturally competent and by that understanding rel.docxDioneWang844
It revolves being culturally competent and by that understanding religion, mental health, and the combination of both by identifying religious competence as part of cultural competence. This involves implementing as well as determining the “patients’ psychological and existential frameworks; it can also play a key role in determining behavioral variables (which, in turn, influence physiological variables) that have a direct bearing on mental health” (Whitley, 2012). My strengths would be to initially identify the patient’s spiritual preferences, being attentive by being an active listener to the patient’s spiritual needs. Moreover, spirituality is essentially an unchecked vital sign that is essentially to all patients regardless of their religion. However, weakness mainly finding consultation for patients whom are very particular about whom they speak. Also being exposed to different patient populations within med-surg that have different capacities which can be difficult to honor their wishes but do so to the best of my ability. When it comes to patients, it’s important to improve patient care through “taking a spiritual history, respecting and supporting spiritual beliefs, challenging beliefs, praying with patients, and appropriate consultation with clergy” (Koenig, 2008). This is something I will continue to work on as time goes on.
If I were a patient with the capacity, I would coordinate with the health care team about my preferences and needs and be updated on all of the happenings regarding my plan of care. However, should I lack the mental capacity to make such ethical decisions, my advocate would be that of my parents fulfill my wishes when it comes to my plan of care. They will be informed about all options when it comes to treatments and seek both a realistic, viable alternatives should they be present.
I NEED YOU TO COMMENT FROM THIS POST, 150 WORDS NEEDED AND A REFERNCE PLEASE
.
IT242Describe the open systems interconnection (OSI) model an.docxDioneWang844
IT/242
Describe
the open systems interconnection (OSI) model and how it relates to a network in 200 to 350 words. Include answers to the following:
On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols operate?
What are some of these protocols?
On which OSI layers do switches and routers operate?
If routers reside at more than one layer, what is the difference between OSI layers?
.
It should have MLA Format and Works Cited page and it should be 6 or.docxDioneWang844
It should have MLA Format and Works Cited page and it should be 6 or 7 pages long.
The outline should be something similar to this
I.
Introduction
II.
Background of Plastic Material
A.
History
B.
Composition or how is it made
C.
Types
D.
Producers
E.
Innovative uses
F.
Every-day uses (intro to plastic bags and bottles)
III.
Plastic Bags and Bottles
A.
Background
B.
Consumption
C.
Time of decomposition
It does not need to have a concluding paragraph.
.
IT offshoring is a very controversial issue because it shifts jobs t.docxDioneWang844
IT offshoring is a very controversial issue because it shifts jobs to other countries. At the same time, it has the potential to decrease the organization’s costs significantly. Whether offshoring is good or bad for the people of affected countries is an issue of constant controversy.
Discuss how you feel about this issue?(350 words)
.
Please view both parts of the entire assignment request and observe .docxDioneWang844
Please view both parts of the entire assignment request and observe the due time. All needed information should be included in the attachements but please let me know if you have any questions.
Thank you in advance,
(By the way, a good portion of the "Observations" part can just be opinionated as long as it's and educated opinion. No need for cited information or textbook explanations.)
.
Please use very simple French.Choose 2 days of the week to tell .docxDioneWang844
Please use very simple French.
Choose 2 days of the week to tell me about in detail, and also select either Saturday or Sunday. (3 days total, therefore 3 paragraphs total)
On the weekdays, tell me about your school schedule, including class subjects, times and days they meet, what part of the day they meet, use before/after construction, whether or not you like the class, etc. Example: Le mardi, j’ai la classe de français à 6 h. J’adore la classe, la prof est super, etc..
On the weekend day, use different ER verbs to tell me about what you do. Indicate specific times or parts of the day. Example: Du matin, je mange avec ma famille. Après je mange, je regarde la télé à 10 h…..
.
Please use the attached spreadsheet to incorporate the workAshfo.docxDioneWang844
Please use the attached spreadsheet to incorporate the work
Ashford University Assignment Submission Week 1 Assignment
10 Essential Services of Public Health
Public health services are divided into four major categories and 10 specific services.
Complete the worksheet, to access, click
here:
Describe the four major categories and 10 essential services of public health and find a real-life example of each service.
Provide a definition for each of the four categories and 10 essential services of public health listed on the worksheet. (The definition should be approximately three to four sentences each, written in your own words.)
