2. INTRODUCTION
Leadership is the ability to develop a vision that
motivates others to move with a passion toward a
common goal. So leadership is a process by which a
person influences others to accomplish an objective
and directs the organization in a way that makes it
more cohesive and coherent.
3. Definition
⚫leadership is the “process of social
influence in which one person can enlist
the aid and support of others in the
accomplishment of a common task”.
M Chemers.
⚫"Leadership is ultimately about creating a
way for people to contribute to making
something extraordinary happen."
Alan Keith.
5. ⚫Leader - You must have an honest
understanding of who you are, what you
know and what you can do. To be successful
you have to convince your followers not your
superiors, that you are worthy of being
followed.
⚫Follower -You must know your people. The
fundamental starting point is having a good
understanding of human nature, such as
needs, emotions and motivation.
6. ⚫Communication-The nonverbal
communication is leading. E.g.- when you
set example that communicates to your
people that you would not ask them to
perform anything that you would not be
willing to do. Bad communication harm the
relation between leader and employee.
⚫Situation-We must use our judgment to
decide the best course of action and the
leadership style needed for each situation.
What we do in one situation will not always
work in another.
7. Styles of leadership
The three major styles of leadership are (U.S. Army
Handbook, 1973) :
Authoritarian or autocratic
Participative or democratic
Delegative or Free Reign
8. Autocratic – The authoritarian leader makes
decisions alone as power is centralized in one
person. Decisions are enforced using rewards and
the fear of punishment. it is an abusive,
unprofessional style called “bossing people
around.”
9. Democratic- The participative leader include
one or more employees in the decision making
process.
Communication flow freely; suggestions are
made in both directions. The participation
encourages member commitment to the final
decision.
10. Laissez-faire- The free-rein leader gives power
to subordinates to make the decisions.
However, the leader is still responsible for the
decisions that are made.This is used when
employees are able to analyze the situation.
Deligative style is generally
not useful.
12. Trait theory-
The Trait Approach arose from the “Great Man” theory
as a way of identifying the key characteristics of
successful leaders. It was believed that through this
theory critical leadership traits could be isolated and
that people with such traits could then be recruited,
selected, and installed into leadership positions. This
theory was common in the military and is still used as a
set of criteria to select candidates for commissions.
13. Advantages of Trait Theory -
⚫ It is naturally pleasing theory.
⚫ It serves as a yardstick against which the
leadership traits of an individual can be
assessed.
⚫ It gives a detailed knowledge and
understanding of the leader element in the
leadership process.
14. Limitations ofThe TraitTheory –
⚫ There is bound to be some subjective judgment in
determining who is regarded as a ‘good’ or
‘successful’ leader.
⚫ There is also a disagreement over which traits
are the most important for an effective leader
15. Behavioral Theory-
These theories of leadership are based upon
the belief that great leaders are made, not
born.
Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory
focuses on the actions of leaders not on
mental qualities or internal states.
According to this theory, people can learn to
become leaders through teaching and
observation.
The behavior approach says that anyone who
adopts the appropriate behavior can be a
good leader.
16. Studies of Behvioral theory
⚫ Ohio state leadership university
studies.
⚫ Managerial Grid
⚫ University of Michigan studies
17. Contingency theory-
In Contingency theory of leadership, the success of
the leader is a function of various contingencies in
the form of subordinate, task, and/or group
variables. The Leaders who are very effective at
one place and time may become unsuccessful
either when transplanted to another situation or
when the factors around them change.
This helps to explain how some leaders who seem
for a while to have the 'Midas touch' suddenly
appear to go off the boil and make very
unsuccessful decisions.
18. Different Sets/theories of
contingency theory :
FIEDLER’S CONTIINGENCY MODEL
HARSEY & BLANCHARD’S SITUATIONAL THEORY
PATH GOAL THEORY
VROOM-JAGO CONTINGENCY MODEL
19. FIEDLER’S CONTINGENCY MODEL
Fiedler's model assumes that group performance
depends on:
Leadership style, described in terms of task
motivation and relationship motivation.
