The document contains figures and explanations related to chemistry concepts such as the formation of ionic and covalent bonds between atoms. Figure 2-7a shows the transfer of an electron from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom, forming sodium and chloride ions and the ionic compound sodium chloride. Figure 2-13a illustrates that hydrogen bonds between water molecules are constantly breaking and reforming in liquid water but are stable in ice.

1. Fig. 2-0

2. Fig. 2-0a

3. Fig. 2-0b

4. Fig. 2-0c

5. Fig. 2-1

6. Fig. 2-2a

7. Fig. 2-2b

8. Fig. 2-3 Sodium Chloride Chlorine Sodium +

9. Fig. 2-3a Sodium

10. Fig. 2-3b Chlorine

11. Fig. 2-3c Sodium Chloride

12. Fig. 2-4a Electron cloud Protons 2e – Nucleus Electrons Mass number = 4 Neutrons 2 2 2

13. Fig. 2-4b Electron cloud Protons 6e – Nucleus Electrons Mass number = 12 Neutrons 6 6 6

14. Table 2-4

15. Fig. 2-5a

16. Fig. 2-5b Healthy brain Alzheimer’s patient

17. Fig. 2-6 Magnesium Lithium Hydrogen Third shell First shell Second shell Sodium Beryllium Aluminum Boron Silicon Carbon Phosphorus Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen Chlorine Fluorine Argon Neon Helium

18. Fig. 2-7a-1 Na Sodium atom Transfer of electron Cl Chlorine atom

19. Fig. 2-7a-2 Na Sodium atom Transfer of electron Cl Chlorine atom Na + Sodium ion Cl – Chloride ion Sodium chloride (NaCl) + –

20. Fig. 2-7b Na + Cl –

21. Fig. 2-8

22. Fig. 2-8a

23. Fig. 2-8b

24. Fig. 2-9 (–) (–) O H H (+) (+)

25. Fig. 2-10 Hydrogen bond

26. Fig. 2-11

27. Fig. 2-12

28. Fig. 2-13a Liquid water Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bond

29. Fig. 2-13b

30. Fig. 2-14 Ion in solution Salt crystal

31. Fig. 2-15 Acidic solution pH scale Battery acid 0 1 2 3 4 5 Lemon juice, gastric juice Grapefruit juice, soft drink, vinegar, beer Tomato juice Rain water Human urine Saliva Pure water 6 7 Human blood, tears Seawater 8 9 10 11 12 13 Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner Neutral solution Basic solution NEUTRAL [H + ]=OH – ] Increasingly ACIDIC (Higher concentration of H + ) 14 Increasingly BASIC (Lower concentration of H + )

32. Fig. 2-15a Acidic solution Neutral solution Basic solution

33. Fig. 2-16

34. Fig. 2-17 August 1999 September 2005 New deposit

35. Fig. 2-18 2 H 2 O 2 2 H 2 O

36. Fig. 2-UN1

37. Fig. 2-UN2 electron transfer between atoms creates electron sharing between atoms creates Chemical Bonds atomic number of each element water nonpolar covalent bonds (e) ions (f) (g) (h) attraction between ions creates unequal sharing creates can lead to example is equal sharing creates has important qualities due to polarity and have positively charged have neutral have negatively charged number in outer shell determines formation of number may differ in number present equals (a) Atoms (b) (c) (d)

38. Fig. 2-UN2a atomic number of each element have positively charged have neutral have negatively charged number in outer shell determines formation of number may differ in number present equals (a) Atoms (b) (c) (d)

39. Fig. 2-UN2b electron transfer between atoms creates electron sharing between atoms creates Chemical Bonds water nonpolar covalent bonds (e) ions (f) (g) (h) attraction between ions creates unequal sharing creates can lead to example is equal sharing creates has important qualities due to polarity and

40. Fig. 2-UN3 Potassium atom Fluorine atom