Identify via an internet search a real-life example of each of the 10 essential services. (The example may be a program, initiative, or service of a government agency, community service agency, non-profit organization, or community action group.)
Provide a description and brief discussion of how each example relates to the definition of the essential service.
Include a link to the website where you found information about each example.
Add a title page with the following:
Title of assignment
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Include a reference page formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
NOTE: For the four categories of services, you only need to include a definition; you do not need to provide an example of the categories. All information you include on the worksheet must be in your own words and cited appropriately in APA style as outlined by the Ashford Writing Center. No quotes or copy-pasted material will be accepted.
Carefully review the
Grading Rubric
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
.
Please use very simple French.Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire (to do).docxDioneWang844
Please use very simple French.
Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire (to do) le weekend? Où est-ce que tu vas? Avec qui est-ce que tu visites? A quelle heure est-ce que tu manges? Est-ce que tu voyages loin ou près (near or far)? Est-ce que tu visites avec les amis? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas? Qu’est-ce que tu fais pour la reste du weekend?
Be sure to use food and the verb aller. Should be about 2 paragraphs.
.
Please use class material to support your answer.Provide an exam.docxDioneWang844
Please use class material to support your answer.
Provide an example of a time in your organization where there was a lack of planning that affected the organization as a whole. Describe the situation and identify what management did to recover from this incident and to improve their future planning efforts.
II.
Study guide attached for support
.
Please use the questionanswer method. Copy paste question, then .docxDioneWang844
Please use the question/answer method. Copy paste question, then answer. Then next question and answer. Etc.
This way we know which question you are answering and when you are moving to next question….LOL!
"Identifying Truth or Fiction" Please respond to the following:
The video clip ‘The Baloney Detection Kit’ in the Webtext this week discusses the many ways in which an effective critical thinker assesses the claims made by others.
1. Explain what you believe is the real difference between ‘science’ and ‘pseudoscience’.
2. Examine the key reasons why so many people might seem to be attracted to more pseudoscience-type claims.
3. Describe at least two (2) such claims that you have heard people make, and analyze the main reasons why such claims do or do not meet rigorous scientific methodology standards.
4. Determine at least two (2) ways in which the material discussed this week has changed your own thinking.
Please use the question/answer method
.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Chapter 8 Organization LeadershipIntroductionGreat le
1. Chapter 8:
Organization Leadership
Introduction
Great leaders exist in business, politics, the military, and even
sports
Leadership can be used for good and for evil
Communication is a tool used to activate messages to followers
Leadership is a socially constructed phenomenon
Case Study: Charismatic Preacher
Reverend Jim Jones was a charismatic, influential preacher who
led rapidly growing congregations throughout California
People were so inspired, that they donated their entire worldly
possessions, traveled to South America, and built a community
Several years later, the Reverend leads a mass suicide of 909
people in his town of Jonestown, Guyana
Why would people be so committed to him that they would
participate in a mass suicide?
What does this say about leadership?
Trait Approach to Leadership
If a person has certain traits, they will be a more effective
leader
Big Five personality traits with leadership potential include:
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
Ambition
Energy
2. The trait approach to leadership seems to be best able to predict
leader emergence rather than leader effectiveness
There is a difference between possessing a trait and being
perceived to possess a trait
4
Leadership Behaviors
The behavioral approach to leadership examines what leaders
actually do and the behaviors leaders use to achieve their goals
It’s a matter of what you do (behavior theory), rather than who
you are (trait theory) as a leader
Critical Thinking Questions – Traits and Behaviors
How does the perspective that leadership is something you do
versus something you are change the responsibilities of a
leader?
The University of Michigan and Ohio State Studies
Initiating Structure
Extent to which a leader defines and structures the roles of
employees in the goal attainment effort
Production-oriented leaders have behavior similar to initiating
structure
Consideration
Leader respects employees’ thoughts, ideas, and feelings,
3. expresses appreciation and support, and develops an
environment of mutual trust
Employee-oriented leaders also value consideration
Managerial Grid
Contingent Approaches to Leadership
Questions examined by contingency theorists include:
What are the situational factors that actually matter in
leadership?
To what leadership styles do they best connect?
