The document discusses the various word formation processes used to expand vocabulary and communicate smoothly. It describes 9 main processes: derivation, back-formation, conversion, compounding, clipping, blending, abbreviation, acronyms, and borrowing. Derivation adds affixes to base words to create new words, while back-formation removes affixes. Conversion changes a word's grammatical class without changing form. Compounding combines words, and clipping shortens words. Blending combines parts of multiple words. Abbreviation and acronyms shorten words or phrases. Borrowing adopts words from other languages. Mastering these processes helps effectively form new words.

2. The ‘Word Formation Process’ is
regarded as the branch of
Morphology, and it has a
significant role in expanding the
vocabulary that helps us
communicate very smoothly. The main
objectives of the word-formation
process are to form new words with
the same root by deploying

3. 1. Derivation
2. Back Formation
3. Conversion
4. Compounding
5. Clipping
6. Blending
7. Abbreviation
8. Acronyms
9. Borrowing
10. Conclusion

4. ‘Derivation’ is one of the significant
word-formation processes that attach
derivation affixes to the main form to
create a new word. Affixes (prefix or
suffix) are regarded as bound
morphemes.
 A bound morpheme doesn’t have any
independent meaning, and it needs the
help of a free morpheme to form a new
word.

5.  Examples:
Base Forms New Words
Appear Disappear
Justice Injustice
Lighten Enlighten
Friend Friendship
Happy Happiness

6. ‘Back-Formation’ is a word-formation
process that eliminates the actual
derivational affix from the main form
to create a new word.
However, Back-Formation is contrary to
derivation in terms of forming new
words.

7.  EXAMPLES:
Base Forms Back Formation
Insertion Insert
Donation Donate
Procession Process
Obsessive Obsess
Resurrection Resurrect

8. In conversion, a word of one
grammatical form converts into another
grammatical form without changing any
spelling or pronunciation. For example,
the term ‘Google’ is originated as
a noun before the verb.
A few years ago, we used the term as a
noun only (search it on Google), but
now we say ‘Google it.

9.  EXAMPLES:
Noun To Verb
Access -to access
Google -to google
Email -to email
Name -to name
Host -to host
Verb To Noun
To hope Hope
To cover Cover
To increase Increase
To attack Attack

10. ‘Compounding’ is a word-formation
process that allows words to combine to
make a new word.
Compounding words can also be formed as
two words joined with a hyphen.

11.  EXAMPLES:
Words Compounding Words
Class+room Classroom Rest Room
Note+book Notebook
Break+up Breakup
Brother+in+law Brother-in-law
High+light Highlight

12. ‘Clipping’ reduces or shortens a word
without changing the exact meaning.
In contrast to the back-formation process,
it reserves the original meaning.
Clipping is divided into four types. They
are:
1.Back Clipping
2.Fore Clipping
3.Middle Clipping
4.Complex Clipping

13.  Back Clipping removes the end part of
a word
 Fore Clipping removes the beginning
part of a word
 Middle Clipping reserves the middle
position
 Complex Clipping removes multiple
pieces from multiple words.

14.  EXAMPLES:
Words Clippings
Advertisement Ad
Photograph Photo
Telephone Phone
Influenza Flue
Cable telegram Cablegram

15. In the ‘Blending’ word-formation
method, the parts of two or more words
combine to form a new word.

16.  EXAMPLES:
Words Blendings
Breakfast+lunch Brunch
Biographical+picture Biopic
Motor+hotel Motel
Spanish+English Spanglish
Telephone+marathon Telethon

17. ‘Abbreviation’ is another famous and
widely used word-formation method used
to shorten a word or phrase.

18.  EXAMPLES:
Words/Phrases Abbreviation
Junior Jr.
Mister Mr.
Mistress Miss.
Doctor Dr.
Department Dept.
Bachelor of Arts B.A
Master of Arts M.A
Master of Business
Administration
MBA

19. An Acronym is a popular word-formation
process in which an initialism is
pronounced as a word.
It forms from the first letter of each
word in a phrase, and the newly formed
letters create a new word that helps us
speedy communication.
For example, ‘PIN’ is an initialism for
Personal Identification Number used as
the word ‘pin.’

20.  EXAMPLES:
Acronyms Words/Phrases
HIV Human Immudeficiency Virus
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
NASA National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
ASAP As Soon As Possible
AWOL Absent Without Leave

21. ‘Borrowing’ is another word-formation
process in which a word from one
language is borrowed directly into
another language.

22.  EXAMPLES:
Words Borrowed from
Algebra Arabic
Cherub Hebrew
Murder French
Pizza Italian
Tamale Spanish

23. Now we know that Word-Formation
Processes are the methods in which
words are formed by deploying different
types of rules.
We can create new words by following
the above word-formation methods.
We need to do one thing: we have to
follow the fundamental rules or
processes of word-formation.