The document discusses the structure of atoms. It begins by explaining the early models of the atom proposed by scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. These early scientists discovered subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. The document then explains that atoms are made up of these subatomic particles and isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. It provides examples of isotopes and their uses. Finally, it discusses the electronic structure of atoms and how electrons fill the shells surrounding the nucleus.

1. Chapter 2
The structure of atom

2. What is matter ?
MATTER

3. EXAMPLE OF MATTER
• BOOK
• CAR
• WATER
• CHAIR
• PLANTS
EXAMPLE OF NON MATTER
• SOUND
• LIGHT

4. THERE ARE SPACES
BETWEEN
THE PARTICLES
PARTICLE

5. Arrangement of particles
in solid ,liquid and gas

6. Particles can be divided into 3
group
PARTICLE
MOLECULE
Molekul ialah zarah neutral
yang terdiri daripada dua atau
lebih atom yang berpadu secara
kimia
Molekul boleh terdiri daripada
unsur atau sebatian
EXAMPLE Hidrogen gas,
oksigen gas, air dan silikon
dioksida.
ION
Ion ialah zarah
yang bercas positif atau
Negatif
Contoh Natrium klorida,
Magnesium sulfat
ATOM
Atom iarah zarah
paling kecil bagi
sesuatu unsur
yang dapat
mengambil
bahagian dalam
sesuatu tindak
balas kimia'
Contoh
Ferum , Karbon,
Sulfur

7. PARTICLE
MOLECULE
MOLECULE IS A GROUP OF
TWO OR MORE ATOMS
WHICH ARE CHEMICALLY
BONDED TOGETHER
MOLECULE CAN BE
ELEMENT OR
COMPOUND.
EXAMPLE Hidrogen GAS
,OXYGEN GAS,WATER,
CARBON DIOXIDE.
ION
AN ION IS A
POSITIVELY-CHARGED
OR NEGATIVELY-
CHARGED
PARTICLE.
EXAMPLE SODIUM
CHLORIDE,
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE

8. e-
e-
p+
p+
p+
no
Differences between three state of matter
solid liquid gas
Diagram
Arrangement of
particles
Close together and
cannot move
from their fixed
potision
Close togther
but they can
move freely
far apart and can
move freely in
any direction
Movement of
particles
Vibrate on their
fixed position
Move freely Move freely in
any direction
Forces between the
particle
Strong weak Very weak
Shape Fixed shape Follow the
volume of
container
Follow the
volume of
container

9. solid liquid gas
Kinetic enegy of
particle
Compressibility
Rate of diffusion
Low High Very high
Dificult to
be compressed
Not easily
compressed
Easily
compressed
Very low Average Very high

10. The change in the state
of matter
MELTING
FREEZING

11. Heating curve
POINT STATE EXPLAINATION
(KINETIC THEORY)
A to B Solid -ARRANGEMENT
--MOVEMENT
-TEMPERATURE
B to C
C to D

12. Experiment report
• Day : Date :
• Title : The structure of the
atom
• Aim : Mengkaji resapan dalam
pepejal cecair dan gas

13. • Materials : refer to pg 7
• Apparatus : refer to pg 7
• Procedure : refer to pg 7

14. Pemerhatian
Experiment Observation
(a)Resapan
dalam gas
(b)Resapan
dalam
cecair
(c )Resapan
dalam
pepejal
Gas bewarna perang masuk kedalam balang gas yang
Kedua. Proses berlaku dengan cepat
Warna unggu kalium manganat (VII)
tersebar keseluruh bahagian air masa
Yang diambil sederhana
Warna unggu kalium manganat (VII)
tersebar keseluruh bahagian agar-agar
Masa Yang diambil lambat.

15. Conclusion
The process of diffusion in solid liquid
and gas occur at the different
rate.the process occur faster in gas
compare to liquid and solid.

17. Discussion
• Q1
To shows the movement of particles in
potassium permanganate not causes
by the pull of gravity.
Q2
The are space between the particles of
of air, water and gel allowed the
movement of particles bromine gas
Br2 and potassium permanganate,
KMnO4

18. • Data and observation :
• Interpreting data :
• Discussion :refer pg 8(question)
• Conclusion :
Experiment Observation
A
B
C

19. • Q3
Solid, liquid, gas. This is due to the
different arrangement of particles in
solid liquid and gas.
Q4
Diffusion is the movement of particles
from the region of high
concentration to a region of low
concentration.