Least Preferred Co-Worker
Fiedler (1967) developed Least preferred co-worker (LPC)
questionnaire
Rating “least” preferred coworker harshly = task-oriented leader
Rating “least” preferred coworker benevolently = relationship-
oriented
Once individual leadership style is assessed, the situation is
determined through three dimensions: 1) Leader-member
relations 2) Task structure 3) Position power
Critical Thinking Questions – Least Preferred
Why does the way a person treats the least preferred co-worker
likely say the most about their style of leadership?
Think about your experiences working in groups. How did you
feel about the least-preferred group member? What kind of
leader are you likely to be based on this?
4. Leader-Member Exchange
Leader-Member Exchange Theory demonstrates how leaders can
create their own context, by creating in-groups and out-groups
amongst their own employees
In-Group members receive trust, openness in communication,
and high levels of interactions with the leader
Out-Group members receive less leader attention, more
formalistic relations, and are generally not provided the same
resources and encouragement in their skill development
12
Situational Leadership
Style of leadership should consider the maturity of one’s
subordinates
Model includes four leadership quadrants:
Telling (low maturity employees) to
Selling (low to moderate maturity employees) to
Participating (moderate to high maturity employees) to
Delegating (high maturity employees)
Continuum of Leadership Behavior
Continuum of Leadership Behavior
5. A successful manager or leader must be able to match his or her
behavior to the specific situation in which they find themselves
From managers making and announcing decisions to…
Subordinates allowed to do so within the limits defined by their
superior
Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Approaches
Attempt to blend three questions into a more unified and
integrated approach:
Is leadership who we are?
Is leadership what we do?
Is leadership the relationship between the leader and situation?
Charismatic Leadership Theory
Asserts that followers attribute extraordinary (even heroic)
leadership abilities to leaders when they observe a certain
combination of leader behaviors, including:
They articulate a vision discrepant from the status quo
They take personal risks to achieve that vision
They demonstrate a sensitivity to followers’ needs
And they exhibit unconventional behavior to galvanize the
attention of employees and demonstrate the leader’s goals and
values
Transformation Leadership Theory
Transactional leaders guide their followers by clarifying role
and task requirements by using:
Laissez Fair leadership
Management by exception leadership
6. Contingent reward leadership
Transformational leadership builds on this, and inspires
follower effort to transcend their self-interest for the good of
the organization
Individualized consideration, Intellectual stimulation,
Inspirational motivation, Idealized influence
Authentic Leadership
Authentic leadership focuses on the moral aspects of being a
leader, and addresses downfalls of charismatic leadership, that
leaders can be self-interested
Authentic behaviors produce trust, encouraging people have
faith in the leaders who use them
Enhanced trust enhances information sharing, effectiveness, and
productivity
Challenges to the Leadership Construct – Attributions,
Substitutes and Neutralizers
Attribution theory of leadership suggests that leadership is
simply an attribution that people make about other individuals
Further, leader behaviors may not be as relevant in all
organizational situations
There are substitutes and neutralizers that can limit the effects
of leader behavior
For example, leadership may be less effective or needed if
employees are extremely experienced in their jobs, with high
levels of training and ability, are cohesive, and intrinsically
motivated with strong levels of professional orientation. If
employees exhibit individual indifference toward organizational
7. rewards, or their jobs are highly structured or routinized and
provide their own feedback, the effects of leadership may also
be less significant. Finally, the physical separation of the
leader may have muting effects on leadership.
19
Case Study: Lead with LUV
Colleen Barrett, President of Southwest Airlines, described
leadership in the following way:
“LUV is our symbol on the New York Stock Exchange. We first
started flying out of Love Field in Dallas, and our first
advertising slogan in 1972 was “Southwest Airlines, the
Someone Else Up There Who LUVs You.” We also had a heart
on our first signature line and letterhead. And today, forty years
later, we still have our hearts on our aircraft. So, frankly, if you
have a need to put a label on what I do, I would prefer that you
call me a LUVing Leader.”