Situational favourableness, determined by three
factors:
a)Leader-member relations - Degree to which a
leader is accepted and supported by the group
members.
b)Task structure - Extent to which the task is
structured and defined, with clear goals and
procedures.
c) Position power - The ability of a leader to
control subordinates through reward and
punishment.
22. Blanchard's situational theory-
The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership
Theory was created by Dr Paul Hersey and Ken
Blanchard. The theory states that instead of using
just one style, successful leaders should change
their leadership styles based on the maturity of the
people they're leading and the details of the task.
Using this theory, leaders should be able to place
more or less emphasis on the task.
23. According to Hersey and Blanchard, there are four
main leadership styles:
Telling (S1) – Leaders tell their people exactly what
to do, and how to do it.
Selling (S2) – Leaders still provide information and
direction, but there's more communication with
followers. Leaders "sell" their message to get the
team on board.
Participating (S3) – Leaders focus more on the
relationship and less on direction.The leader works
with the team, and shares decision-making
responsibilities.
Delegating (S4) – Leaders pass most of the
responsibility onto the follower or group.The leaders
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
25. Path-Goal theory-
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
According to path-goal theory, the leader’s
responsibility is to increase subordinates’ motivation to
attain personal and organizational goal.A person may do
these by adopting a certain leadership style, according
to the situation:
Directive leadership – it tells subordinates
exactly what they are supposed to do, which includes
planning, making schedules, setting performance goals
and behaviour standards.
Supportive leadership - it shows concern for
subordinates’ well being and personal needs.
26. Participative leadership - Decision making is based on group
consultation and information is shared with the group.
Achievement-oriented leadership - Challenging goals are set
and high performance is encouraged while showing confidence
in the groups' ability.
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
27. Managerial grid
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
It describes the relationship between the leader's
concern for task and concern for people, but this theory
differs in its perspective. The managerial grid
Considers leadership style based on their focus on task
and people.
The Managerial Grid is based on two behavioral
dimensions:
Concern for People – This is the degree to which a
leader considers the needs of team members, their
interests, and areas of personal development when
deciding how best to accomplish a task.
Concern for Production – This is the degree to which a
leader emphasizes concrete objectives, organizational
efficiency and high productivity when deciding how best
to accomplish a task.
28. Using the axis to plot leadership‘concerns for
production’ versus‘concerns for people’,Blake and
Mouton defined the following five leadership styles:
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
29. Country Club Leadership –(High People/Low
Production)
Produce or Perish Leadership – High
Production/Low People
Impoverished Leadership – Low
Production/Low People
Middle-of-the-Road Leadership – Medium
Production/Medium People
Team Leadership – High Production/High People
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
30. Likert’s school of leadership
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
Dr Rensis Likert (1903 - 1981) was a management
theorist. According to Likert, the efficiency of an
organisation or its departments is influenced by their
system of management.
Likert categorised his four management systems as
follows:
1.Exploitive authoritative system
2.Benevolent authoritative system
3.Consultative system
4.Participative (group) system
31. Exploitative Authoritative: Responsibility lies in the
hands
of the people at the upper echelons of the hierarchy.
Benevolent Authoritative: The responsibility lies at the
managerial levels but not at the lower levels of the
organizational hierarchy.
Benevolent Authoritative: The responsibility lies at the
managerial levels but not at the lower levels of the
organizational hierarchy.
Participative: Responsibility for achieving the
organizational
goals is widespread throughout the organizational
hierarchy. Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
32. Advantages Disadvantages
Simple to construct Lack of reproducibility
Each item of equal value so that
respondents are scored rather than
items
Absence of one-dimensionality or
homogeneity
Likely to produce a highly reliable
scale
Validity may be difficult to demonstrate
Easy to read and complete
Vidhya Shree.SAssociate Professor
34. Leadership
Leadership is the capacity to translate
vision into reality.
Great leaders possess dazzling
social intelligence, a zest for change,
and above all, a vision that allows them
to set their sights on the things that
truly merit attention. Not a bad skill set
for the rest of us, either (Warren Bennis
).
35. Types of Leadership
Autocratic Leadership
leadership the leader holds
• is centered on the boss. In this
all
authority and responsibility.