20. Q5
The time taken for the gas to spread
throughout the gas jar become
shorter.
Q6
The time taken for the potassium
permanganate to spread throughout
the water become shorter.
Conclusion
The process of diffusion in solid liquid
and gas occur at the different rate,
hypothesis is accepted

21. Activity 2.4
• Aim
• Apparatus
• Materials
• procedure
• Data and observation
Heating of naphtalene C10H8
TIME
(MIN)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 8.0
TEMPERATURE
(OC)
STATE

24. Pemanasan naftalena
Penyejukan naftalena

25. Graph for the heating of naphthalene
0 5 10 15 20 25
20
40
60
80
100
temperature
/
o
C
Time / s
WHY
Melting point
S
L
S  L
THE TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT BECAUSE THE HEAT ENERGY
ABSORBED BY THE PARTICLES TO OVERCOME THE FORCES BETWEEN
PARTICLES SO THAT THE SOLID CAN TURN INTO LIQUID.

26. Graph for the cooling of naphthalene
0 5 10 15 20 25
20
40
60
80
100
temperature
/
o
C
Time / s
WHY
Freezing point
L
S
L  S
THE TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT BECAUSE THE HEAT
LOST TO THE SURROUNDINGS IS THE SAME WITH THE HEAT
ENERGY PRODUCE FOR THE FORMATION OF BOND.
.

27. 1. Why is solid naphthalene, C 10 H8 not
heated directly with a Bunsen flame?
Because The Napthalene Is Flammable.
2.Why is a water bath used to heat the
naphthalene, C 10 H8 ?
To ensure that the naphatalene is heated
evenly.
Discussion

28. 3. During the cooling of naphthalene, C 10
H8 , explain why
(a) the boiling tube must be placed in a
conical flask
The air trapped in the conical flask help
to minimise the heat loss to the
suroundings which may effect the
accuracy of freezing point obtained
(b) The naphthalene, C 10 H8 must be stirred
To ensure the even temperature during
the cooling of naphatelene.

29. 4. What happens to the temperature of
naphthalene, C 10 H8 during
(a) melting?
The temperature rise until at one
point,the temperature does not rise,
even though heating continues.this is
because the the heat energy absorbed
by the particles is used to overcome the
forces between the particles so that
the solid can turn to liquid.
.

30. (b) freezing? Explain your answers.
Temperature decrease until at one
point the temperature constant, this
is because the heat lost to the
surroundings is the same with the
heat energy produce for the
formation of bond.

31. 5. The melting point of sugar is 184°C.
The melting point of sugar cannot be
determined using the apparatus shown in
Figure 2.5. Why? What apparatus can be
used instead?
because the melting point of sugar is
high. Used oil to replace water.

32. kesimpulan
1. Takat lebur naftalena adalah………
2. Takat beku naftalena adalah……
3. Takat lebur dan beku sebenar
naftalena adalah 80 0 C .
4. Sepatutnya takat lebur sesuatu
bahan adalah sama,perbezaan ini
adalah disebabkan terdapatnya
benda asing didalam naftalena

33. The atomic structure
1. John
Dalton
(1803)
Atom as a small, invisible
ball similar to a very tiny
ball.

34. The atomic structure
Negatively
-charged
electron
positively
-charged
sphere
2. J. J. Thomson
(1895)
 discovered
electron
atom as a sphere of positively
charge which cointains a few
negatively charged particles
called electrons.

35. The atomic structure
Nucleus
that cointain
proton
Electron
Moves
outside
the nucleus
3. Ernest Rutherford (1911)
 discovered proton
-The positive charge and most of the mass of
the atom are concentrated in a small,central
region called the nucleus.
-The electron moves outside the nucleus.

36. The atomic structure
shell
nucleus
electron
4. Neils Bohr
(1913)
 discovered
shell
electron in an atom move
in shells around the
nucleus.

37. The atomic structure
4. James Chadwick
(1932)
 discovered
neutron
-proved the existence of neutrons,
the neutral particles in the
nucleus.
- Neutron contribute approximately
to half mass of an atom.
Shell
Electron
Nucleus Proton
Neutron

38. Negatively
-charged
electron
positively
-charged
sphere
Nucleus
that cointain
proton
Electron
Moves
outside
the nucleus
shell
nucleus
electron
Shell
Electron
Nucleus Proton
Neutron
The atomic structure
D
T
R B
C
Aku
Engkau
Pun
Nak
Sama

39. Strruktur atom
Sejarah penemuan atom
Nama Atomic
model
Huraian
Dalton
Chadwick

40. Subatomic Mass Charges
Proton (p+)
Neutron (no)
Electron (e-)
1
1
1/1840
+1
0
-1
Sub atomic particles of an atom
• An atom is made up of 3 smaller
particles namely proton, neutron and
electrons.
• The subatomic particles have
diferent masses and electric charges.