Leading Change
A constant in life is that things change, and many people do not
like it
People are uncomfortable with change because of the unknown
Good leaders must be willing to adapt and adjust to change
Good leaders must also try to avoid disasters while managing
change
Vital Aspects of Leading
Being a visionary is one way to be a leader, especially during
times of change
Translating vision into reality requires anchoring,
implementing, and executing a vision
Good leaders also empower others, especially during times of
change
8. Leadership is about translating intention and vision into reality
Strong communication skills are necessary to be a good leader
Listening, Leadership, and Change
Listening is vital if any leader is going to be truly effective
Especially important during times of change when there is fear
of the unknown
Good leaders understand that listening, even if it means hearing
about our weaknesses, is vital to effective and meaningful
interaction
Leaders should help followers develop into leaders themselves
The Distinction Between Leadership and Management
Leadership and management are not the same
Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the
achievement of a vision or set of goals
Management is a broader concept that focuses on planning,
organizing, and controlling functions within organizations
Context Matters
For Profit Organizations
Larger corporations tend to have many levels and dimensions of
leadership
Small Businesses
Leadership may be shared and decisions made more quickly
because there are fewer levels
Non-Profit Organizations
Specific values tend to guide and limit leadership
Government Sector
11. Basic packet filtering – Filtering that looks at each packet
entering or leaving the network and then either accepts the
packet or rejects the packet based on user-defined rules. Each
packet is examined separately.
Bridge – A network device that separates traffic into separate
collision domains at the data layer of the OSI model.
Cloud computing – The automatic provisioning of on demand
computational resources across a network.
Coaxial cable – A network cable that consists of a solid center
core conductor and a physical spacer to the outer conductor
which is wrapped around it. Commonly used in video systems.
Collision domain – An area of shared traffic in a network where
packets from different conversations can collide.
Concentrator – A device used to manage multiple similar
networking operations, such as provide a VPN endpoint for
multiple VPNs.
Data loss prevention (DLP) – Technology, processes, and
procedures designed to detect when unauthorized removal of
data from a system occurs. DLP is typically
active, preventing the loss of data, either by blocking the
transfer or dropping the connection.
Firewall – A network device used to segregate traffic based on
rules.
Hypervisor - A low-level program that allows multiple
operating systems to run concurrently on a single host
computer.
Hub – A network device used to connect devices at the physical
layer of the OSI model.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – The automatic, on-demand
provisioning of infrastructure elements, operating as a service; a
common element of cloud computing.
Internet content filters – A content-filtering system use to
protect corporations from employees’ viewing of inappropriate
or illegal content at the workplace and the subsequent
complications that occur when such viewing takes place.
14. Router – A network device that operates at the network layer of
the OSI model.
Sandboxing – The concept of isolating a system and specific
processes form the OS in order to provide specific levels of
security.
Servers – The computers in a network that host applications and
data for everyone to share.
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) – A physical network connection
consisting of two wires twisted and covered with a shield to
prevent interference.
Software as a Service (SaaS) – The provisioning of software as
a service, commonly known as on-demand software.
Solid-state drive (SSD) – A mass storage device, such as a hard
drive, that is composed of electronic memory as opposed to a
physical device of spinning platters.
Switch – A network device that operates at the data layer of the
OSI model.
Unified threat management (UTM) – The aggregation of
multiple network security products into a single appliance for
efficiency purposes.
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) – A form of network cabling in
which pairs of wires are twisted to reduce crosstalk. Commonly
used in LANs.
Virtualization – An abstraction of the OS layer, creating the
ability to host multiple OSs on a single piece of hardware.
Web security gateway – A device that combines proxy functions
with content-filtering functions with the intention of addressing
the security threats and pitfalls unique to web-based traffic.
Wireless access point – A network access device that facilitates
the connection of wireless devices to a network.
Workstation – The machine that sits on the desktop and is used
every day for sending and reading e-mail, creating spreadsheets,
writing reports in a word processing program, and playing
games.
6
36. Control (MAC) address.
Bus topology – A network layout in which a common line (the
bus) connects devices.
Datagram – A packet of data that can be transmitted over a
packet-switched system in a connectionless mode.
Denial-of-service (DoS) – An attack in which actions are taken
to deprive authorized individuals from accessing a system, its
resources, the data it stores or processes, or the network to
which it is connected.
Domain Name System (DNS) – An attack in which actions are
taken to deprive authorized individuals from accessing a
system, its resources, the data it stores or processes, or the
network to which it is connected.
DMZ – A network segment that exists in a semi-protected zone
between the Internet and the inner, secure trusted network.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – An Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Protocol (IP)
specification for automatically allocating IP addresses and other
configuration information based on network adapter addresses.
