Chapter 5
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The document discusses methods for determining chirality and stereochemistry of organic molecules. It outlines two methods for determining chirality: examining internal symmetry and using a mirror-flip test. Rules for assigning R and S configurations are described involving ranking atomic priorities and determining direction of bonds. Relationships between stereoisomers like enantiomers, diastereomers and meso compounds are defined. Optical activity is also introduced.
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsAuthoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
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Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
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This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
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Chapter 5
- 1. Ch.5 Review
- 2. Finding stereogenic centers • All you are looking for is 4 different groups
- 3. Determining Chirality • Method 1: Internal line of symmetry • Can only be used for rings • Is there an internal line of symmetry • Yes: achiral • no: chiral
- 5. Determining Chirality • Method 2: Mirror and flip • Step 1: Draw a line on side of molecule • Step 2: transcribe the molecule while flipping it over the y axis • Step 3 turn the molecule by 180 degrees by the z axis
- 7. S and R naming • Step 1: look at atoms surrounding stereogenic center and rank them according to atomic number • Step 2: If there is a tie from step 1, look at the groups surrounding the atoms we just looked at. Look for a difference in atomic mass. • Repeat until we are done • Rule: If the atoms are the same but they are connected by pi bonds, each bond counts once
- 8. R and S naming continued • Step 3: draw arrows from priority 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3 • If clockwise: R • If counterclockwise S • Step 4: If group 4 is in the front, switch the sign. (S to R) (R to S)
- 9. R and S IUPAC naming • If there is one stereogenic center • (S)-rest of name • If there are 2 or more stereogenic centers • (1R,2S)-rest of name
- 10. Determining Relationships • Step 1: Find the molecular formula • Same: continue to next step • Different: different molecules • Step 2: Is connectivity the same? • Yes: continue to next step • No: constitutional isomers
- 11. Determining Relationships • Step 3: Count the number of stereo genic centers • O= identical molecules • 1? • Identical chiral center= identical molecules • Different chiral center= enantiomer
- 12. Determining Relationships • 2 chiral centers? • All the same: identical • One or more different: Diastereomer • All different: enantiomer • If 2 chiral centers are symmetric and opposite they are meso compounds
- 13. Practice Determine the relationship of each set of molecules
- 14. Types of stereoisomers • Meso compounds • Achiral • Have an equal number of opposite signs • Enantiomers are nonsuperimposable mirror images • Diastereomers are not mirror images
- 15. Optical activity • Dextrorotary (d)= += clockwise rotation • Levoratory (l)= - = counterclockwise rotation • Ee= enantiomeric excess= creates optical activity • Achiral molecules and racemates are optically inactive • Formula for ee • Specific rotation formulas • Observed rotation formula