41. Proton number and nucleon
number and symbol of element
SIMBOL
ELEMENT
NOMBOR
NUCLEON
NOMBOR
PROTON
•Proton number (atomic number)= number of protons in its atom
•Nucleon number(mass number) =Proton number + Number of neutron
•From the formula
•Number of Neutron = Nucleon number – Proton number

42. element symbol Proton
number
Nucleon
number
No of
Neutron
6
11
5
B
Boron
5
9
4
Be
Beryllium
4
7
3
Li
Lithium
2
4
2
He
Helium
0
1
1
H
Hydrogen

44. Isotop
• Isotop adalah atom yang mempunyai
nombor proton yang sama tetapi
mempunyai nombor nukleon atau
bilangan neutron yang berbeza
Contoh Hidrogen mempunyai tiga
isotop
1p
e
1p
1n
e
1p
2n
e
Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-3
(Tritium)
Hydrogen-2
(deuterium)

45. Below is the list of isotopes of oxygen, carbon, chlorine and
bromine.
Work out this activity individually. Construct a table to
compare the number of subatomic particles of the
isotopes of each of the elements above. Based on the table,
how do the isotopes of an element differ in terms of the
number of protons, electrons and neutrons?
O
16
8 O
17
8 O
18
8 C
12
6 C
13
6 C
14
6 Cl
35
17 Cl
37
17 Br
80
35 Br
81
35
ACTIVITY

46. Some isotopes have beneficial uses in our
daily lives for example
• Cobalt-60 is used in radiotherapy for the
treatment of cancer.
• Gamma rays of cobalt-60 are used to
destroy bacteria in food without changing
the quality of food.•
• Carbon dating uses carbon-14 to estimate
the age of fossils and artefacts.•
• The metabolism of phosphorus in plants
can be studied using phosphate
fertilisers that contain phosphorus-32.

47. The electronic structure of an atom
• Electrons are arranged around the
nucleus in the shells of an atom.
• Each shell can occupy a certain number
of electrons. For atoms with the proton
numbers of 1 to 20, two electrons can
occupy in the first shell, eight
electrons in the second shell and eight
electrons in the third shell.
• Valence electrons are electrons found
in the outermost occupied shell of an
atom

49. Susunan elektron bagi atom
• Elektron memenuhi petala yang terdekat
dengan nucleus dahulu
• Setiap petala boleh diisi dengan bilangan
electron yang tertentu. Bagi atom yang
mempunyai nombor proton 1 hingga 20, 2
elektron boleh disisi dipetala pertama, 8
elektron di petala kedua dan ketiga.
• Elektron di dalam petala terluar sesuatu
atom dinamakan elektron valens.
• Contoh susunan dan rajah electron bagi

50. Example
Boron
Electron arrangement : 2.3
e
e
e
e
e

51. Rajah menunjukkan bilangan elektron yang
boleh diduduki oleh elektron bagi unsur
yang mempunyai nombor atom 1 hingga 20
8e
8e
18e
2e
Activiti
Lukis dan tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom sesuatu
Unsur bermula dari yang mempunyai nombor atom 1
Hingga 20

52. Aktiviti
Lukis dan tuliskan susunan
elektron bagi atom sesuatu
Unsur bermula dari yang
mempunyai nombor proton 1
Hingga 20 dan kenalpastikan
elektron valen

53. answer
• 1.P  GAS Q  LIQUID
RSOLID S  SOLID
• B)LIQUID
• C)
• D) P
• E)

54. answer
• 1.P  GAS Q  LIQUID
RSOLID S  SOLID
• B)LIQUID
• C)
• D) P
• E)

55. • 2) A)
B) FOUR
• G(I) ISOTOPES ARE ATOMS WITH
THE SAME PROTON NUMBER BUT
DIFFERENT NUCLEON NUMBER/
NEUTRON NUMBER.
• 3.A) 7
B) 2.1
C) 1
D) THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS WILL
BE DIFFERENT.