Unit2-Literature Survey.pptx

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 1
Dr. G.Praveen Kumar
Faculty – Department of Mechanical
Engineering
G Pullaiah College of Engineering &
Technology, Kurnool

UNIT-2
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE SURVEY
2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION
3. ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF JOURNALS AND ARTICLES
4. INFORMATION THROUGH INTERNET.
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
6. NEED OF REVIEW
7. GUIDELINES FOR REVIEW
8. RECORD OF RESEARCH REVIEW.

1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Review of Literature
5. Objectives of the Study
6. Hypotheses for the Study
7. Research Design and Methodology
8. Conceptual Framework
9. Report Writing and Implications of the Study
10. Financial Assistance Required
11. Conclusion
12. Select Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
⚫Review of literature is one of the most important
steps in the research process.
⚫It is an account of what is already known about a
particular phenomenon.
⚫The main purpose of literature review is to convey
to the readers about the work already done & the
knowledge & ideas that have been already
established on a particular topic of research.
⚫Literature review is a laborious task, but it is
essential if the research process is to be
successful.

Identification of a research problem & development or
refinement of research questions.
Generation of useful research questions or
projects/activities for the discipline.
Orientation to what is known & not known about an
area of inquiry to ascertain what research can best
contribute to knowledge.
Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a body
of knowledge.
Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects,
concepts or problems.
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study in
different study settings or different samples or size or
different study population..

Count…
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual
framework for research problems.
Identification or development of new or refined
clinical interventions to test through empirical
research.
Description of the strengths & weaknesses of
design/methods of inquiry & instruments used in
earlier research work.
Development of hypothesis to be tested in a research
study.
Helps in planning the methodology of the present
research study.
It also helps in development of research instruments.
Identification of suitable design & data collection
methods for a research study.

The purpose of a literature review is to convey to
the reader previous knowledge & facts established
on a topic, & their strength & weakness.
The literature review allows the reader to be
updated with the state of research in a field & any
contradictions that may exist with challenges
findings of other research studies.
It helps to develop research investigative tools & to
improve research methodologies.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems
faced by the previous researchers’ while studying
same topic.

Count…
Besides enhancing researchers’ knowledge
about the topic, writing a literature review helps
to:
Describe the relationship of each study to other
research studies under consideration.
Identify new ways to interpret & shed light on any
gaps in previous research.
Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory
previous studies.
Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent
duplication of effort.
Point a way forward for further research.
See what has & has not been investigated.

Count…
Develop general explanation for observed variations
in a behavior or phenomenon.
Identify potential relationship between concepts & to
identify researchable hypothesis.
Learn how others have defined & measured key
concepts.
Identify data sources that other researchers have
used.
Develop alternative research projects.
Discover how a research project is related to the
work of others.
Place one’s original work (in case of thesis or
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t of the existing literature.

Sources of Literature Review
• Literature can be reviewed from two main
sources, i.e.
❑Primary Sources
❑Secondary Sources
• However literature review mostly relies on
primary source.

Primary Sources
• Primary sources are original, peer reviewed,
and published research journal articles
reported by original researchers.
• In other words, primary sources are the
research reports, which are description of
studies written by researchers who conducted
them.

Continued…
• A primary source is written by a person who
developed the theory or conducted the
research, or is the description of an
investigation written by the person who
conducted it.
• Most primary sources are found in published
literature; for ex, a nursing research article.

Continued…
• A credible literature review reflects the use of
mainly primary sources.
• Example of a primary source
• An original qualitative study on patient
experiences in the ICU: Hupcey, J. E. (2000).
Feeling safe the psychological needs of ICU
patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32,
361-367.

Secondary Sources
• Secondary source research documents are
description of studies prepared by someone
other than the original researcher.
• They are written by people other than the
individuals who developed the theory or
conducted the research.

Continued…
• The secondary sources include the comments
and summaries of multiple research studies
on one topic, e.g. systemic reviews, meta-
analysis, meta synthesis, etc.
• Secondary sources are usually paraphrased
and may be based on the secondary author’s
interpretation of the primary work; it is
necessary then to review primary source
whenever possible to ensure accuracy.

Continued…
• However the secondary sources may be used
when primary sources are not available or if
researchers want external opinions on an
issue or problem or even the results of their
own research.

Example of a secondary source
• A literature review on patient experiences in
the ICU: Stein Parbury, J. & Mckinley, S.
(2000). Patient experiences of being in an
intensive care unit: a select literature review.
American Journal of Critical Care, 9, 20-27.