• in this leadership, leaders make
without
decisions on their own
consulting subordinates. They reach
decisions, communicate them to
subordinates and expect prompt
implementation.
36. Types of Leadership
Democratic Leadership
•In this leadership style, subordinates
are involved in making decisions. Unlike
autocratic, this headship is centered
on subordinates’ contributions.
The democratic leader holds final
responsibility, but he or she is known to
delegate authority to other people, who
determine work projects.
37. Types of Leadership
Strategic Leadership Style
Strategic leadership is one that involves
a leader who is essentially the head of
an organization.
The strategic leader is not limited to
those at the top of the organization. It is
geared to a wider audience at all levels
who want to create a high performance
life, team or organization.
38. Types of Leadership
Transformational Leadership
• Transformational leadership
about initiating change
is all
in
organi
z
a
ti
o
n
s,
g
• Leaders motivate others to do more
than they originally intended and often
even more than they thought possible.
They set more challenging
expectations and typically achieve
higher performance.
39. Types of Leadership
Team leadership
•involves the creation of a vivid picture
of its future, where it is heading and
what it will stand for. The vision inspires
and provides a strong sense of purpose
and direction.
•team leadership is about working with
the hearts and minds of all those
involved.
40. Types of Leadership
Cross-Cultural Leadership
•This form of leadership normally exists
where there are various cultures in the
society. This leadership has also
industrialized as a way to recognize front
runners who work in the contemporary
globalized market.
•Organizations, particularly international ones
require leaders who can effectively adjust
their leadership to work in different environs.
41. Types of Leadership
Facilitative Leadership
•too dependent on measurements and
outcomes – not a skill, although it takes
much skill to master.
•The effectiveness of a group is directly
related to the efficacy of its process. If
the group is high functioning, the
facilitative leader uses a light hand on
the process.
42. Types of Leadership
Facilitative Leadership
•On the other hand, if the group is low
functioning, the facilitative leader will be more
directives in helping the group run its
process.
•An effective facilitative leadership involves
monitoring of group dynamics, offering
process suggestions and interventions to
help the group stay on track.
43. Types of Leadership
Laissez-faire Leadership
•Laissez-faire leadership gives authority
to employees.
• According to Azcentral, departments
or subordinates are allowed to work as
they choose with minimal or no
interference.
44. Types of Leadership
Laissez-faire Leadership
• According to research, this kind of
leadership has been consistently found
to be the least satisfying and least
effective management style.
45. Types of Leadership
Transactional Leadership
•This is a leadership that
maintains or continues the
status quo.
•It is also the leadership that
involves
an exchange process,
followers get immediate,
whereby
tangible
rewards for carrying out the leader’s
orders.
46. Types of Leadership
Transactional Leadership
• Transactional leadership can sound
rather basic, with its focus on exchange.
•transactional leadership behaviors can
include: clarifying what is expected of
followers’ performance; explaining how to
meet such expectations; and allocating
rewards that are contingent on meeting
objectives.
47. Types of Leadership
Coaching Leadership
•Coaching leadership involves
teaching and supervising
followers. A coaching
leader is highly operational
where results/ performance
in setting
require
improvement.
• Basically, in this kind of leadership,
followers are helped to improve their
skills.
48. Types of Leadership
Coaching Leadership
•Coaching leadership does the following: motivates
followers, inspires followers and encourages followers.
49. Types of Leadership
Charismatic Leadership
•In this leadership, the charismatic leader manifests
his or her revolutionary power.
•Charisma does not mean sheer behavioral change. It
actually involves a transformation of followers’ values
and beliefs.
50. Types of Leadership
Charismatic Leadership
•Therefore, this distinguishes a
charismatic leader from a simply populist
leader who may affect attitudes towards
specific objects, but who is not prepared
as the charismatic leader is, to transform
the underlying normative orientation that
structures specific attitudes.
51. Types of Leadership
Visionary Leadership
•This form of leadership involves leaders
who recognize that the methods, steps
and processes of leadership are all
obtained with and through people. Most
great and successful leaders have the
aspects of vision in them.