It enables address pooling and allocation and simplifies TCP/IP
installation and administration.
Enclave – A section of a network that serves a specific purpose
and is isolated by protocols from other parts of a network.
Ethernet – The common name for the IEEE 802.3 standard
method of packet communication between two nodes at layer 2.
Extranet – an extension of a selected portion of a company’s
intranet to external partners.
Flat network – A network design that avoids packet-looping
issues through an architecture that does not have tiers.
3
Key Terms (2 of 3)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Intranet
Local area network (LAN)
39. Storage area network (SAN) – A technology-based storage
solution consisting of network attached storage.
Subnetting – The creation of a network within a network by
manipulating how an IP address is split into network and host
portions.
Subnet mask – The information that tells a device how to
interpret the network and host portions of an IP address.
Three-way handshake – A means of ensuring information
transference through a three-step data exchange. Used to initiate
a TCP connection.
Topology – Describes how the network is physically or
logically arranged.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – The connection-oriented
transport layer protocol for use on the Internet that allows
packet-level tracking of a conversation.
Trunking – The process of spanning a single VLAN across
multiple switches.
Tunneling – The process of packaging packets so that they can
traverse a network in a secure, confidential manner.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – A protocol in the TCP/ IP
protocol suite for the transport layer that does not sequence
packets—it is “fire and forget” in nature.
Virtual local area network (VLAN) – A broadcast domain inside
a switched system.
Wide area network (WAN) – A network that spans a large
geographic region.
5
Introduction
By the simplest definition in the data world, a network is a
means to connect two or more computers together for the
purposes of sharing information.
The term “network” has different meanings depending on the
context and usage.
Though data networks vary widely in size and scope, they are
generally defined in terms of their architecture, topology, and
59. ICMP has been greatly abused …
Chapter 12:
Celebrating Diversity
Introduction
The landscape of the workplace has changed
As the United States becomes more diverse, markets, customers,
and employees become more diverse
Changes in the racial and ethnic makeups of the work
environment are significant
By 2060 white Americans will only make up 43% of the U.S.
population
Women are expected to represent the majority of the U.S.
workforce by 2020
Case Study: Bass Pro Shop
In the mid-2000s, managers at various Bass Pro Shops stores
using discriminatory language and hiring practices were
reported
A lawsuit was filed against the corporation and is still being
litigated today
What terms make you feel uncomfortable?
Does it surprise you that there are still situations like this
today?
Is this an isolated case?
Major Diversity Categories in Organizations
Race: Percentage of traditional racial minorities in the U.S.
workforce is increasing
National origin: Growing proportion of today’s workers are
60. immigrants, and English is not their first language
Age: Increasing number of employees expect to work past the
traditional retirement age
Disability: Firms need to provide reasonable accommodation so
workplaces are accessible
Religion: Inclusion of diverse religious faiths and customs
Sex: Ensure equal access and opportunities in hiring
Engaging a Diverse Environment
The number of women and people of color in the American
workforce is increasing
The average age of the American workforce is increasing
Diversity encompasses how we think, act, conduct business;
more than just what we “look like”
The Aging Workforce
Between 1977 and 2007, employment of workers 65+ increased
101%, compared to a much smaller increase of 59% for total
employment
With the aging of the baby-boom generation, the older age
cohorts are expected to make up a larger proportion of the labor
force in the next two decades
This aging workforce impacts the organizational environment in
many ways, including stereotypes
Organizations are stronger when workers embrace the
differences in understandings, experiences, attitudes, and
expectations that each generation has to offer
Sex and Gender Issues
Number of men in the workforce increased by about 53% from
1967-2009
During the same timespan, the number of women in the
61. workforce increased by over 190%
Incomes for women in the workforce are rising, but there is still
a significant gap between earnings of men and women
Institutionalization of masculine male and feminine female
complicates understanding
It is important to distinguish between sex and gender
Critical Thinking Questions – Sex and Gender
Why do sex and gender matter in organizational
communication?
In what ways is masculinity celebrated and/or dismissed in our
culture? In the workplace?
In what ways is femininity celebrated and/or dismissed in our
culture? In the workplace?