Resources
of
literature
review
Encyclopedia
&
dictionary
Electronic
database
Books
Journals
Conference
papers
Theses
Research
Reports
Magazines &
newspapers

Content of the Review
Introduction Body Conclusion

Writing the Introduction
While writing the introduction, following steps should be taken care of:
Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus,
providing appropriate context for reviewing the literature.
Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic or
conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, & conclusion or gaps in
research & scholarship, or a single problem or new perspective of
immediate interest.
Establish the writer’s point of view for reviewing the literature, explain the
criteria to be used in analysing & comparing literature & organization or
review (sequence).

Writing the Body
Following measures need to be undertaken while writing the body of the
literature.
Group research studies & other types of literature (reviews, theoretical
articles, case studies) according to common denominators such as
qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific
purposes or objectives, chronology, & so on.
Summarize individual studies or articles with as much as or as little detail as
each merits according to its comparative importance in the literature,
remembering that space denotes significance.
Assist the reader with strong ‘umbrella' sentences at the beginning of
paragraphs, signpost throughout, & brief summary sentences at
intermediate points.

Writing the Conclusion
The points to be taken care of in the conclusion are as follows:
Summarize major contributions of significant studies & articles to the body
of knowledge under review, maintaining the focus established in the
introduction.
Evaluate the current ‘state of the art’ for the body of knowledge reviewed,
pointing out major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies
in theory, & finding & areas or issues pertinent to future study.
Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between central
topic of the literature

Need of Review of Literature
The review of literature is essential due to the following:
• One of the early steps in planning a research work is to review a research done
before in the particular area of interest.
• It is very essential for every researcher to be up-to-date in his/her information
about the literature related to his/her own problem already done by others.
• It avoids the replication of the study of findings to take an advantage from
similar or related literature.
• It provides as source of problem of study.
38

39
A Good Literature Review is:
• Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and
only report on studies that are closely related to topic.
• Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more
space than you need to present your ideas.
• Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical
progression from one idea to the next
• Developed - Don’t leave the story half told.
• Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are
related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the studies
share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should
stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic.
• Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge
of your topic.

Points To Be Considered
⚫Be specific & be succinct:
Briefly state specific findings listed in an article, specific methodologies used
in a study, or other important points. Literature reviews are not the place for
long quotes or in-depth analysis of each point.
⚫Be selective:
Researcher should narrow down a lot of information into a small space for
literature review. Just the most important points (i.e. those most relevant to the
review’s focus) must be mentioned in each work of review.
⚫Focus of current topics:
Researcher needs to analyse points such as if it is a current article, & if not,
how old it is: has its claims, evidence, or arguments been superseded by more
recent work; if it is not current, then if it is important for historical
background ; etc.

⚫Ensure evidence for claims:
Researcher should focus on what support is given for claims made in literature.
What evidence & what type (experimental, statistical, anecdotal, etc.) of
evidences are offered? Is the evidence relevant & sufficient? What arguments
are given? What assumptions are made?
⚫Focus on sources of evidences:
Researchers should ensure the reliability of the sources of the evidence or other
information – if they are from author’s own experiments, surveys, historical
records, government documents, etc. He should check how reliable those
sources are.
⚫Account of contrary evidences:
Does the author take into account contrary or conflicting evidence &
arguments? How does the author address disagreements with other
researchers?

⚫Reference citation:
Any references cited in the literature review must be included in the
bibliography. The common practice is that the reviewer does not list references
in the bibliography that are not directly cited in the literature review or
elsewhere in the paper /thesis.
⚫Avoid abbreviations:
Avoid technical terms, jargons & abbreviations.
• Due diligence: A business term, "due diligence" refers to the research that
should be done before making an important business decision
⚫Simple & accurate sentence structure:
A researcher should use simple sentences & must avoid errors of grammar &
punctuation
• Cache: In computing, "cache" refers to a place for short-term memory storage.

⚫Organization of literature review:
A literature review is organized by subtopic, not by individual references. In a
typical literature review, the writers may cite several references in the same
paragraph & may cite the same reference in more than one paragraph, if that
source address more than one of the subtopics in the literature review.
Typically, discussion of each sources is quite brief. The contribution the present
reviewers make is organizing the ideas from the sources into a cogent argument
or narrative that includes their perspectives.
⚫Referring original source:
The reviewer should focus on citing the material that originates with each
reference. This may require a careful reading of the reference. If the reference
author refers to another source whose ideas are relevant or interesting, it is
better to track & use that original reference

General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review
• Introduce the literature review by pointing out the major research topic
that will be discussed
• Identify the broad problem area but don’t be too global (for example,
discussing the history of education when the topic is on specific
instructional strategy)
• Discuss the general importance of your topic for those in your field
• Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic
• You will need to pick out the research most relevant to the topic you are
studying
• You will use the studies in your literature review as “evidence” that your
research question is an important one It is important to cover research
relevant to all the variables being studied.
• Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top
priority.
• You will need to plan how you will structure your literature review and
write from this plan

