The document defines several medical terms related to the digestive system: - Colonoscopy is a procedure to examine the inside of the colon using a flexible tube with a camera. - Serum bilirubin is a liver test that measures bilirubin levels, which may indicate liver problems or gallbladder issues if elevated. - Hernioplasty is a surgical hernia repair where mesh is often used to strengthen the abdominal wall. - Anastomosis is a surgical connection between vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.

1. Chapter 8: Digestive System
Presented by Juliet Lutakome-
Nambiro

2. Digestive System
Definitions of the following terms:
 Colonoscopy
 Serum Bilirubin
 Hernioplasty
 Anastomosis

3. The Colonoscopy

4. Colonoscopy…
What is a colonoscopy?
 Colonoscopy is a procedure that enables an examiner
(usually a gastroenterologist) to evaluate the inside of the
colon (large intestine or large bowel).
 The colonoscope is a four foot long, flexible tube about the
thickness of a finger with a camera and a source of light at
its tip.
 The tip of the colonoscope is inserted into the anus and
then is advanced slowly, under visual control, into the
rectum and through the colon usually as far as the cecum,
which is the first part of the colon.

5. Why is a colonoscopy done?
Colonoscopy may be done for a variety of reasons:
 Blood in the stool
 Abdominal pain
 Diarrhea
 a change in bowel habit
 or an abnormality found on colonic X-rays or a computerized
axial tomography (CT) scan.
 Individuals with a previous history of polyps or colon cancer
and certain individuals with a family history of some types of
non-colonic cancers or colonic problems that may be
associated with colon cancer (such as ulcerative colitis and
colonic polyps) may be advised to have periodic
colonoscopies because their risks are greater for polyps or
colon cancer.

6. Serum Bilirubin
 Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile,
a fluid made by the liver.
 A small amount of older red blood cells are
replaced by new blood cells every day.
Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells
are removed. The liver helps break down
bilirubin so that it can be removed by the
body in the stool.

7. Why the Test is Performed?
 Large amounts of bilirubin in the blood can
lead to jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow color
in the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes.
 Jaundice is the most common reason to
check bilirubin levels.
 Most newborns have some jaundice.
The doctor or nurse will often check
the newborn's bilirubin level.

8. Bilirubin Contd.
Jaundice can also occur when more red
blood cells than normal are broken
down. This can be caused by:
 •Erythroblastosis fetalis
 •Hemolytic anemia
 •Transfusion reaction

9. Hernioplasty
 hernia is usually because of weakness
in an individual’s abdominal wall,
which allows the inner tissue or organs
to protrude as a bulge on the skin.
 Most often, hernias are found in the
abdomen or in the groin area.

10. Bilirubin Contd.
The following liver problems may also
cause jaundice or high bilirubin levels:
 •Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
 •Hepatitis
 •Gilbert's disease

11. Bilirubin Contd.
The following problems with gallbladder
or bile ducts may cause higher
bilirubin levels:
 •Biliary stricture
 •Cancer of the pancreas or gallbladder
 •Gallstones

12. Bilirubin contd.
It is normal to have some bilirubin in your
blood. Normal levels are:
 •Direct (also called conjugated)
bilirubin: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL
 •Total bilirubin: 0.3 to 1.9 mg/dL
 Note: mg/dL = milligrams per deciliter

13. Hernioplasty
 Hernia repair refers to a
surgical operation for the correction of a
hernia (a bulging of internal organs or
tissues through a defect in the wall of a
body cavity).
 Hernias can occur in many places, including
the abdomen, groin, diaphragm, brain, and
at the site of a previous operation.
 Hernia repair is often performed as an
ambulatory procedure.
 Repair may correct inguinal hernia, femoral
hernia, umbilical hernia, or other hernias

14. Hernioplasty…
 Mesh patches of synthetic material are now
being widely used to repair hernias
(hernioplasty).
 This is especially true for hernias that recur
and for large hernias. Patches are sewn
over the weakened area in the abdominal
wall after the hernia is pushed back into
place. The patch decreases the tension on
the weakened abdominal wall, reducing the
risk that a hernia will recur.

15. Anastomosis
1. A connection between two vessels.
2. A surgical joining of two ducts, blood
vessels, or bowel segments to allow
flow from one to the other.

16. Anastomosis…
 Kinds of
anastomoses are
end-to-end
anastomosis, end-
to-side
anastomosis,
side-to-side
anastomosis