Racial and Ethnic Issues
Higher population growth and increasing participation rates
mean minorities in the workforce will increase significantly
Discrimination still remains a problem
A healthy work environment will develop an understanding and
climate that sees all individuals as people of equal worth
Disabled Workers
American with Disabilities Act (ADA) passed into law in 1990,
prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities
in all areas of public life
Employers must provide reasonable accommodation for disabled
employees
If a disability is not job-related or can be accommodated,
organizations should not discriminate
Communication technology is providing additional
opportunities that influence the ability of the disabled worker
62. Intercultural Issues
Culture: system of shared values, beliefs, and meaning
Ethnocentrism: evaluating others’ culture against our own
Perception: influences our worldview
Stereotyping: judging a person based on the group to which we
perceive them as belonging
Nonverbal differences: meaning of a symbol in one country may
differ in another; a potential barrier
Language difference: can even vary between regions
Cultural intelligence: adapting, selecting, shaping cultural
aspects of environment
Critical Thinking Questions - Diversity
In what ways have you been discriminated against because of
your:
Age?
Race?
Sex or gender?
Abilities?
What are some of the issues or barriers that prevent us from
communicating effectively in intercultural environments?
Dealing with Emotion
Emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or something
Both energy and stability are needed in the workplace
Just like personality, a range (or diversity) of emotional
response when balanced can help keep an organizational team
focused and effective
Emotions can help us gauge the effectiveness of potential
changes, response to decisions, or buy-in to future projects
63. Understanding Personality
Personality describes the sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts to and interacts with others
One personality type is not better than another – they are just
different
We must be aware of our own personality and the impact it has
on our environment – and make adjustments when necessary
Discrimination
Stereotypes often lead to workplace discrimination
Whether an individual is a person of color or white, male or
female, gay or straight, disabled or otherly abled are often
extraneous factors not relevant to the organizational or job-
related decision at hand
When we place individuals or groups of people in categories,
we rob them of their uniqueness and individuality
Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is a special abuse of power that we discuss
briefly here because it becomes a hindrance to diversity
Unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other
verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that create a
hostile or offensive work environment
Organizations must train and educate their employees on what
sexual harassment is, and what policies and practices exist
within the organization and the law to guard against sexual
harassment
Technology and Diversity
64. Technology can both encourage and hinder diversity
Technology can also provide more tools to manage the process
to improve communication and a different method of dealing
with cross-cultural communication issues and stereotypes
A text-only (email or texting)
Voice-only (traditional phone)
Using a more rich channel of verbal and non-verbal information
(voice and physical)
Face-to-face or video-conference
Organizational Culture and Diversity
Organizational Values
Organizational values should primarily align with personal
values if one is to feel comfortable participating in the
organizational environment
An appreciation for diversity is vital for organizational success
A diversity of ideas and values in regards to the direction and
movement of the organization helps leaders make better
decisions
Leadership and Management Styles
Different organizational environments require different types of
leadership
Even in the same organization, different styles and approaches
are necessary with different employees or in different situations
Diversity in leadership and management styles is important for
organizational success
Climate Issues
65. Organizational climate is the shared perception of employees of
the properties of the work environment that guide expected
behavior
Safety, justice, clarity of rules and regulations, as well as clear
goals and expectations, help employees understand how they
and others fit into the organization
It is important for a diverse organization to emphasize the need
for a variety of ideas, with standards of performance and
expectations of teamwork and encouraging a variety of inputs
from diverse sources
Working with Difficult People
In a diverse work environment, there’s an enhanced likelihood
that we are going to work with someone who sees things from a
different point of view
This is a core benefit of diversity; it is also a personal
challenge, as you may have to accomplish tasks with people
who you do not understand or agree with
Practice the art of active listening, whereby you truly listen to
another’s point of view
Effective Organizational Diversity Programs
Firms can focus on attracting diverse applicants by targeting
recruiting messages to specific demographic groups currentl y
underrepresented in one’s workforce
An effective diversity program will also educate managers about
the legal framework of equal employment opportunity,
encourage equitable treatment of all employees regardless of
diversity characteristics
Firms can foster practices that focus on bringing out the full
potential of the diversity in their organizations
66. Context Matters
For-Profit Organization
Good-ole-boy networks can make it difficult for large
organizations to embrace diversity
Entrepreneurship
Families and small businesses often do not have enough
employees to truly encourage diversity
Nonprofit Organization
Focus of the company may influence consideration of diversity
Government Sector
Differing political views influence government policies