Organizing Your Literature Review
• Topical Order—organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the
relationship of the issues to the main “problem”
• Chronological Order—organize the literature by the dates the
research was published
• Problem-Cause-Solution Order—Organize the review so that it
moves from the problem to the solution
• General-to-Specific Order—(Also called the funnel approach)
Examine broad-based research first and then focus on specific
studies that relate to the topic
• Specific-to-General Order—Try to make discuss specific research
studies so conclusions can be drawn

Recording the literature
Make notes for each item you read
Record –
•Bibliography details
•Brief summary of content
•Supplementary information
Sharp et al. (2002)

Recording the literature
• The most suitable method of recording notes is the card system.
• The recording system involves use of two sets of cards:
1) Source cards (3”x 5”) – used for noting bibliographic information.
2) Note cards (5”x 8”) – used for actual note taking

1. Source cards
• Source Cards serve two purposes:
• Provide documentary information for foot notes.
• It is used for compiling bibliography to be given at the end of the report.
• Source Cards can be coded by a simple system in order to relate them to the corresponding note cards.
• Marking a combination of letters and a number on the right hand top corner that begins with ‘C’. For
example; C1, C2 etc.
OR
• Marking the letter ‘B’ or ‘J’ or ‘R’ (B=Books, J=Journal, R=Report) on the left hand top corner.
• The recording of bibliographic information should be made in proper bibliographic format.
• The format for citing a book is: Author’s name, (year), Title of the book, Place of publication,
Publisher’s name.
• For Example; Koontz Harold (1980), Management, New Delhi, McGraw-Hill International.
•
• The format for citing a journal article is: Author’s name, (year), Title of the article, Journal name,
Volume (number), pages.
• For Example; Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial Buying Behavior, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-
56.

2. Note cards
• Detailed Information extracted from a printed source is recorded on the note cards.
• It is desirable to note a single fact or idea on each card, on one side only.

• After reviewing the literature, summarize what has been done, what
has not been done, and what needs to be done
• Remember you are arguing your point of why your study is
important!
• Then pose a formal research question or state a hypothesis—be
sure this is clearly linked to your literature review
• All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the
references
• To sum, a literature review should include introduction, summary
and critique of journal articles, justifications for your research
project and the hypothesis for your research project
Literature Review

• There are several purposes on why we write a literature
review:
• It reviews knowledge of previous studies on the subject of research
• Identifies a conceptual framework for ones own research
• It provides directions for future research
• It provides resources previously unknown to the reader
• It identifies gaps in past studies
• It relates your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research
• In a literature review the writer has to justify his choice of research question
• The researcher has to provide the necessary background information needed to
understand the study and
• finally to show the readers that the writer is familiar with the significant and up to
date research which is relevant to the research topic.

Conclusion
A literature review is an account of the previous efforts and
achievements of researchers on a phenomenon. It helps to compare with
other previous study. And a good review of literature is the foundation for
a good research.

• an awareness of an adequate body of knowledge, and
• the ability to apply that knowledge to research work
Good literature survey

Presentation of literature survey
• What related work is being undertaken?
• What is the motivation for the work?
• How does it help me/science/your area?
• Why am I studying this aspect of the problem?

• What techniques are in use?
• What are the findings of other people?
• What are the views of other people?
• How do they compare with my views?
•Literature surveys are a critical appraisal rather than a simple list of
papers.
Presentation of literature survey

Google Scholar
http://scholar.google.co.in/ Keyword: Neural networks
Google Scholar

Science Direct

Wiley online

ASCE library

DOAJ

• SpringerLink
• JSTOR
• IEEE-XPLORE
• arXiv.org
• ISI Web of Science
•http://www.teachthought.com/learning/100-search-engines-for-academic-research/
Others

•Methods of Listing/citing References
• Numerical method (Number system)
• Chronological method
• Alphabetical method (Name, year system)
Citation Styles

• Humanities
• Chicago
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
• Sciences
• ACS (American Chemical Society)
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
• NLM (National Library of Medicine)
• Vancouver (Biological Sciences)
• Social Sciences
• AAA (American Anthropological Association)
• APA (American Psychological Association)
• APSA (American Political Science Association)
• APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences
• MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities
• Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

• Citing or linking with a DOI link
• A digital object identifier (DOI) can be used to cite and link to
• electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never to change,
• so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents.
• To find a document using a DOI
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.006
• Open the following DOI site in your browser: http://dx.doi.org
• Enter the entire DOI citation in the text box provided, and then
Electronic Citation Style Manuals

•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_s
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Reference Managers

Unit2-Literature Survey.pptx

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